{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T05:36:49Z","timestamp":1790833009404,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]],"date-time":"2021-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634688000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]],"date-time":"2021-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634688000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["240280"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["240280"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Nordic Centre of Excellence","award":["76915"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["76915"]}]},{"name":"The Terrestrial flagship, Fram Centre","award":["362257"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["362257"]}]},{"name":"The Terrestrial flagship, Fram Centre","award":["369902"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["369902"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Nat"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Kin relations have a strong theoretical and empirical basis for explaining cooperative behavior. Nevertheless, there is growing recognition that context\u2014the cooperative environment of an individual\u2014also shapes the willingness of individuals to cooperate. For nomadic pastoralists in Norway, cooperation among both kin and non-kin is an essential predictor for success. The northern parts of the country are characterized by a history of herder-herder competition exacerbating between-herder conflict, lack of trust, and subsequent coordination problems. In contrast, because of a history of herder-farmer competition, southern Norway is characterized by high levels of between-herder coordination and trust. This comparative study investigates the relative importance of \u201ccooperative context\u201d and kinship in structuring cooperative behavior using an experimental gift game. The main findings from this study were that in the South, a high level of cooperation around an individual pushes gifts to be distributed evenly among other herders. Nevertheless, kinship matters, since close kin give and receive larger gifts. In contrast, kinship seems to be the main factor affecting gift distribution in the North. Herders in the North are also concerned with distributing gifts equally, albeit limiting them to close kin: the level of intragroup cooperation drives gifts to be distributed evenly among other closely related herders. The observed regional contrasts in cooperative decisions fit with the different historical levels of conflict and trust in the two regions: whereas herders in the South are affected by both cooperative context and kinship, kinship seems to be the main determinant of cooperation in the North.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12110-021-09416-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,25]],"date-time":"2021-10-25T10:34:04Z","timestamp":1635158044000},"page":"677-705","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The Relative Importance of \u201cCooperative Context\u201d and Kinship in Structuring Cooperative Behavior"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7907-2554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guro Lovise Hole","family":"Fisktj\u00f8nmo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2973-5954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marius Warg","family":"N\u00e6ss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6818-5249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B\u00e5rd-J\u00f8rgen","family":"B\u00e5rdsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"9416_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2008.03.002","volume":"29","author":"W Allen-Arave","year":"2008","unstructured":"Allen-Arave, W., Gurven, M., & Hill, K. (2008). Reciprocal altruism, rather than kin selection, maintains nepotistic food transfers on an Ache reservation. Evolution and Human Behavior, 29(5), 305\u2013318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2008.03.002","journal-title":"Evolution and Human Behavior"},{"issue":"2","key":"9416_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s12110-003-1001-5","volume":"14","author":"MS Alvard","year":"2003","unstructured":"Alvard, M. S. (2003). Kinship, lineage, and an evolutionary perspective on cooperative hunting groups in Indonesia. Human Nature, 14(2), 129\u2013163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12110-003-1001-5","journal-title":"Human Nature"},{"key":"9416_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alvard, M. S., & Nolin, D. A. (2002). Rousseau\u2019s whale hunt? Coordination among big-game hunters. Current Anthropology, 43(4), 533\u2013559. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/341653","DOI":"10.1086\/341653"},{"key":"9416_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-74075-1","volume-title":"Model based inference in the life sciences: A primer on evidence","author":"DR Anderson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Anderson, D. R. (2008). Model based inference in the life sciences: A primer on evidence. Springer."