{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T19:34:38Z","timestamp":1783020878599,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":5,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782950400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100030712","name":"Universidade Federal Do Tocantins","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100030712","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Head and Neck Pathol"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae that primarily affects the skin and peripheral nerves. Oral manifestations are rare and typically occur in advanced cases of multibacillary lepromatous leprosy.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Case Presentation<\/jats:title>\n An 18-year-old male from Tocantins, a hyperendemic region of Brazil, presented with widespread mucocutaneous papulonodular lesions affecting the face and extremities, as well as nodular and ulcerative lesions of the hard and soft palates and the uvula. Histopathological analysis revealed a diffuse subepithelial inflammatory infiltrate predominantly consisting of foamy macrophages exhibiting Virchow-like characteristics. Immunohistochemistry showed diffuse CD68 positivity. Fite-Faraco and Ziehl-Neelsen staining revealed numerous intracytoplasmic acid-fast bacilli. These findings, together with clinical features, established the diagnosis of lepromatous leprosy.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Although oral manifestations of leprosy are uncommon, they may represent important diagnostic indicators of advanced multibacillary disease. Oral biopsy, combined with histopathological examination and special stains, remains essential for definitive diagnosis, particularly in hyperendemic regions where other granulomatous infectious diseases may coexist.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12105-026-01945-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T18:20:13Z","timestamp":1783016413000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Oral Diagnosis of Lepromatous Leprosy in a Hyperendemic Region of Brazil"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8566-3174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Cl\u00e1udia Garcia","family":"Rosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcos Phelipe Araujo Andrade","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Regina Garcia","family":"Dorta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"1945_CR1","first-page":"37","volume":"64","author":"A Scheepers","year":"1993","unstructured":"Scheepers A, Lemmer J, Lownie JF (1993) Oral manifestations of leprosy. Lepr Rev 64:37\u201343","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"},{"key":"1945_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2023.12.787","volume":"137","author":"E Mezaiko","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mezaiko E, Rosa Silva L, Paiva Prudente T et al (2024) Prevalence of oral manifestations of leprosy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 137:362\u2013371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.oooo.2023.12.787","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol"},{"key":"1945_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1590\/0102-311X00075314","volume":"31","author":"LD Monteiro","year":"2015","unstructured":"Monteiro LD, Martins-Melo FR, Brito AL et al (2015) Tend\u00eancias da hansen\u00edase no Tocantins, um estado hiperend\u00eamico do Norte do Brasil, 2001\u20132012. Cad Saude Publica 31:971\u2013980. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/0102-311X00075314","journal-title":"Cad Saude Publica"},{"key":"1945_CR4","first-page":"255","volume":"34","author":"DS Ridley","year":"1966","unstructured":"Ridley DS, Jopling WH (1966) Classification of leprosy according to immunity. A five-group system. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 34:255\u2013273","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"1945_CR5","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2026) Leprosy. World Health Organization, Geneva. Available at: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/leprosy Accessed 22 May 2026"}],"container-title":["Head and Neck Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12105-026-01945-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12105-026-01945-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12105-026-01945-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T18:20:21Z","timestamp":1783016421000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12105-026-01945-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"references-count":5,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1945"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12105-026-01945-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1936-0568"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1936-0568","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 May 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and\/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Ethics Committee of Itpac Instituto Tocantinense Presidente Ant\u00f4nio Carlos S.A - Afya Faculty of Medical Sciences (CAAE: 99151718.9.0000.0014).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from the participant included in this study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Written informed consent for publication was obtained from the patient.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}}],"article-number":"80"}}