{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,12]],"date-time":"2026-07-12T02:31:33Z","timestamp":1783823493464,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]],"date-time":"2024-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732752000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]],"date-time":"2024-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Nat"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Considering the role of human interactions in infectious disease outbreaks and cooperation in mitigating natural disasters consequences, ecological threats to human survival have been among proposed drivers of collectivism. Utilizing established and novel measures of parasite stress and natural disasters, we investigated their association with collectivism in a large sample of countries (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009188). Linear mixed-effect models indicated that after controlling for national wealth, neither natural disasters nor infectious disease can predict collectivism scores. Null results were consistent across different measures of threats, suggesting that previous findings can be attributed to small, non-representative samples of cultures. When universal patterns are a major concern, drawing conclusions based on small, nonrepresentative subsets of cultures risks promoting unreliable findings. Future cross-cultural research will benefit from data-driven exploratory methods to uncover factors previously unexamined in the theory-driven studies of collectivism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12110-024-09480-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]],"date-time":"2024-11-28T07:21:10Z","timestamp":1732778470000},"page":"382-396","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Ecological Threats and Cultural Systems"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9561-9751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soheil","family":"Shapouri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasaman","family":"Rafiee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"9480_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2020.07.015","volume":"41","author":"C Apicella","year":"2020","unstructured":"Apicella, C., Norenzayan, A., & Henrich, J. (2020). Beyond WEIRD: A review of the last decade and a look ahead to the global laboratory of the future. Evolution and Human Behavior, 41(5), 319\u2013329.","journal-title":"Evolution and Human Behavior"},{"key":"9480_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bastian, B., Vauclair, C. M., Loughnan, S., Bain, P., Ashokkumar, A., Becker, M., & SwannJr, W. B. (2019). Explaining illness with evil: pathogen prevalence fosters moral vitalism. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 286(1914), 20191576.","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2019.1576"},{"issue":"2","key":"9480_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1504\/IJGW.2015.071963","volume":"8","author":"J Birkmann","year":"2015","unstructured":"Birkmann, J., & Welle, T. (2015). Assessing the risk of loss and damage: Exposure, vulnerability and risk to climate-related hazards for different country classifications. International Journal of Global Warming, 8(2), 191\u2013212.","journal-title":"International Journal of Global Warming"},{"key":"9480_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1057\/jibs.2010.62","volume":"42","author":"P Brewer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Brewer, P., & Venaik, S. (2011). Individualism\u2013collectivism in Hofstede and GLOBE. Journal of International Business Studies, 42, 436\u2013445. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057\/jibs.2010.62","journal-title":"Journal of International Business Studies"},{"issue":"8","key":"9480_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181100","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.181100","volume":"5","author":"L Bromham","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bromham, L., Hua, X., Cardillo, M., Schneemann, H., & Greenhill, S. J. (2018). Parasites and politics: Why cross-cultural studies must control for relatedness, proximity and covariation. Royal Society Open Science, 5(8), 181100.","journal-title":"Royal Society Open Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"9480_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s12110-012-9159-3","volume":"24","author":"E Cashdan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cashdan, E., & Steele, M. (2013). Pathogen prevalence, group bias, and collectivism in the standard cross-cultural sample. Human Nature, 24(1), 59\u201375.","journal-title":"Human Nature"},{"issue":"1681","key":"9480_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2009.1650","volume":"277","author":"JY Chiao","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chiao, J. Y., & Blizinsky, K. D. (2010). Culture\u2013gene coevolution of individualism\u2013collectivism and the serotonin transporter gene. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 277(1681), 529\u2013537.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"9480_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5776","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41486-1","volume":"14","author":"S Claessens","year":"2023","unstructured":"Claessens, S., Kyritsis, T., & Atkinson, Q. D. (2023). Cross-national analyses require additional controls to account for the non-independence of nations. Nature Communications, 14(1), 5776.","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"issue":"1","key":"9480_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191209","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.191209","volume":"7","author":"TR Clarkson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Clarkson, T. R., Sidari, M. J., Sains, R., Alexander, M., Harrison, M., Mefodeva, V., & Dixson, B. J. (2020). A multivariate analysis of women\u2019s mating strategies and sexual selection on men\u2019s facial morphology. Royal Society Open Science, 7(1), 191209.","journal-title":"Royal Society Open Science"},{"key":"9480_CR10","unstructured":"Culpepper, P. (2019). The disgusted mind: Investigating the effects of parasite stress on social behaviour and beliefs. Doctoral dissertation, University of Stirling. http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/1893\/30693"},{"issue":"2","key":"9480_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X11000963","volume":"35","author":"TE Currie","year":"2012","unstructured":"Currie, T. E., & Mace, R. (2012). Analyses do not support the parasite-stress theory of human sociality. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 35(2), 83\u201385.","journal-title":"Behavioral and Brain Sciences"},{"key":"9480_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Damian, E., Meuleman, B., & van Oorschot, W. (2022a). Estimation of country-level effects in cross-national survey research using multilevel modelling: The role of statistical power. [Preprint]. Sciensano. https:\/\/www.sciensano.be\/sites\/default\/files\/preprint_mlm_and_statistical_power.pdf","DOI":"10.31219\/osf.io\/m94kh"},{"issue":"2","key":"9480_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124119882452","volume":"51","author":"E Damian","year":"2022","unstructured":"Damian, E., Meuleman, B., & van Oorschot, W. (2022b). Transparency and replication in cross-national survey research: Identification of problems and possible solutions. Sociological Methods & Research, 51(2), 499\u2013526.","journal-title":"Sociological Methods & Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"9480_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000079","volume":"21","author":"JC De Winter","year":"2016","unstructured":"De Winter, J. C., Gosling, S. D., & Potter, J. (2016). Comparing the Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients across distributions and sample sizes: A tutorial using simulations and empirical data. Psychological Methods, 21(3), 273.","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"9480_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X11000021","volume":"35","author":"CL Fincher","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fincher, C. L., & Thornhill, R. (2012a). Parasite-stress promotes in-group assortative sociality: The cases of strong family ties and heightened religiosity. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 35(2), 61\u201379.","journal-title":"Behavioral and Brain Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"9480_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X11001774","volume":"35","author":"CL Fincher","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fincher, C. L., & Thornhill, R. (2012b). The parasite-stress theory may be a general theory of culture and sociality. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 35(2), 99.","journal-title":"Behavioral and Brain Sciences"},{"key":"9480_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fincher, C. L., Thornhill, R., Murray, D. R., & Schaller, M. (2008). Pathogen prevalence predicts human cross-cultural variability in individualism\/collectivism. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 275(1640), 1279\u20131285.","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2008.0094"},{"issue":"5","key":"9480_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1177\/10693971211031476","volume":"55","author":"R Fischer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fischer, R. (2021). Origins of values differences: A two-level analysis of economic, climatic and parasite stress explanations in the value domain. Cross-Cultural Research, 55(5), 438\u2013473.","journal-title":"Cross-Cultural Research"},{"key":"9480_CR19","unstructured":"Gelfand, M. J., Bhawuk, D. P., Nishii, L., & Bechtold, D. (2004). Individualism and collectivism. In R. J. House, P. J. Hanges, M. Javidan, P. W. Dorfman, & V. Gupta (Eds.), Culture, leadership, and organizations: The GLOBE study of 62 cultures (pp. 437\u2013512). Sage."},{"issue":"6033","key":"9480_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1197754","volume":"332","author":"MJ Gelfand","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gelfand, M. J., Raver, J. L., Nishii, L., Leslie, L. M., Lun, J., Lim, B. C., & Yamaguchi, S. (2011). Differences between tight and loose cultures: A 33-nation study. Science, 332(6033), 1100\u20131104.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"9480_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00599","volume":"99","author":"Y Gorodnichenko","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gorodnichenko, Y., & Roland, G. (2017). Culture, institutions, and the wealth of nations. Review of Economics and Statistics, 99(3), 402\u2013416.","journal-title":"Review of Economics and Statistics"},{"issue":"3","key":"9480_CR22","first-page":"311","volume":"26","author":"I Grossmann","year":"2015","unstructured":"Grossmann, I., & Varnum, M. E. (2015). Social structure, infectious diseases, disasters, secularism, and cultural change in America. PsychologicalSscience, 26(3), 311\u2013324.","journal-title":"PsychologicalSscience"},{"issue":"6","key":"9480_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1080\/00949655.2012.741599","volume":"84","author":"A Hajjem","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hajjem, A., Bellavance, F., & Larocque, D. (2014). Mixed-effects random forest for clustered data. Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation, 84(6), 1313\u20131328.","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation"},{"key":"9480_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hamamura, T., & Park, J. H. (2010). Regional differences in pathogen prevalence and defensive reactions to the swine flu outbreak among East asians and westerners. Evolutionary Psychology, 8(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/147470491000800315","DOI":"10.1177\/147470491000800315"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"9480_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X0999152X","volume":"33","author":"J Henrich","year":"2010","unstructured":"Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010). The weirdest people in the world? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33(2\u20133), 61\u201383.","journal-title":"Behavioral and Brain Sciences"},{"key":"9480_CR26","unstructured":"Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture\u2019s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations. Sage."},{"key":"9480_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horita, Y., & Takezawa, M. (2018). Cultural differences in strength of conformity explained through pathogen stress: A statistical test using hierarchical Bayesian estimation. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1921.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.01921"},{"key":"9480_CR28","unstructured":"House, R. J., Hanges, P. J., Javidan, M., Dorfman, P. W., & Gupta, V. (Eds.). (2004). Culture, leadership, and organizations: The GLOBE study of 62 societies. Sage."},{"key":"9480_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hruschka, D. J., & Henrich, J. (2013). Institutions, parasites and the persistence of in-group preferences. PLOS One, 8(5), e63642.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0063642"},{"issue":"1","key":"9480_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2017.10.002","volume":"22","author":"RE Jack","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jack, R. E., Crivelli, C., & Wheatley, T. (2018). Data-driven methods to diversify knowledge of human psychology. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 22(1), 1\u20135.","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"9480_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.frl.2014.12.005","volume":"13","author":"Y Kim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kim, Y., Kim, T. H., & Erg\u00fcn, T. (2015). The instability of the Pearson correlation coefficient in the presence of coincidental outliers. Finance Research Letters, 13, 243\u2013257.","journal-title":"Finance Research Letters"},{"issue":"7","key":"9480_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797616642596","volume":"27","author":"HS Kim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kim, H. S., Sherman, D. K., & Updegraff, J. A. (2016). Fear of Ebola: The influence of collectivism on xenophobic threat responses. Psychological Science, 27(7), 935\u2013944.","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"9480_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00954","volume":"9","author":"K Kusano","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kusano, K., & Kemmelmeier, M. (2018). Ecology of freedom: Competitive tests of the role of pathogens, climate, and natural disasters in the development of socio-political freedom. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 954.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"9480_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2020.110277","volume":"168","author":"MZ Ma","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ma, M. Z. (2020). Testing the parasite-stress theory of sociality based on the circular model of human values: A multilevel analysis approach. Personality and Individual Differences, 168, 110277\u2013110277.","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"issue":"1","key":"9480_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1111\/bjso.12281","volume":"58","author":"A Maki","year":"2019","unstructured":"Maki, A., Dwyer, P. C., Blazek, S., Snyder, M., Gonz\u00e1lez, R., & Lay, S. (2019). Responding to natural disasters: Examining identity and prosociality in the context of a major earthquake. British Journal of Social Psychology, 58(1), 66\u201387.","journal-title":"British Journal of Social Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"9480_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022114563612","volume":"46","author":"M Minkov","year":"2015","unstructured":"Minkov, M., Blagoev, V., & Bond, M. H. (2015). Improving research in the emerging field of cross-cultural sociogenetics: The case of serotonin. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 46(3), 336\u2013354.","journal-title":"Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"9480_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1108\/CCSM-11-2016-0197","volume":"24","author":"M Minkov","year":"2017","unstructured":"Minkov, M., Dutt, P., Schachner, M., Morales, O., Sanchez, C., Jandosova, J., & Mudd, B. (2017). A revision of Hofstede\u2019s individualism-collectivism dimension: A new national index from a 56-country study. Cross Cultural & Strategic Management, 24(3), 386\u2013404.","journal-title":"Cross Cultural & Strategic Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"9480_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167219843918","volume":"46","author":"TL Mullett","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mullett, T. L., Brown, G. D., Fincher, C. L., Kosinski, M., & Stillwell, D. (2020). Individual-level analyses of the impact of parasite stress on personality: Reduced openness only for older individuals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 46(1), 79\u201393.","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"},{"issue":"1","key":"9480_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022109349510","volume":"41","author":"DR Murray","year":"2010","unstructured":"Murray, D. R., & Schaller, M. (2010). Historical prevalence of infectious diseases within 230 geopolitical regions: A tool for investigating origins of culture. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 41(1), 99\u2013108.","journal-title":"Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology"},{"key":"9480_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2021.111127","volume":"183","author":"J Na","year":"2021","unstructured":"Na, J., Kim, N., Suk, H. W., Choi, E., Choi, J. A., Kim, J. H., & Choi, I. (2021). Individualism-collectivism during the COVID-19 pandemic: A field study testing the pathogen stress hypothesis of individualism-collectivism in Korea. Personality and Individual Differences, 183, 111127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.paid.2021.111127","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"issue":"8","key":"9480_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022117719496","volume":"48","author":"S Oishi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Oishi, S., & Komiya, A. (2017). Natural disaster risk and collectivism. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 48(8), 1263\u20131270.","journal-title":"Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"9480_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.128.1.3","volume":"128","author":"D Oyserman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Oyserman, D., Coon, H. M., & Kemmelmeier, M. (2002). Rethinking individualism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses. Psychological Bulletin, 128(1), 3.","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"1","key":"9480_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6502","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-33155-6","volume":"14","author":"GL Pasin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pasin, G. L., Szekely, A., Eriksson, K., Guido, A., di Sorrentino, E. P., & Andrighetto, G. (2024). Evidence from 43 countries that disease leaves cultures unchanged in the short-term. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 6502.","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"9480_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s40750-020-00132-6","volume":"6","author":"F Pazhoohi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pazhoohi, F., & Kingstone, A. (2020). Parasite prevalence and income inequality positively predict beardedness across 25 countries. Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology, 6, 185\u2013193.","journal-title":"Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology"},{"key":"9480_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cresp.2021.100030","volume":"3","author":"B Pelham","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pelham, B., Hardin, C., Murray, D., Shimizu, M., & Vandello, J. (2022). A truly global, non-WEIRD examination of collectivism: The global collectivism index (GCI). Current Research in Ecological and Social Psychology, 3, 100030.","journal-title":"Current Research in Ecological and Social Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"9480_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.22757","volume":"28","author":"CT Ross","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ross, C. T., & Winterhalder, B. (2016). A hierarchical bayesian analysis of parasite prevalence and sociocultural outcomes: The role of structural racism and sanitation infrastructure. American Journal of Human Biology, 28(1), 74\u201389.","journal-title":"American Journal of Human Biology"},{"issue":"1","key":"9480_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1007\/s40806-022-00335-y","volume":"9","author":"S Shapouri","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shapouri, S. (2023). Of germs and culture; parasite stress as the origin of individualism-collectivism. Evolutionary Psychological Science, 9(1), 82\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40806-022-00335-y","journal-title":"Evolutionary Psychological Science"},{"key":"9480_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e9522","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.9522","volume":"8","author":"MJ Silk","year":"2020","unstructured":"Silk, M. J., Harrison, X. A., & Hodgson, D. J. (2020). Perils and pitfalls of mixed-effects regression models in biology. PeerJ, 8, e9522.","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"issue":"2","key":"9480_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.74.2.482","volume":"74","author":"E Suh","year":"1998","unstructured":"Suh, E., Diener, E., Oishi, S., & Triandis, H. C. (1998). The shifting basis of life satisfaction judgments across cultures: Emotions versus norms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(2), 482.","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"9480_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1007\/s11692-013-9239-2","volume":"40","author":"R Thornhill","year":"2013","unstructured":"Thornhill, R., & Fincher, C. L. (2013). The comparative method in cross-cultural and cross-species research. Evolutionary Biology, 40, 480\u2013493.","journal-title":"Evolutionary Biology"},{"key":"9480_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tybur, J. M., Inbar, Y., Aar\u00f8e, L., Barclay, P., Barlow, F. K., De Barra, M., & e\u017eelj, I. (2016). Parasite stress and pathogen avoidance relate to distinct dimensions of political ideology across 30 nations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(44), 12408\u201312413.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1607398113"},{"issue":"3","key":"9480_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-019-0783-3","volume":"4","author":"E Van de Vliert","year":"2020","unstructured":"Van de Vliert, E. (2020). The global ecology of differentiation between us and them. Nature Human Behaviour, 4(3), 270\u2013278.","journal-title":"Nature Human Behaviour"},{"issue":"4","key":"9480_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797619826972","volume":"30","author":"T Vardy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vardy, T., & Atkinson, Q. D. (2019). Property damage and exposure to other people in distress differentially predict prosocial behavior after a natural disaster. Psychological Science, 30(4), 563\u2013575.","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"9480_CR54","unstructured":"World Bank (2024). World Bank country and lending groups. World Bank Data Help Desk. https:\/\/datahelpdesk.worldbank.org\/knowledgebase\/articles\/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups"},{"issue":"5","key":"9480_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2018.05.008","volume":"39","author":"J Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang, J. (2018). Contemporary parasite stress curvilinearly correlates with outgroup trust: Cross-country evidence from 2005 to 2014. Evolution and Human Behavior, 39(5), 556\u2013565.","journal-title":"Evolution and Human Behavior"}],"container-title":["Human Nature"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12110-024-09480-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12110-024-09480-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12110-024-09480-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T03:25:56Z","timestamp":1739935556000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12110-024-09480-8"}},"subtitle":["Epidemics and Natural Disasters Do Not Predict Collectivism"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9480"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12110-024-09480-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1045-6767","1936-4776"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1045-6767","type":"print"},{"value":"1936-4776","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 October 2024","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 November 2024","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"We have no known conflict of interest to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}]}}