},{"issue":"6","key":"9416_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.104.6.1793","volume":"104","author":"CL Apicella","year":"2014","unstructured":"Apicella, C. L., Azevedo, E. M., Christakis, N. A., & Fowler, J. H. (2014). Evolutionary origins of the endowment effect: Evidence from hunter-gatherers. American Economic Review, 104(6), 1793\u20131805. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/aer.104.6.1793","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"9416_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10736","volume":"481","author":"CL Apicella","year":"2012","unstructured":"Apicella, C. L., Marlowe, F. W., Fowler, J. H., & Christakis, N. A. (2012). Social networks and cooperation in hunter-gatherers. Nature, 481, 497. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature10736","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"11","key":"9416_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2019.03.036","volume":"29","author":"CL Apicella","year":"2019","unstructured":"Apicella, C. L., & Silk, J. B. (2019). The evolution of human cooperation. Current Biology, 29(11), R447\u2013R450. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2019.03.036","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"9416_CR8","volume-title":"The evolution of cooperation","author":"R Axelrod","year":"1984","unstructured":"Axelrod, R. (1984). The evolution of cooperation. Basic Books."},{"issue":"4489","key":"9416_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7466396","volume":"211","author":"R Axelrod","year":"1981","unstructured":"Axelrod, R., & Hamilton, W. D. (1981). The evolution of cooperation. Science, 211(4489), 1390\u20131396.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"9416_CR10","volume-title":"Claiming reindeer in Norway: Towards a theory of the dynamics of property regime formation and change","author":"C Bergstr\u00f8m","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bergstr\u00f8m, C. (2005). Claiming reindeer in Norway: Towards a theory of the dynamics of property regime formation and change. Norwegian University of Life Sciences."},{"key":"9416_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412985208","volume-title":"Multiple regression in practice","author":"WD Berry","year":"1985","unstructured":"Berry, W. D., & Feldman, S. (1985). Multiple regression in practice. Sage Publications."},{"issue":"1","key":"9416_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7660.1990.tb00368.x","volume":"21","author":"I Bj\u00f8rklund","year":"1990","unstructured":"Bj\u00f8rklund, I. (1990). S\u00e1mi reindeer pastoralism as an Indigenous resource management system in northern Norway: A contribution to the common property debate. Development and Change, 21(1), 75\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-7660.1990.tb00368.x","journal-title":"Development and Change"},{"issue":"1","key":"9416_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2011.05.007","volume":"33","author":"RB Bliege Bird","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bliege Bird, R. B., Scelza, B., Bird, D. W., & Smith, E. A. (2012). The hierarchy of virtue: Mutualism, altruism and signaling in Martu women\u2019s cooperative hunting. Evolution and Human Behavior, 33(1), 64\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2011.05.007","journal-title":"Evolution and Human Behavior"},{"key":"9416_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00549","volume":"10","author":"DE Bloom","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bloom, D. E., & Cadarette, D. (2019). Infectious disease threats in the twenty-first century: Strengthening the global response. Frontiers in Immunology, 10, 549\u2013549. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00549","journal-title":"Frontiers in Immunology"},{"issue":"5","key":"9416_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2007.05.009","volume":"28","author":"M Borgerhoff Mulder","year":"2007","unstructured":"Borgerhoff Mulder, M. (2007). Hamilton\u2019s rule and kin competition: The Kipsigis case. Evolution and Human Behavior, 28(5), 299\u2013312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2007.05.009","journal-title":"Evolution and Human Behavior"},{"issue":"3","key":"9416_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-0862.2001.tb00065.x","volume":"26","author":"G Bostedt","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bostedt, G. (2001). Reindeer husbandry, the Swedish market for reindeer meat, and the Chernobyl effects. Agricultural Economics, 26(3), 217\u2013226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1574-0862.2001.tb00065.x","journal-title":"Agricultural Economics"},{"key":"9416_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/3232.003.0024","volume-title":"Genetic and cultural evolution of cooperation","author":"S Bowles","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bowles, S., & Gintis, H. (2003). Origins of human cooperation. In P. Hammerstein (Ed.), Genetic and cultural evolution of cooperation (pp. 429\u2013444). The MIT Press."},{"key":"9416_CR18","volume-title":"Model selection and multimodel inference: A practical information-theoretic approach","author":"KP Burnham","year":"2002","unstructured":"Burnham, K. P., & Anderson, D. R. (2002). Model selection and multimodel inference: A practical information-theoretic approach. Springer."