{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T08:47:24Z","timestamp":1780476444635,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]],"date-time":"2024-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729209600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]],"date-time":"2024-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Head and Neck Pathol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mesenchymal neoplasms of the thyroid gland are exceptionally rare accounting for less than 0.5% of all intrathyroidal tumors with hemangiomas comprising merely 6% of them. The clinicopathologic characteristics of two additional examples of thyroid hemangioma together with a thorough review of the pertinent literature are presented. A 62-year-old man and an 18-year-old woman presented with asymptomatic, soft-to-palpation, mobile nodules of the right thyroid lobe classified as TI-RADS 5 and TI-RADS 4, respectively, on ultrasound imaging. Microscopically, lesions featured a circumscribed, unencapsulated, lobular proliferation of variably-sized, congested, vascular channels lined by a single layer of flattened, cytologically bland endothelial cells, together with interspersed residual follicles. Vascular endothelial cells were strongly positive for CD31, CD34 and ERG, and negative for pancytokeratin AE1\/AE3, TTF1, and PAX8. A diagnosis of cavernous hemangioma was rendered in the clinical setting of Hashimoto thyroiditis and follicular adenoma, respectively. Following inclusion of the current cases, a total of 53 intrathyroidal hemangiomas were identified in the literature with a patient mean age of 48.9 years (range\u2009=\u20090.17-84) and a slight female predilection (F:M\u2009=\u20091.4:1). A proclivity for the right thyroid lobe (59.6%) was noted with the striking majority of cases exhibiting features of cavernous hemangioma (95.2%). Prognosis is favorable and surgical resection is considered curative. The occasionally alarming clinical presentation in conjunction with absence of pathognomonic imaging features and limited diagnostic accuracy of FNA cytopathology for such lesions renders surgical intervention necessary for definitive diagnosis of intrathyroidal hemangiomas and exclusion of other epithelial and non-epithelial pathologic entities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12105-024-01722-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]],"date-time":"2024-10-18T08:02:38Z","timestamp":1729238558000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["On Vascular Lesions of the Thyroid Gland with Emphasis on Intrathyroidal Hemangioma: Clinicopathologic Characterization of Two Cases and Review of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"William W.","family":"MacDonald","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul E.","family":"Wakely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5965-6181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prokopios P.","family":"Argyris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"1722_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1002\/cncy.22404","volume":"129","author":"ED Rossi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rossi ED, Pantanowitz L, Hornick JL (2021) Cytologic and histological features of rare nonepithelial and nonlymphoid tumors of the thyroid. Cancer Cytopathol 129(8):583\u2013602. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cncy.22404","journal-title":"Cancer Cytopathol"},{"issue":"11","key":"1722_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e528","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(20)30332-6","volume":"21","author":"S Gubbi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gubbi S, Thakur S, Avadhanula S, Araque KA, Filie AC, Raffeld M et al (2020) Comprehensive guidance on the diagnosis and management of primary mesenchymal tumours of the thyroid gland. Lancet Oncol 21(11):e528\u2013e37. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1470-2045(20)30332-6","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1722_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jasc.2023.09.004","volume":"12","author":"C Saoud","year":"2023","unstructured":"Saoud C, Lam H, Callegari F, Faquin WC, Nakadaira KS, Wakely PE et al (2023) Cytopathology of mesenchymal tumors of the thyroid gland: analysis of 12 cases from multinational institutions with review of the literature. J Am Soc Cytopathol 12(6):436\u2013450. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jasc.2023.09.004","journal-title":"J Am Soc Cytopathol"},{"key":"1722_CR4","unstructured":"Lazar AJ (ed) Chapter 9: Mesenchymal and stromal tumours. In: WHO classification of tumours editorial board. Endocrine and neuroendocrine tumours. Lyon (France): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2022. (WHO classification of tumours series, 5th ed.; vol. 10). https:\/\/publications.iarc.fr"},{"issue":"10","key":"1722_CR5","first-page":"5185","volume":"35","author":"A Surov","year":"2015","unstructured":"Surov A, Gottschling S, Wienke A, Meyer HJ, Spielmann RP, Dralle H (2015) Primary thyroid sarcoma: a systematic review. Anticancer Res 35(10):5185\u20135191","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"1722_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.7860\/JCDR\/2014\/6854.4038","volume":"8","author":"A Dasgupta","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dasgupta A, Teerthanath S, Jayakumar M, Hs K, Raju M (2014) Primary cavernous haemangioma of the thyroid - a case report. J Clin Diagn Res 8(2):151\u2013152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7860\/JCDR\/2014\/6854.4038","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"issue":"49","key":"1722_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e8651","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000008651","volume":"96","author":"J Miao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Miao J, Chen S, Li Y, Fu L, Li H (2017) A primary cavernous hemangioma of the thyroid gland: a case report and literature review. Med (Baltim) 96(49):e8651. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000008651","journal-title":"Med (Baltim)"},{"issue":"3","key":"1722_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.5114\/kitp.2021.109385","volume":"18","author":"SHF Masuom","year":"2021","unstructured":"Masuom SHF, Amirian-Far A, Rezaei R (2021) Primary thyroid hemangioma: a case report and literature review. Kardiochir Torakochirurgia Pol 18(3):186\u2013189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5114\/kitp.2021.109385","journal-title":"Kardiochir Torakochirurgia Pol"},{"issue":"10","key":"1722_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1097\/00003072-200010000-00003","volume":"25","author":"R Kumar","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kumar R, Gupta R, Khullar S, Dasan B, Malhotra A (2000) Thyroid hemangioma: a case report with a review of the literature. Clin Nucl Med 25(10):769\u2013771. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00003072-200010000-00003","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"1722_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radcr.2022.10.093","volume":"18","author":"J Seuferling","year":"2023","unstructured":"Seuferling J, Diaz A, Futran N, Bandhlish A, Wangaryattawanich P (2023) Primary thyroid hemangioma, a rare diagnosis in a patient with a painless neck mass. Radiol Case Rep 18(2):519\u2013523. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.radcr.2022.10.093","journal-title":"Radiol Case Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"1722_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(75)90252-4","volume":"129","author":"JR Pickleman","year":"1975","unstructured":"Pickleman JR, Lee JF, Straus FH, Paloyan E (1975) Thyroid hemangioma. Am J Surg 129(3):331\u2013333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0002-9610(75)90252-4","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"1722_CR12","first-page":"226","volume":"23","author":"M Shamim","year":"1978","unstructured":"Shamim M (1978) Haemangioma of thyroid with calcification. J R Coll Surg Edinb 23(4):226\u2013229","journal-title":"J R Coll Surg Edinb"},{"issue":"4","key":"1722_CR13","first-page":"127","volume":"24","author":"LS Queiroz","year":"1978","unstructured":"Queiroz LS, Brunialti A, Frazatto C, Lopes de Faria J (1978) [Thyroid hemangiomas]. AMB Rev Assoc Med Bras 24(4):127\u2013130","journal-title":"AMB Rev Assoc Med Bras"},{"issue":"7","key":"1722_CR14","first-page":"285","volume":"73","author":"JJ Corrales Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"1979","unstructured":"Corrales Hern\u00e1ndez JJ, Garc\u00eda D\u00edez LC, de Pablo D\u00e1vila F, Alonso Mart\u00edn MJ, G\u00f3mez Alonso A (1979) Miralles Garc\u00eda JM. [Capillary hemangioma of the thyroid gland (author\u2019s transl)]. Med Clin (Barc) 73(7):285\u2013287","journal-title":"Med Clin (Barc)"},{"key":"1722_CR15","unstructured":"Isma\u012dlov A, Shelukhin VI, Toroian IA (1981) [Cavernous hemangioma of the thyroid]. Khirurgiia (Mosk) 6:97"},{"key":"1722_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"p688","DOI":"10.3919\/ringe1963.44.688","volume":"44","author":"T Ishida","year":"1983","unstructured":"Ishida T, Sato H, Hosono O, Iino Y, Hoshino K, Yokoe T et al (1983) Three cases of hemangioma of the thyroid and review of the literature. J Japanese Practical Surgeon Soc 44:688\u2013694","journal-title":"J Japanese Practical Surgeon Soc"},{"key":"1722_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yokota T, Ishida T, Yokoe T, Kurosumi M, Inuzuka S, Kamoshita N et al (1991) Hemangioma of the thyroid with recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis -Report of a case and review of the literature. J Jap Practical Surgeon Society 52(12)","DOI":"10.3919\/ringe1963.52.2876"},{"issue":"6","key":"1722_CR18","first-page":"190","volume":"96","author":"AK Pendse","year":"1998","unstructured":"Pendse AK, Porwal KK (1998) Solitary primary haemangioma of thyroid. J Indian Med Assoc 96(6):190","journal-title":"J Indian Med Assoc"},{"key":"1722_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02782610","volume":"9","author":"MR Clarke","year":"1998","unstructured":"Clarke MR, Boppana S (1998) Hemangioma of the thyroid gland in an adolescent with chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis and adenomatous hyperplasia. Endocr Pathol 