},{"issue":"5","key":"9416_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.150054","volume":"2","author":"N Chaudhary","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chaudhary, N., Salali, D. G., Thompson, J., Dyble, M., Page, A., Smith, D., et al. (2015). Polygyny without wealth: Popularity in gift games predicts polygyny in BaYaka Pygmies. Royal Society Open Science, 2(5), 150054. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsos.150054","journal-title":"Royal Society Open Science"},{"key":"9416_CR20","volume-title":"Applied multiple regression\/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"J Cohen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2003). Applied multiple regression\/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum.","edition":"3"},{"issue":"5","key":"9416_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2007.05.006","volume":"28","author":"L Cronk","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cronk, L. (2007). The influence of cultural framing on play in the trust game: A Maasai example. Evolution and Human Behavior, 28(5), 352\u2013358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2007.05.006","journal-title":"Evolution and Human Behavior"},{"issue":"37","key":"9416_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22787","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2000824117","volume":"117","author":"A Ehlert","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ehlert, A., Kindschi, M., Algesheimer, R., & Rauhut, H. (2020). Human social preferences cluster and spread in the field. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(37), 22787\u201322792. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2000824117","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"9416_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-14369-y","volume":"11","author":"BJ Enquist","year":"2020","unstructured":"Enquist, B. J., Abraham, A. J., Harfoot, M. B. J., Malhi, Y., & Doughty, C. E. (2020). The megabiota are disproportionately important for biosphere functioning. Nature Communications, 11(1), 699. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-020-14369-y","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"issue":"3","key":"9416_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/0162-3095(80)90010-2","volume":"1","author":"SM Essock-Vitale","year":"1980","unstructured":"Essock-Vitale, S. M., & McGuire, M. T. (1980). Predictions derived from the theories of kin selection and reciprocation assessed by anthropological data. Ethology and Sociobiology, 1(3), 233\u2013243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0162-3095(80)90010-2","journal-title":"Ethology and Sociobiology"},{"issue":"7","key":"9416_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-018-0368-6","volume":"2","author":"B Fotouhi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fotouhi, B., Momeni, N., Allen, B., & Nowak, M. A. (2018). Conjoining uncooperative societies facilitates evolution of cooperation. Nature Human Behaviour, 2(7), 492\u2013499. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41562-018-0368-6","journal-title":"Nature Human Behaviour"},{"key":"9416_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412985604","volume-title":"Regression diagnostics","author":"J Fox","year":"1991","unstructured":"Fox, J. (1991). Regression diagnostics. Sage. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4135\/9781412985604"},{"key":"9416_CR27","volume-title":"An R and S-PLUS companion to applied regression","author":"J Fox","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fox, J. (2002). An R and S-PLUS companion to applied regression. Sage Publications."},{"issue":"2","key":"9416_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1177\/1525822x16643709","volume":"29","author":"MM Gervais","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gervais, M. M. (2017). RICH economic games for networked relationships and communities: Development and preliminary validation in Yasawa, Fiji. Field Methods, 29(2), 113\u2013129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1525822x16643709","journal-title":"Field Methods"},{"issue":"6","key":"9416_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2005.03.004","volume":"26","author":"MA Gibson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gibson, M. A., & Mace, R. (2005). Helpful grandmothers in rural Ethiopia: A study of the effect of kin on child survival and growth. Evolution and Human Behavior, 26(6), 469\u2013482. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2005.03.004","journal-title":"Evolution and Human Behavior"},{"issue":"43","key":"9416_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12114","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1610961113","volume":"113","author":"L Glowacki","year":"2016","unstructured":"Glowacki, L., Isakov, A., Wrangham, R. W., McDermott, R., Fowler, J. H., & Christakis, N. A. (2016). Formation of raiding parties for intergroup violence is mediated by social network structure. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(43), 12114\u201312119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1610961113","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"9416_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/s0169-5347(01)02355-2","volume":"17","author":"AS Griffin","year":"2002","unstructured":"Griffin, A. S., & West, S. A. (2002). Kin selection: Fact and fiction. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 17(1), 15\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0169-5347(01)02355-2","journal-title":"Trends in Ecology & Evolution"},{"issue":"1","key":"9416_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1086\/499552","volume":"47","author":"M Gurven","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gurven, M. (2006). The evolution of contingent cooperation. Current Anthropology, 47(1), 185\u2013192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/499552","journal-title":"Current Anthropology"},{"issue":"1","key":"9416_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1086\/jar.58.1.3631070","volume":"58","author":"M Gurven","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gurven, M., Hill, K., & Kaplan, H. (2002). From forest to reservation: Transitions in food-sharing behavior among the Ache of Paraguay. Journal of Anthropological Research, 58(1), 93\u2013120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/jar.58.1.3631070","journal-title":"Journal of Anthropological Research"},{"key":"9416_CR34","volume-title":"Samenes historie","author":"LI Hansen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hansen, L. I., & Olsen, B. (2004). Samenes historie. Cappelen akademisk forl."},{"key":"9416_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.4794","volume":"6","author":"XA Harrison","year":"2018","unstructured":"Harrison, X. A., Donaldson, L., Correa-Cano, M. E., Evans, J., Fisher, D. N., Goodwin, C. E. D., et al. (2018). A brief introduction to mixed effects modelling and multi-model inference in ecology. PeerJ, 6, e4794. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.4794","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"issue":"12","key":"9416_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0051187","volume":"7","author":"VH Hausner","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hausner, V. H., Fauchald, P., & Jernsletten, J.-L. (2012). Community-based management: Under what conditions do S\u00e1mi pastoralists manage pastures sustainably? PLoS ONE, 7(12), e51187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0051187","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"9416_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/0199262055.001.0001","volume-title":"Foundations of human sociality: Economic experiments and ethnographic evidence from fifteen small-scale societies","author":"J Henrich","year":"2004","unstructured":"Henrich, J. (2004). Foundations of human sociality: Economic experiments and ethnographic evidence from fifteen small-scale societies. Oxford University Press."},{"issue":"2","key":"9416_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.91.2.73","volume":"91","author":"J Henrich","year":"2001","unstructured":"Henrich, J., Boyd, R., Bowles, S., Camerer, C., Fehr, E., Gintis, H., et al. (2001). In search of Homo economicus: Behavioral experiments in 15 small-scale societies. American Economic Review, 91(2), 73\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/aer.91.2.73","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"issue":"5972","key":"9416_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1182238","volume":"327","author":"J Henrich","year":"2010","unstructured":"Henrich, J., Ensminger, J., McElreath, R., Barr, A., Barrett, C., Bolyanatz, A., et al. (2010). Markets, religion, community size, and the evolution of fairness and punishment. Science, 327(5972), 1480\u20131484. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1182238","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"5781","key":"9416_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1127333","volume":"312","author":"J Henrich","year":"2006","unstructured":"Henrich, J., McElreath, R., Barr, A., Ensminger, J., Barrett, C., Bolyanatz, A., et al. (2006). Costly punishment across human societies. Science, 312(5781), 1767\u20131770. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1127333","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"9416_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-081920-042106","volume":"72","author":"J Henrich","year":"2021","unstructured":"Henrich, J., & Muthukrishna, M. (2021). The origins and psychology of human cooperation. Annual Review of Psychology, 72(1), 207\u2013240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-psych-081920-042106","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"issue":"6022","key":"9416_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1199071","volume":"331","author":"KR Hill","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hill, K. R., Walker, R. S., Bo\u017ei\u010devi\u0107, M., Eder, J., Headland, T., Hewlett, B., et al. (2011). Co-residence patterns in hunter-gatherer societies show unique human social structure. Science, 331(6022), 1286\u20131289. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1199071","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"7","key":"9416_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0102806","volume":"9","author":"KR Hill","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hill, K. R., Wood, B. M., Baggio, J., Hurtado, A. M., & Boyd, R. T. (2014). Hunter-gatherer inter-band interaction rates: Implications for cumulative culture. PLoS ONE, 9(7), e102806. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0102806","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"9416_CR44","volume-title":"Reindrift - samisk n\u00e6ring i brytning mellom tradisjon og produksjon","author":"\u00d8 Holand","year":"2003","unstructured":"Holand, \u00d8. (2003). Reindrift - samisk n\u00e6ring i brytning mellom tradisjon og produksjon. Gan forl."},{"key":"9416_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/4771.003.0007","volume-title":"Moral sentiments and material interests: The foundations of cooperation in economic life","author":"H Kaplan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kaplan, H., & Gurven, M. (2005). The natural history of food sharing and cooperation: A review and a new multi-individual approach to the negotiations of norms. In H. Gintis, S. Bowles, R. Boyd, & E. Fehr (Eds.), Moral sentiments and material interests: The foundations of cooperation in economic life (pp. 75\u2013113). MIT Press."},{"key":"9416_CR46","first-page":"107","volume-title":"Risk and uncertainty in tribal and peasant economies","author":"H Kaplan","year":"1990","unstructured":"Kaplan, H., Hill, K., & Hurtado, A. M. (1990). Risk, foraging and food sharing among the Ache. In E. Cashdan (Ed.), Risk and uncertainty in tribal and peasant economies (pp. 107\u2013143). Westview Press."},{"issue":"4","key":"9416_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1007\/s12110-011-9126-4","volume":"22","author":"J Koster","year":"2011","unstructured":"Koster, J. (2011). Interhousehold meat sharing among Mayangna and Miskito horticulturalists in Nicaragua. Human Nature, 22(4), 394\u2013415. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12110-011-9126-4","journal-title":"Human Nature"},{"issue":"6","key":"9416_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1002\/evan.20082","volume":"14","author":"KL Kramer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kramer, K. L. (2005). Children\u2019s help and the pace of reproduction: Cooperative breeding in humans. Evolutionary Anthropology, 14(6), 224\u2013237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/evan.20082","journal-title":"Evolutionary Anthropology"},{"issue":"9","key":"9416_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.19030\/iber.v2i9.3837","volume":"2","author":"IP Levin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Levin, I. P., & Lauriola, M. (2003). A new paradigm for studying the economic and behavioral consequences of framing health-related decisions. International Business & Economics Research Journal, 2(9), 25\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.19030\/iber.v2i9.3837","journal-title":"International Business & Economics Research Journal"},{"key":"9416_CR50","first-page":"19","volume-title":"Reading and understanding multivariate statistics","author":"MH Licht","year":"1995","unstructured":"Licht, M. H. (1995). Multiple regression and correlation. In L. G. Grimm & P. R. Yarnold (Eds.), Reading and understanding multivariate statistics (pp. 19\u201364). American Psychological Association."},{"issue":"2","key":"9416_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"0043","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-016-0043","volume":"1","author":"AB Migliano","year":"2017","unstructured":"Migliano, A. B., Page, A. E., G\u00f3mez-Garde\u00f1es, J., Salali, G. D., Viguier, S., Dyble, M., et al. (2017). Characterization of hunter-gatherer networks and implications for cumulative culture. Nature Human Behaviour, 1(2), 0043. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41562-016-0043","journal-title":"Nature Human Behaviour"},{"issue":"1","key":"9416_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147470490600400","DOI":"10.1177\/147470490600400132","volume":"4","author":"I Mysterud","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mysterud, I., Drevon, T., & Slagsvold, T. (2006). An evolutionary interpretation of gift-giving behavior in modern Norwegian society. Evolutionary Psychology, 4(1), 147470490600400130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/147470490600400132","journal-title":"Evolutionary Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"9416_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1548-1433.2012.01427.x","volume":"114","author":"MW N\u00e6ss","year":"2012","unstructured":"N\u00e6ss, M. W. (2012). Cooperative pastoral production: Reconceptualizing the relationship between pastoral labor and production. American Anthropologist, 114(2), 309\u2013321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1548-1433.2012.01427.x","journal-title":"American Anthropologist"},{"issue":"3","key":"9416_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s10745-020-00158-0","volume":"48","author":"MW N\u00e6ss","year":"2020","unstructured":"N\u00e6ss, M. W. (2020). Cultural group selection and the evolution of reindeer herding in Norway. Human Ecology, 48(3), 279\u2013291. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10745-020-00158-0","journal-title":"Human Ecology"},{"issue":"8","key":"9416_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0070161","volume":"8","author":"MW N\u00e6ss","year":"2013","unstructured":"N\u00e6ss, M. W., & B\u00e5rdsen, B. J. (2013). Why herd size matters\u2014Mitigating the effects of livestock crashes. PLoS ONE, 8(8), 7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0070161","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"9416_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1007\/s10745-015-9758-9","volume":"43","author":"MW N\u00e6ss","year":"2015","unstructured":"N\u00e6ss, M. W., & B\u00e5rdsen, B. J. (2015). Market economy vs. risk management: How do nomadic pastoralists respond to increasing meat prices? Human Ecology, 43(3), 425\u2013438. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10745-015-9758-9","journal-title":"Human Ecology"},{"issue":"4","key":"9416_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2009.12.004","volume":"31","author":"MW N\u00e6ss","year":"2010","unstructured":"N\u00e6ss, M. W., B\u00e5rdsen, B. J., Fauchald, P., & Tveraa, T. (2010). Cooperative pastoral production: The importance of kinship. Evolution and Human Behavior, 31(4), 246\u2013258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2009.12.004","journal-title":"Evolution and Human Behavior"},{"issue":"6","key":"9416_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2012.05.004","volume":"33","author":"MW N\u00e6ss","year":"2012","unstructured":"N\u00e6ss, M. W., B\u00e5rdsen, B. J., & Tveraa, T. (2012). Wealth-dependent and interdependent strategies in the Saami reindeer husbandry, Norway. Evolution and Human Behavior, 33(6), 696\u2013707. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2012.05.004","journal-title":"Evolution and Human Behavior"},{"issue":"2","key":"9416_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s10745-009-9226-5","volume":"37","author":"MW N\u00e6ss","year":"2009","unstructured":"N\u00e6ss, M. W., Fauchald, P., & Tveraa, T. (2009). Scale dependency and the \u201cmarginal\u201d value of labor. Human Ecology, 37(2), 193\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10745-009-9226-5","journal-title":"Human Ecology"},{"key":"9416_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08003831.2021.1972265","author":"MW N\u00e6ss","year":"2021","unstructured":"N\u00e6ss, M. W., Fisktj\u00f8nmo, G. L. H., & B\u00e5rdsen, B.-J. (2021). The Saami cooperative herding group: The siida system from past to present. Acta Borealia. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08003831.2021.1972265","journal-title":"Acta Borealia"},{"issue":"3","key":"9416_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s12110-010-9091-3","volume":"21","author":"DA Nolin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nolin, D. A. (2010). Food-sharing networks in Lamalera, Indonesia: Reciprocity, kinship, and distance. Human Nature, 21(3), 243\u2013268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12110-010-9091-3","journal-title":"Human Nature"},{"key":"9416_CR62","unstructured":"Norwegian Agriculture Agency. (2018). Ecological statistics for the reindeer husbandry industry (1 April 2017\u201331 March 2018). Landbruksdirektoratet Alta. (In Norwegian)."},{"key":"9416_CR63","volume-title":"Ecological statistics for the reindeer husbandry industry (1 April 2015\u201331 March 2016)","author":"Norwegian Agriculture Agency","year":"2016","unstructured":"Norwegian Agriculture Agency. (2016). Ecological statistics for the reindeer husbandry industry (1 April 2015\u201331 March 2016). Landbruksdirektoratet Alta. (In Norwegian)."},{"issue":"5805","key":"9416_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1133755","volume":"314","author":"MA Nowak","year":"2006","unstructured":"Nowak, M. A. (2006). Five rules for the evolution of cooperation. Science, 314(5805), 1560\u20131563. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1133755","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"9416_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.2307\/3772701","volume":"9","author":"R Paine","year":"1970","unstructured":"Paine, R. (1970). Lappish decisions, partnerships, information management, and sanctions: A nomadic pastoral adaptation. Ethnology, 9(1), 52\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/3772701","journal-title":"Ethnology"},{"key":"9416_CR66","volume-title":"Herds of the tundra: A portrait of Saami reindeer pastoralism","author":"R Paine","year":"1994","unstructured":"Paine, R. (1994). Herds of the tundra: A portrait of Saami reindeer pastoralism. Smithsonian Institution Press."},{"issue":"3","key":"9416_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2015.2168","volume":"62","author":"A Peysakhovich","year":"2016","unstructured":"Peysakhovich, A., & Rand, D. G. (2016). Habits of virtue: Creating norms of cooperation and defection in the laboratory. Management Science, 62(3), 631\u2013647. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1287\/mnsc.2015.2168","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"key":"9416_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-0318-1","volume-title":"Mixed effect models in S and S-PLUS","author":"JC Pinheiro","year":"2000","unstructured":"Pinheiro, J. C., & Bates, D. M. (2000). Mixed effect models in S and S-PLUS. Springer."