9:185\u2013189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02782610","journal-title":"Endocr Pathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1722_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1089\/105072501750159732","volume":"11","author":"A R\u00edos","year":"2001","unstructured":"R\u00edos A, Rodr\u00edguez JM, Mart\u00ednez E, Parrilla P (2001) Cavernous hemangioma of the thyroid. Thyroid 11(3):279\u2013280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/105072501750159732","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"1722_CR21","unstructured":"Suzuki MA (2004), Case of hemangioma of thyroid 76:215\u2013218. Available through https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/290571358_A_Case_of_Hemangioma_of_Thyroid"},{"issue":"10","key":"1722_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2005.15.1199","volume":"15","author":"K Kumamoto","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kumamoto K, Sugano K, Hoshino M, Utsumi Y, Suzuki S, Takenoshita S (2005) Cavernous hemangioma of the thyroid. Thyroid 15(10):1199\u20131201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/thy.2005.15.1199","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"1722_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Senthilvel E, Curran A, Malone DE, Crotty T (2005) Radiology quiz case 1. Primary solitary hemangioma of the thyroid gland. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 131(5):4613. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archotol.131.5.461","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.131.5.461"},{"issue":"10","key":"1722_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1258\/002221505774481237","volume":"119","author":"M Kano","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kano M, Kameyama K, Hosoda Y, Sugino K, Ito K (2005) A cavernous haemangioma of the thyroid gland. J Laryngol Otol 119(10):828\u2013830. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1258\/002221505774481237","journal-title":"J Laryngol Otol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1722_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2006.0146","volume":"17","author":"J Lee","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lee J, Yun JS, Nam KH, Chung WY, Park CS (2007) Huge cavernous hemangioma of the thyroid gland. Thyroid 17(4):375\u2013376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/thy.2006.0146","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"1","key":"1722_CR26","first-page":"38","volume":"66","author":"H Ciralik","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ciralik H, Citil R, Bulbuloglu E, Bakaris S (2008) A patient with a neck mass. Neth J Med 66(1):38\u201339","journal-title":"Neth J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"1722_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.4103\/0022-3859.40784","volume":"54","author":"R Datta","year":"2008","unstructured":"Datta R, Venkatesh MD, Nilakantan A, Joseph B (2008) Primary cavernous hemangioma of thyroid gland. J Postgrad Med 54(2):147\u2013148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0022-3859.40784","journal-title":"J Postgrad Med"},{"key":"1722_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sakai A, Sugitani I, Yamamoto N, Kawabata K (2009) Hemangioma of the thyroid. Clin Med Ear nose Throat 2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4137\/CMENT.S3170","DOI":"10.4137\/CMENT.S3170"},{"issue":"6","key":"1722_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-3016","volume":"96","author":"LM Maciel","year":"2011","unstructured":"Maciel LM, Gomes PM, Magalh\u00e3es PK, Mello Filho FV, Conti-Freitas LC (2011) A giant primary hemangioma of the thyroid gland. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96(6):1623\u20131624. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2010-3016","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"1722_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1002\/jcu.20738","volume":"39","author":"A Gutzeit","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gutzeit A, Stuckmann G, Tosoni I, Erdin D, Binkert CA (2011) A cavernous hemangioma of the thyroid gland: first documentation by ultrasound of a rare pathology. J Clin Ultrasound 39(3):172\u2013174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcu.20738","journal-title":"J Clin Ultrasound"},{"issue":"7","key":"1722_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1097\/SMJ.0b013e3181e1d981","volume":"103","author":"NV Michalopoulos","year":"2010","unstructured":"Michalopoulos NV, Markogiannakis H, Kekis PB, Papadima A, Lagoudianakis E, Manouras A (2010) Primary cavernous hemangioma of the thyroid gland. South Med J 103(7):674\u2013675. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/SMJ.0b013e3181e1d981","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"issue":"10","key":"1722_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2014.07.012","volume":"78","author":"D Jacobson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jacobson D, Nayan S, Macnay R, Maclean J (2014) Intra-thyroidal hemangioma\u2013a rare congenital anomaly: case presentation and literature review. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 78(10):1779\u20131783. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijporl.2014.07.012","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1722_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-020-00904-6","volume":"46","author":"Y Liang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liang Y, Pu R, Huang X, Li S, Chen Y, Tang W (2020) Airway obstruction as the primary manifestation of infantile thyroid hemangioma. Ital J Pediatr 46(1):157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13052-020-00904-6","journal-title":"Ital J Pediatr"},{"issue":"9","key":"1722_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300060520954718","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060520954718","volume":"48","author":"DB Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang DB, Lan HF, Shi PD, Wang YC, Lu M (2020) Evaluation of thyroid hemangioma by conventional ultrasound combined with contrast-enhanced ultrasound: a case report and review of the literature. J Int Med Res 48(9):300060520954718. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0300060520954718","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"1722_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E188","DOI":"10.1111\/ans.15977","volume":"90","author":"HK Bains","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bains HK, Agostinho N, Limmer A, Singh A, Abraham E (2020) Primary cavernous haemangioma of the thyroid: a rare pathology. ANZ J Surg 90(12):E188\u2013E90. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ans.15977","journal-title":"ANZ J Surg"},{"key":"1722_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xocr.2021.100371","volume":"21","author":"RT Cristel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cristel RT, McGinn L, Kumar S, Karimi S, Gonzalez MF, Syed U et al (2021) Thyroid hemangioma and concurrent papillary thyroid carcinoma. Otolaryngol Case Rep 21:100371","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Case Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"1722_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"rjac411","DOI":"10.1093\/jscr\/rjac411","volume":"2022","author":"A D\u00edaz-Garc\u00eda","year":"2022","unstructured":"D\u00edaz-Garc\u00eda A, Caballero-Rodr\u00edguez E, Garc\u00eda-Mart\u00ednez R, Balanz\u00e1 JJ, G\u00f3mez MB (2022) Primary cavernous hemangioma of the thyroid mimicking an ectopic cervical thymoma. J Surg Case Rep 2022(9):rjac411. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jscr\/rjac411","journal-title":"J Surg Case Rep"},{"key":"1722_CR38","first-page":"557","volume":"94","author":"L Berdica","year":"2023","unstructured":"Berdica L, Bushati T, Sukaj E, Ndoja A, Dibra A (2023) Primary cavernous hemangioma of the thyroid gland. A series of 4 cases and review of literature. Ann Ital Chir 94:557\u2013562","journal-title":"Ann Ital Chir"},{"key":"1722_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.5348\/ijcri-201560-CR-10521","volume":"6","author":"MIEAA Karanis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Karanis MIEAA, Kucukosmanoglu I et al (2015) Primary cavernous hemangioma of the thyroid. Int J Case Rep Images 6:352\u2013355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5348\/ijcri-201560-CR-10521","journal-title":"Int J Case Rep Images"},{"issue":"7","key":"1722_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"rjae473","DOI":"10.1093\/jscr\/rjae473","volume":"2024","author":"H Al-Maghrabi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Al-Maghrabi H, Alardati H, Waggass G, Aref M, Heaphy J (2024) Sudden onset presentation of giant primary thyroid hemangioma: a rare case report. J Surg Case Rep 2024(7):rjae473. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jscr\/rjae473","journal-title":"J Surg Case Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"1722_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2863","DOI":"10.4102\/sajr.v28i1.2863","volume":"28","author":"L Coetzee","year":"2024","unstructured":"Coetzee L, Conradie W, Davis R, Razack R (2024) Description of a concurrent thyroid haemangioma and a follicular adenoma. SA J Radiol 28(1):2863. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/sajr.v28i1.2863","journal-title":"SA J Radiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1722_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1007\/s12105-022-01428-7","volume":"16","author":"L Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang L, Lubin D, Sinard JH, Dickson BC, Antonescu CR, Wu H et al (2022) Primary mesenchymal tumors of the thyroid gland: a modern retrospective cohort including the First Case of TFE3-Translocated malignant Perivascular Epithelioid Cell Tumor (PEComa). Head Neck Pathol 16(3):716\u2013727. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12105-022-01428-7","journal-title":"Head Neck Pathol"},{"issue":"10","key":"1722_CR43","first-page":"1040","volume":"116","author":"K Tsang","year":"1992","unstructured":"Tsang K, Duggan MA (1992) Vascular proliferation of the thyroid. A complication of fine-needle aspiration. Arch Pathol Lab Med 116(10):1040\u20131042","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"1722_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2007.05.004","volume":"203","author":"F Bolat","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bolat F, Kayaselcuk F, Nursal TZ, Reyhan M, Bal N, Yildirim S et al (2007) Histopathological changes in thyroid tissue after fine needle aspiration biopsy. Pathol Res Pract 203(9):641\u2013645. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.prp.2007.05.004","journal-title":"Pathol Res Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"1722_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1159\/000476024","volume":"61","author":"SI Hovi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hovi SI, Kholova I (2017) Vascular proliferation of the thyroid: potential histopathological pitfalls as a consequence of fine needle aspiration. Acta Cytol 61(3):179\u2013186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000476024","journal-title":"Acta Cytol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1722_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1097-0339(199703)16:3<230::aid-dc7>3.0.co;2-j","volume":"16","author":"C Ersoz","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ersoz C, Soylu L, Erkocak EU, Tetiker T, Gumurdulu D (1997) Histologic alterations in the thyroid gland after fine-needle aspiration. Diagn Cytopathol 16(3):230\u2013232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/(sici)1097-0339(199703)16:3%3C230::aid-dc7%3E3.0.co;2-j","journal-title":"Diagn Cytopathol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1722_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2005.06.032","volume":"44","author":"M Ethunandan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ethunandan M, Mellor TK (2006) Haemangiomas and vascular malformations of the maxillofacial region\u2013a review. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 44(4):263\u2013272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bjoms.2005.06.032","journal-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"1722_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2017.04.008","volume":"124","author":"R Taleb","year":"2017","unstructured":"Taleb R, Koutlas IG, Argyris PP (2017) Immunohistochemical and histochemical characterization of intraosseous arteriovenous malformations of the jaws: analysis of 16 cases with emphasis on GLUT-1 immunophenotype. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 124(2):165\u2013174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.oooo.2017.04.008","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1722_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radcr.2024.02.041","volume":"19","author":"AH Almalki","year":"2024","unstructured":"Almalki AH, Alqaryan SK, Alqahtani A, Almayouf MA, Alrashed AA (2024) Symptomatic arteriovenous malformation of the thyroid\/parathyroid gland: a case report. Radiol Case Rep 19(6):2135\u20132138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.radcr.2024.02.041","journal-title":"Radiol Case Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"1722_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2014.0559","volume":"25","author":"DH Borchert","year":"2015","unstructured":"Borchert DH, Massmann A, Kim YJ, Bader CA, Wolf G, Eisele R et al (2015) Recurrent high-Flow arterio-venous malformation of the thyroid gland. Thyroid 25(9):1060\u20131063. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/thy.2014.0559","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"9","key":"1722_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"rjaa277","DOI":"10.1093\/jscr\/rjaa277","volume":"2020","author":"E Ajadi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ajadi E, Dueber J, Randle RW, Lee CY (2020) Unexpected arteriovenous malformation of the thyroid resulting in significant intraoperative blood loss. J Surg Case Rep 2020(9):rjaa277. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jscr\/rjaa277","journal-title":"J Surg Case Rep"},{"issue":"12","key":"1722_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.14670\/HH-28.1613","volume":"28","author":"C Lizarralde","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lizarralde C, Diaz-Cano SJ (2013) Thyroid nodule with arteriovenous malformation: under-recognized cause of increased vascularity. Histol Histopathol 28(12):1613\u20131619. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14670\/HH-28.1613","journal-title":"Histol Histopathol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1722_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A0512","volume":"28","author":"AW Lee","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lee AW, Chen CS, Gailloud P, Nyquist P (2007) Wyburn-Mason syndrome associated with thyroid arteriovenous malformation: a first case report. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 28(6):1153\u20131154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3174\/ajnr.A0512","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1722_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"luae138","DOI":"10.1210\/jcemcr\/luae138","volume":"2","author":"H Goto","year":"2024","unstructured":"Goto H, Tanimura I, Nakano Y, Takeshita Y, Takamura T (2024) Thyroid arteriovenous malformation in Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia: insights on successful noninvasive imaging. JCEM Case Rep 2(8):luae138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcemcr\/luae138","journal-title":"JCEM Case Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"1722_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1450667","volume":"145","author":"A Winkler","year":"2001","unstructured":"Winkler A, Mueller B, Diem P (2001) Masson\u2019s papillary endothelial hyperplasia mimicking a poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma: a case report. Eur J Endocrinol 145(5):667\u2013668. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/eje.0.1450667","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1722_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2559.2001.01225.x","volume":"39","author":"LL Tse","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tse LL, Chan I, Chan JK (2001) Capsular intravascular endothelial hyperplasia: a peculiar form of vasoproliferative lesion associated with thyroid carcinoma. Histopathology 39(5):463\u2013468. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-2559.2001.01225.x","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"issue":"2","key":"1722_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02739878","volume":"6","author":"MR Aulicino","year":"1995","unstructured":"Aulicino MR, Kaneko M, Uinger PD (1995) Excessive endothelial cell proliferation occurring in an Organizing thyroid hematoma: report of a case and review of the literature. Endocr Pathol 6(2):153\u2013158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02739878","journal-title":"Endocr Pathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1722_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/112.3.311","volume":"112","author":"ZW Baloch","year":"1999","unstructured":"Baloch ZW, LiVolsi VA (1999) Post fine-needle aspiration histologic alterations of thyroid revisited. Am J Clin Pathol 112(3):311\u2013316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcp\/112.3.311","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1722_CR59","first-page":"240","volume":"115","author":"CA Axiotis","year":"1991","unstructured":"Axiotis CA, Merino MJ, Ain K, Norton JA (1991) Papillary endothelial hyperplasia in the thyroid following fine-needle aspiration. Arch Pathol Lab Med 115(3):240\u2013242","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"1722_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.1995.tb00254.x","volume":"26","author":"A Sapino","year":"1995","unstructured":"Sapino A, Papotti M, Macri L, Satolli MA, Bussolati G (1995) Intranodular reactive endothelial hyperplasia in adenomatous goitre. Histopathology 26(5):457\u2013462. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2559.1995.tb00254.x","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"issue":"3","key":"1722_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s12022-008-9039-x","volume":"19","author":"M Papotti","year":"2008","unstructured":"Papotti M, Arrondini M, Tavaglione V, Veltri A, Volante M (2008) Diagnostic controversies in vascular proliferations of the thyroid gland. Endocr Pathol 19(3):175\u2013183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12022-008-9039-x","journal-title":"Endocr Pathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1722_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1177\/1066896909351697","volume":"19","author":"BA Schmitz","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schmitz BA, Singh C, Gulbahce HE, Manivel JC, Pambuccian SE (2011) Florid capsular and pericapsular papillary endothelial proliferation associated with poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Int J Surg Pathol 19(1):110\u2013112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1066896909351697","journal-title":"Int J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"1722_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kondapalli A, Redd L, DeBlanche L, Oo Y (2019) Primary angiosarcoma of thyroid. BMJ Case Rep 12(6). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bcr-2018-228862","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2018-228862"},{"key":"1722_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2018.05.004","volume":"82","author":"F De Felice","year":"2018","unstructured":"De Felice F, Moscatelli E, Orelli S, Bulzonetti N, Musio D, Tombolini V (2018) Primary thyroid angiosarcoma: a systematic review. Oral Oncol 82:48\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2018.05.004","journal-title":"Oral Oncol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1722_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijscr.2013.02.005","volume":"4","author":"P Gouveia","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gouveia P, Silva C, Magalhaes F, Santos C, Guerreiro E, Santos F et al (2013) Non-alpine thyroid angiosarcoma. Int J Surg Case Rep 4(5):524\u2013527. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijscr.2013.02.005","journal-title":"Int J Surg Case Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"1722_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E70","DOI":"10.5858\/2003-127-e70-TCOEAI","volume":"127","author":"SG Goh","year":"2003","unstructured":"Goh SG, Chuah KL, Goh HK, Chen YY (2003) Two cases of epithelioid angiosarcoma involving the thyroid and a brief review of non-alpine epithelioid angiosarcoma of the thyroid. Arch Pathol Lab Med 127(2):E70\u2013E73. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5858\/2003-127-e70-TCOEAI","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"1722_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1007\/s12022-013-9253-z","volume":"24","author":"A Kaur","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kaur A, Didolkar MS, Thomas A (2013) Angiosarcoma of the thyroid: a case report with review of the literature. Endocr Pathol 24(3):156\u2013161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12022-013-9253-z","journal-title":"Endocr Pathol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1722_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-008-0820-8","volume":"266","author":"P Kalitova","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kalitova P, Plzak J, Kodet R, Astl J (2009) Angiosarcoma of the thyroid. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 266(6):903\u2013905. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00405-008-0820-8","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"issue":"9","key":"1722_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1002\/cncy.21726","volume":"124","author":"RL Geller","year":"2016","unstructured":"Geller RL, Hookim K, Sullivan HC, Stuart LN, Edgar MA, Reid MD (2016) Cytologic features of angiosarcoma: a review of 26 cases diagnosed on FNA. Cancer Cytopathol 124(9):659\u2013668. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cncy.21726","journal-title":"Cancer Cytopathol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1722_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1038\/s41379-018-0199-z","volume":"32","author":"E Kuhn","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kuhn E, Ragazzi M, Ciarrocchi A, Torricelli F, de Biase D, Zanetti E et al (2019) Angiosarcoma and anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid are two distinct entities: a morphologic, immunohistochemical, and genetic study. Mod Pathol 32(6):787\u2013798. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41379-018-0199-z","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1722_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s12022-018-9513-z","volume":"29","author":"YP Hung","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hung YP, Hornick JL (2018) Immunohistochemical Biomarkers of Mesenchymal Neoplasms in Endocrine organs: diagnostic pitfalls and recent discoveries. Endocr Pathol 29(2):189\u2013198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12022-018-9513-z","journal-title":"Endocr Pathol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1722_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-199008000-00004","volume":"14","author":"V Eusebi","year":"1990","unstructured":"Eusebi V, Carcangiu ML, Dina R, Rosai J (1990) Keratin-positive epithelioid angiosarcoma of thyroid. A report of four cases. Am J Surg Pathol 14(8):737\u2013747. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00000478-199008000-00004","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"issue":"10","key":"1722_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2020.0086","volume":"30","author":"B Xu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xu B, Fuchs T, Dogan S, Landa I, Katabi N, Fagin JA et al (2020) Dissecting anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: a Comprehensive Clinical, histologic, immunophenotypic, and Molecular Study of 360 cases. Thyroid 30(10):1505\u20131517. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/thy.2020.0086","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"3","key":"1722_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-019-02708-4","volume":"476","author":"WA Lai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lai WA, Hang JF, Liu CY, Bai Y, Liu Z, Gu H et al (2020) PAX8 expression in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma is less than those reported in early studies: a multi-institutional study of 182 cases using the monoclonal antibody MRQ-50. Virchows Arch 476(3):431\u2013437. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00428-019-02708-4","journal-title":"Virchows Arch"},{"issue":"1","key":"1722_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s12022-021-09665-2","volume":"32","author":"M Volante","year":"2021","unstructured":"Volante M, Lam AK, Papotti M, Tallini G (2021) Molecular Pathology of poorly differentiated and anaplastic thyroid Cancer: what do pathologists need to know? Endocr Pathol 32(1):63\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12022-021-09665-2","journal-title":"Endocr Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1722_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s12022-016-9428-5","volume":"27","author":"AA Shah","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shah AA, Ohori NP, Yip L, Coyne C, Antonescu CR, Seethala RR (2016) Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma: a rare primary thyroid tumor with confirmation of WWTR1 and CAMTA1 rearrangements. Endocr Pathol 27(2):147\u2013152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12022-016-9428-5","journal-title":"Endocr Pathol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1722_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2559.1998.00384.x","volume":"32","author":"MT Siddiqui","year":"1998","unstructured":"Siddiqui MT, Evans HL, Ro JY, Ayala AG (1998) Epithelioid haemangioendothelioma of the thyroid gland: a case report and review of literature. Histopathology 32(5):473\u2013476. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-2559.1998.00384.x","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"issue":"1","key":"1722_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s40792-017-0294-2","volume":"3","author":"M Ono","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ono M, Kasuga Y, Uehara T, Oda Y (2017) Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma of the thyroid: a case report. Surg Case Rep 3(1):18. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40792-017-0294-2","journal-title":"Surg Case Rep"},{"issue":"12","key":"1722_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2005.15.1377","volume":"15","author":"I Hassan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hassan I, Barth P, Celik I, Hoffmann S, Langer P, Ramaswamy A et al (2005) An authentic malignant epithelioid hemangioendothelioma of the thyroid: a case report and review of the literature. Thyroid 15(12):1377\u20131381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/thy.2005.15.1377","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"4","key":"1722_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1159\/000326582","volume":"47","author":"X Zhang","year":"2003","unstructured":"Zhang X, el-Sahrigy D, Elhosseiny A, Melamed MR (2003) Simultaneous cytomegalovirus infection and Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma of the thyroid diagnosed by fine needle aspiration in an AIDS patient. A case report and first cytologic description of the two entities occurring together. Acta Cytol 47(4):645\u2013648. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000326582","journal-title":"Acta Cytol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1722_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/13.5.826","volume":"13","author":"LC Mollison","year":"1991","unstructured":"Mollison LC, Mijch A, McBride G, Dwyer B (1991) Hypothyroidism due to destruction of the thyroid by Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma. Rev Infect Dis 13(5):826\u2013827. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/clinids\/13.5.826","journal-title":"Rev Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"1722_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1097\/00003072-198711000-00004","volume":"12","author":"PH Krauth","year":"1987","unstructured":"Krauth PH, Katz JF (1987) Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma involving the thyroid in a patient with AIDS. Clin Nucl Med 12(11):848\u2013849. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00003072-198711000-00004","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med"},{"key":"1722_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364146","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/364146","volume":"2014","author":"R Cherqaoui","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cherqaoui R, Shakir KM, Shokrani B, Madduri S, Farhat F, Mody V (2014) Histopathological changes of the thyroid and parathyroid glands in HIV-Infected patients. J Thyroid Res 2014:364146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2014\/364146","journal-title":"J Thyroid Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"1722_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1159\/000325758","volume":"51","author":"A Poniecka","year":"2007","unstructured":"Poniecka A, Ghorab Z, Arnold D, Khaled A, Ganjei-Azar P (2007) Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma of the thyroid gland in an HIV-negative woman: a case report. Acta Cytol 51(3):421\u2013423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000325758","journal-title":"Acta Cytol"},{"issue":"10","key":"1722_CR85","first-page":"995","volume":"11","author":"ZW Baloch","year":"1998","unstructured":"Baloch ZW, LiVolsi VA (1998) Intravascular Kaposi\u2019s-like spindle cell proliferation of the capsular vessels of follicular-derived thyroid carcinomas. Mod Pathol 11(10):995\u2013998","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"}],"container-title":["Head and Neck Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12105-024-01722-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12105-024-01722-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12105-024-01722-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T15:06:14Z","timestamp":1736348774000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12105-024-01722-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1722"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12105-024-01722-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1936-0568"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1936-0568","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 October 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 October 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"108"}}