},{"key":"9416_CR69","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Development Core Team","year":"2020","unstructured":"R Development Core Team. (2020). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing."},{"key":"9416_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/3232.003.0021","volume-title":"Genetic and cultural evolution of cooperation","author":"PJ Richerson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Richerson, P. J., Boyd, R. T., & Henrich, J. (2003). Cultural evolution of human cooperation. In P. Hammerstein (Ed.), Genetic and cultural evolution of cooperation (pp. 357\u2013388). The MIT Press."},{"key":"9416_CR71","first-page":"229","volume-title":"Indigenous peoples: Resource management and global rights","author":"J\u00c5 Riseth","year":"2003","unstructured":"Riseth, J. \u00c5. (2003). Sami reindeer management in Norway: modernization challenges and conflicting strategies. Reflections upon the comanagement alternative. In S. Jentoft, H. Minde, & R. Nilsen (Eds.), Indigenous peoples: Resource management and global rights (pp. 229\u2013247). Eburon Academic Publishers."},{"issue":"1","key":"9416_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3368\/le.85.1.87","volume":"85","author":"J\u00c5 Riseth","year":"2009","unstructured":"Riseth, J. \u00c5., & Vatn, A. (2009). Modernization and pasture degradation: A comparative study of two Sami reindeer pasture regions in Norway. Land Economics, 85(1), 87\u2013106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3368\/le.85.1.87","journal-title":"Land Economics"},{"key":"9416_CR73","volume-title":"The strategy of conflict","author":"TC Schelling","year":"1980","unstructured":"Schelling, T. C. (1980). The strategy of conflict. Harvard University Press."},{"issue":"3","key":"9416_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/s12110-015-9236-5","volume":"26","author":"M Schnegg","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schnegg, M. (2015). Reciprocity on demand: Sharing and exchanging food in northwestern Namibia. Human Nature, 26(3), 313\u2013330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12110-015-9236-5","journal-title":"Human Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"9416_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2018.08.004","volume":"40","author":"D Smith","year":"2019","unstructured":"Smith, D., Dyble, M., Major, K., Page, A. E., Chaudhary, N., Salali, G. D., et al. (2019). A friend in need is a friend indeed: Need-based sharing, rather than cooperative assortment, predicts experimental resource transfers among Agta hunter-gatherers. Evolution and Human Behavior, 40(1), 82\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2018.08.004","journal-title":"Evolution and Human Behavior"},{"key":"9416_CR76","first-page":"36","volume-title":"Hunter-gatherer foraging strategies","author":"EA Smith","year":"1981","unstructured":"Smith, E. A. (1981). The application of optimal foraging theory to the analysis of hunter-gatherer group size. In B. Winterhalder & E. A. Smith (Eds.), Hunter-gatherer foraging strategies (pp. 36\u201365). University of Chicago Press."},{"key":"9416_CR77","volume-title":"Human cooperation: Perspectives from behavioral ecology","author":"EA Smith","year":"2003","unstructured":"Smith, E. A. (2003). Human cooperation: Perspectives from behavioral ecology. M.I.T. Press."},{"issue":"19","key":"9416_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2018.07.064","volume":"28","author":"KM Smith","year":"2018","unstructured":"Smith, K. M., Larroucau, T., Mabulla, I. A., & Apicella, C. L. (2018). Hunter-gatherers maintain assortativity in cooperation despite high levels of residential change and mixing. Current Biology, 28(19), 3152\u20133157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2018.07.064","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"issue":"2","key":"9416_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.171221","volume":"5","author":"MG Thomas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Thomas, M. G., B\u00e5rdsen, B. J., & N\u00e6ss, M. W. (2018). The narrow gap between norms and cooperative behaviour in a reindeer herding community. Royal Society Open Science, 5(2), 171221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsos.171221","journal-title":"Royal Society Open Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"9416_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/arv106","volume":"26","author":"MG Thomas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Thomas, M. G., N\u00e6ss, M. W., Bardsen, B. J., & Mace, R. (2015). Saami reindeer herders cooperate with social group members and genetic kin. Behavioral Ecology, 26(6), 1495\u20131501. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/beheco\/arv106","journal-title":"Behavioral Ecology"},{"issue":"5","key":"9416_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1007\/s10745-016-9848-3","volume":"44","author":"MG Thomas","year":"2016","unstructured":"Thomas, M. G., N\u00e6ss, M. W., B\u00e5rdsen, B. J., & Mace, R. (2016). Smaller Saami herding groups cooperate more in a public goods experiment. Human Ecology, 44(5), 633\u2013642. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10745-016-9848-3","journal-title":"Human Ecology"},{"issue":"1514","key":"9416_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2002.2246","volume":"270","author":"JMJ Travis","year":"2003","unstructured":"Travis, J. M. J. (2003). Climate change and habitat destruction: A deadly anthropogenic cocktail. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 270(1514), 467\u2013473. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.2002.2246","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"},{"key":"9416_CR83","volume-title":"War and peace and war: The rise and fall of empires","author":"P Turchin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Turchin, P. (2007). War and peace and war: The rise and fall of empires. Plume."},{"issue":"4","key":"9416_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2007.0030-1299.15257.x","volume":"116","author":"T Tveraa","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tveraa, T., Fauchald, P., Yoccoz, N. G., Ims, R. A., Aanes, R., & Hogda, K. A. (2007). What regulate and limit reindeer populations in Norway? Oikos, 116(4), 706\u2013715. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.2007.0030-1299.15257.x","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"issue":"4","key":"9416_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2010.08.001","volume":"32","author":"SA West","year":"2011","unstructured":"West, S. A., El Mouden, C., & Gardner, A. (2011). Sixteen common misconceptions about the evolution of cooperation in humans. Evolution and Human Behavior, 32(4), 231\u2013262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2010.08.001","journal-title":"Evolution and Human Behavior"},{"issue":"2","key":"9416_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2006.01258.x","volume":"20","author":"SA West","year":"2007","unstructured":"West, S. A., Griffin, A. S., & Gardner, A. (2007). Social semantics: Altruism, cooperation, mutualism, strong reciprocity and group selection. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 20(2), 415\u2013432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2006.01258.x","journal-title":"Journal of Evolutionary Biology"},{"issue":"1","key":"9416_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s11625-015-0293-9","volume":"11","author":"JP Ziker","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ziker, J. P., Rasmussen, J., & Nolin, D. A. (2016). Indigenous Siberians solve collective action problems through sharing and traditional knowledge. Sustainability Science, 11(1), 45\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11625-015-0293-9","journal-title":"Sustainability Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"9416_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1007\/s12110-005-1003-6","volume":"16","author":"JP Ziker","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ziker, J. P., & Schnegg, M. (2005). Food sharing at meals: Kinship, reciprocity, and clustering in the Taimyr Autonomous Okrug, northern Russia. Human Nature, 16(2), 178\u2013210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12110-005-1003-6","journal-title":"Human Nature"},{"key":"9416_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-87458-6","volume-title":"Mixed effects models and extensions in ecology with R","author":"AF Zuur","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zuur, A. F., Ieno, E. N., Walker, N. J., Saveliev, A. A., & Smith, G. M. (2009). Mixed effects models and extensions in ecology with R. Springer."}],"container-title":["Human Nature"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12110-021-09416-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12110-021-09416-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12110-021-09416-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,11]],"date-time":"2023-11-11T13:21:36Z","timestamp":1699708896000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12110-021-09416-6"}},"subtitle":["A Comparative Study of Saami Reindeer Herders"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9416"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12110-021-09416-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1045-6767","1936-4776"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1045-6767","type":"print"},{"value":"1936-4776","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 September 2021","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 October 2021","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}},{"value":"This study was undertaken in accordance with the \u201cGeneral guidelines for research ethics\u201d as stipulated by the Norwegian National Research Ethics Committee (NNREC;\n                      \n                      ). Specifically, interviews were undertaken in accordance with NNREC\u2019s ethical checklist\/summary by: (1) obtaining informed consent (verbal in this case); (2) ensuring that no dependent relationship exists that could influence the subjects\u2019 decision to give consent; and (3) guaranteeing anonymity and confidentiality of the informants.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from each respondent prior to data collection.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed Consent"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}}]}}