{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T20:15:23Z","timestamp":1791490523107,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":134,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741824000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio Torino","award":["2020.1955"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.1955"]}]},{"name":"University of Torino - DBIOS","award":["NORI_RILO"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORI_RILO"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021856","name":"Ministero dell'Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PRIN_2022\/CUP: D53C24004770006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRIN_2022\/CUP: D53C24004770006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021856","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006692","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Torino","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006692","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Nat"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Automatic behavioral matching includes Rapid Facial Mimicry (RFM) and Yawn Contagion (YC) that occur when the facial expression of an individual acts as a \u2018mirror social releaser\u2019 and induces the same facial expression in the observer (within 1\u00a0s for RFM, and minutes for YC). Motor replication has been linked to coordination and emotional contagion, a basic form of empathy. We investigated the presence and modulating factors of Rapid Smile Mimicry (RSM) and YC in infants\/toddlers from 10 to 36\u00a0months at the nursery \u2018Melis\u2019 (Turin, Italy). In February-May 2022, we gathered audio and\/or video of all occurrences data on affiliative behaviors, smiling during play, and yawning during everyday activities. Both RSM and YC were present, as toddlers were most likely to smile (within 1\u00a0s) or yawn (within three-min) after perceiving a smile\/yawn from another toddler. Sex, age, and parents\u2019 country of origin did not influence RSM and YC occurrence, probably because gonadal maturation was long to come, the age range was skewed towards the early developmental phase, and toddlers had been in the same social group for months. RSM and YC showed social modulation, thus possibly implying more than just motor resonance. Both phenomena were inversely related to affiliation levels (a social bond proxy). Because literature reports that in adults RSM and YC may increase with familiarity, our reversed result suggests that in certain toddler cohorts the same phenomena may help increase socio-emotional coordination and that the function of motoric resonance may be experience- and context-dependent.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12110-025-09488-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T07:49:40Z","timestamp":1741852180000},"page":"70-97","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Is it a Match? Yawn Contagion and Smile Mimicry in Toddlers"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1618-7717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan","family":"Norscia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8674-8236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Caselli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Scianna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Morone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Brescini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7093-0025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giada","family":"Cordoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"9488_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(15)00418-0","volume":"4","author":"AP Abreu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Abreu, A. P., & Kaiser, U. B. (2016). Pubertal development and regulation. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 4(3), 254\u2013264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-8587(15)00418-0","journal-title":"The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology"},{"key":"9488_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2014.00015","volume":"5","author":"GM Alexander","year":"2014","unstructured":"Alexander, G. M. (2014). Postnatal testosterone concentrations and male social development. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 5, 15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2014.00015","journal-title":"Frontiers in Endocrinology"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"9488_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1163\/156853974X00534","volume":"49","author":"J Altmann","year":"1974","unstructured":"Altmann, J. (1974). Observational study of behavior: Sampling methods. Behaviour, 49(3\u20134), 227\u2013266. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1163\/156853974X00534","journal-title":"Behaviour"},{"key":"9488_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s10919-008-0059-5","volume":"33","author":"Z Ambadar","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ambadar, Z., Cohn, J. F., & Reed, L. I. (2009). All smiles are not created equal: Morphology and timing of smiles perceived as amused, polite, and embarrassed\/nervous. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 33, 17\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10919-008-0059-5","journal-title":"Journal of Nonverbal Behavior"},{"issue":"2","key":"9488_CR5","first-page":"20","volume":"6","author":"B Amos","year":"2016","unstructured":"Amos, B., Ludwiczuk, B., & Satyanarayanan, M. (2016). Openface: A general-purpose face recognition library with mobile applications. CMU School of Computer Science, 6(2), 20.","journal-title":"CMU School of Computer Science"},{"key":"9488_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1007\/s10329-020-00869-4","volume":"61","author":"JR Anderson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Anderson, J. R. (2020). One thousand yawns. Primates, 61, 729\u2013740. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10329-020-00869-4","journal-title":"Primates"},{"issue":"2","key":"9488_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.4000\/cpl.390","volume":"11","author":"JR Anderson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Anderson, J. R., & Meno, P. (2003). Psychological influences on yawning in children. Current Psychology Letters. Behaviour, Brain & Cognition, 11(2), 2003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4000\/cpl.390","journal-title":"Current Psychology Letters. Behaviour, Brain & Cognition"},{"issue":"suppl_6","key":"9488_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S468","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2004.0224","volume":"271","author":"JR Anderson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Anderson, J. R., Myowa-Yamakoshi, M., & Matsuzawa, T. (2004). Contagious yawning in chimpanzees. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences, 271(suppl_6), S468\u2013S470. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsbl.2004.0224","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"9488_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03209394","volume":"4","author":"R Baenninger","year":"1997","unstructured":"Baenninger, R. (1997). On yawning and its functions. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 4(2), 198\u2013207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BF03209394","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"},{"key":"9488_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baltrusaitis, T., Zadeh, A., Lim, Y. C., & Morency, L. P. (2018). Openface 2.0: Facial behavior analysis toolkit. In 2018 13th IEEE international conference on automatic face & gesture recognition (FG 2018) (pp. 59\u201366). IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/FG.2018.00019"},{"issue":"3","key":"9488_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2012.11.001","volume":"68","author":"DJ Barr","year":"2013","unstructured":"Barr, D. J., Levy, R., Scheepers, C., & Tily, H. J. (2013). Random effects structure for confirmatory hypothesis testing: Keep it maximal. Journal of Memory and Language, 68(3), 255\u2013278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jml.2012.11.001","journal-title":"Journal of Memory and Language"},{"issue":"1","key":"9488_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/1529100619832930","volume":"20","author":"LF Barrett","year":"2019","unstructured":"Barrett, L. F., Adolphs, R., Marsella, S., Martinez, A. M., & Pollak, S. D. (2019). Emotional Expressions Reconsidered: Challenges to Inferring Emotion From Human Facial Movements. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 20(1), 1\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1529100619832930","journal-title":"Psychological Science in the Public Interest"},{"issue":"3","key":"9488_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e91773","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0091773","volume":"9","author":"AJ Bartholomew","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bartholomew, A. J., & Cirulli, E. T. (2014). Individual variation in contagious yawning susceptibility is highly stable and largely unexplained by empathy or other known factors. PLoS ONE, 9(3), e91773. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0091773","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"9488_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","volume":"67","author":"D Bates","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bates, D., M\u00e4chler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2015). Fitting linear mixedeffects models using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software, 67, 1\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"issue":"1893","key":"9488_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20181964","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2018.1964","volume":"285","author":"JM Berthier","year":"2018","unstructured":"Berthier, J. M., & Semple, S. (2018). Observing grooming promotes affiliation in Barbary macaques. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 285(1893), 20181964. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.2018.1964","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B"},{"issue":"3","key":"9488_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1080\/03949370.2021.1988723","volume":"34","author":"M Bertini","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bertini, M., Annicchiarico, G., Bresciani, C., Cordoni, G., & Palagi, E. (2022). Playful interactions and facial mimicry in infant bonobos (Pan paniscus). Ethology Ecology & Evolution, 34(3), 344\u2013359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03949370.2021.1988723","journal-title":"Ethology Ecology & Evolution"},{"issue":"4","key":"9488_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2005.00962.x","volume":"18","author":"R Bijlsma","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bijlsma, R., & Loeschcke, V. (2005). Environmental stress, adaptation and evolution: An overview. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 18(4), 744\u2013749. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2005.00962.x","journal-title":"Journal of Evolutionary Biology"},{"issue":"5","key":"9488_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1093\/cz\/zoab092","volume":"68","author":"C Bresciani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bresciani, C., Cordoni, G., & Palagi, E. (2022). Playing together, laughing together: Rapid facial mimicry and social sensitivity in lowland gorillas. Current Zoology, 68(5), 560\u2013569. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cz\/zoab092","journal-title":"Current Zoology"},{"issue":"4","key":"9488_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e18283","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018283","volume":"6","author":"MW Campbell","year":"2011","unstructured":"Campbell, M. W., & de Waal, F. B. (2011). Ingroup-outgroup bias in contagious yawning by chimpanzees supports link to empathy. PLoS ONE, 6(4), e18283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0018283","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"9488_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-14209-8","volume":"11","author":"C Canteloup","year":"2020","unstructured":"Canteloup, C., Hoppitt, W., & van de Waal, E. (2020). Wild primates copy higher-ranked individuals in a social transmission experiment. Nature Communications, 11(1), 459. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-019-14209-8","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"issue":"4","key":"9488_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204166951772679","DOI":"10.1177\/2041669517726797","volume":"8","author":"MH Chan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chan, M. H., & Tseng, C. H. (2017). Yawning detection sensitivity and yawning contagion. i-Perception, 8(4), 2041669517726797. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2041669517726797","journal-title":"i-Perception"},{"issue":"5","key":"9488_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.22094","volume":"63","author":"G Cordoni","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cordoni, G., Favilli, E., & Palagi, E. (2021). Earlier than previously thought: Yawn contagion in preschool children. Developmental Psychobiology, 63(5), 931\u2013944. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dev.22094","journal-title":"Developmental Psychobiology"},{"key":"9488_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2023.101818","volume":"71","author":"KLD Cruz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cruz, K. L. D., Kelsey, C. M., Tong, X., & Grossmann, T. (2023). Infant and maternal responses to emotional facial expressions: A longitudinal study. Infant Behavior and Development, 71, 101818. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.infbeh.2023.101818","journal-title":"Infant Behavior and Development"},{"issue":"1","key":"9488_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2007.0535","volume":"4","author":"M Davila Ross","year":"2008","unstructured":"Davila Ross, M., Menzler, S., & Zimmermann, E. (2008). Rapid facial mimicry in orangutan play. Biology Letters, 4(1), 27\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsbl.2007.0535","journal-title":"Biology Letters"},{"issue":"8","key":"9488_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2017.72","volume":"18","author":"FB de Waal","year":"2017","unstructured":"de Waal, F. B., & Preston, S. D. (2017). Mammalian empathy: Behavioural manifestations and neural basis. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 18(8), 498\u2013509. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrn.2017.72","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"9488_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2019.01.015","volume":"183","author":"CC de Klerk","year":"2019","unstructured":"de Klerk, C. C., Bulgarelli, C., Hamilton, A., & Southgate, V. (2019). Selective facial mimicry of native over foreign speakers in preverbal infants. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 183, 33\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jecp.2019.01.015","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"key":"9488_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"De Vittoris, S., Caselli, M., Demuru, E., Gillespie, L. and Norscia, I., (2024). Beware! different methods lead to divergent results on yawn contagion modulation in bonobos. American Journal of Primatology,\u00a086(10),\u00a0e23671.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajp.23671","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.23671"},{"issue":"1686","key":"9488_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20150077","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2015.0077","volume":"371","author":"J Decety","year":"2016","unstructured":"Decety, J., Bartal, I. B. A., Uzefovsky, F., & Knafo-Noam, A. (2016). Empathy as a driver of prosocial behaviour: Highly conserved neurobehavioural mechanisms across species. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society b: Biological Sciences, 371(1686), 20150077. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2015.0077","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society b: Biological Sciences"},{"issue":"11","key":"9488_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e49613","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0049613","volume":"7","author":"E Demuru","year":"2012","unstructured":"Demuru, E., & Palagi, E. (2012). In bonobos yawn contagion is higher among kin and friends. PLoS ONE, 7(11), e49613. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0049613","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"6","key":"9488_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1080\/17405629.2018.1479250","volume":"15","author":"SA Denham","year":"2018","unstructured":"Denham, S. A. (2018). Implications of Carolyn Saarni\u2019s work for preschoolers\u2019 emotional competence. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 15(6), 643\u2013657. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17405629.2018.1479250","journal-title":"European Journal of Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"9488_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00533","volume":"74","author":"SA Denham","year":"2003","unstructured":"Denham, S. A., Blair, K. A., DeMulder, E., Levitas, J., Sawyer, K., Auerbach- Major, S., & Queenan, P. (2003). Preschool emotional competence: Pathway to social competence? Child Development, 74, 238\u2013256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1467-8624.00533","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"9488_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2024.105950","volume":"168","author":"F Diana","year":"2025","unstructured":"Diana, F., & Kret, M. E. (2025). First predict, then bond: Rethinking the function of mimicry from prediction to affiliation in human and non-human animals. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 168, 105950. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2024.105950","journal-title":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"issue":"1875","key":"9488_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20210484","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2021.0484","volume":"378","author":"F Diana","year":"2023","unstructured":"Diana, F., Ju\u00e1rez-Mora, O. E., Boekel, W., Hortensius, R., & Kret, M. E. (2023). How video calls affect mimicry and trust during interactions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 378(1875), 20210484. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2021.0484","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B"},{"issue":"6","key":"9488_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.33.6.925","volume":"33","author":"KL Dickson","year":"1997","unstructured":"Dickson, K. L., Walker, H., & Fogel, A. (1997). The relationship between smile type and play type during parent-infant play. Developmental Psychology, 33(6), 925\u2013933. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0012-1649.33.6.925","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"9488_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0511(90)90024-Q","volume":"30","author":"U Dimberg","year":"1990","unstructured":"Dimberg, U., & Lundquist, L. O. (1990). Gender differences in facial reactions to facial expressions. Biological Psychology, 30(2), 151\u2013159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0301-0511(90)90024-Q","journal-title":"Biological Psychology"},{"key":"9488_CR36","volume-title":"An introduction to generalized linear models","author":"AJ Dobson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dobson, A. J., & Barnett, A. G. (2018). An introduction to generalized linear models. CRC Press."},{"issue":"5","key":"9488_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(04)00289-2","volume":"42","author":"F Dolcos","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dolcos, F., LaBar, K. S., & Cabeza, R. (2004). Interaction between the amygdala and the medial temporal lobe memory system predicts better memory for emotional events. Neuron, 42(5), 855\u2013863. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0896-6273(04)00289-2","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"9488_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/t27734-000","author":"P Ekman","year":"1978","unstructured":"Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1978). Facial action coding system. Environmental Psychology & Nonverbal Behavior. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/t27734-000","journal-title":"Environmental Psychology & Nonverbal Behavior"},{"issue":"9","key":"9488_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e302","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0040302","volume":"4","author":"PF Ferrari","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ferrari, P. F., Visalberghi, E., Paukner, A., Fogassi, L., Ruggiero, A., & Suomi, S. J. (2006). Neonatal imitation in rhesus macaques. PLoS Biology, 4(9), e302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.0040302","journal-title":"PLoS Biology"},{"key":"9488_CR40","first-page":"133","volume-title":"Navigating the social world: What infants, children, and other species can teach us","author":"PF Ferrari","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ferrari, P. F., Paukner, A., & Suomi, S. J. (2013). A comparison of neonatal imitation abilities in human and macaque infants. In S. A. Gelman & M. R. Banaji (Eds.), Navigating the social world: What infants, children, and other species can teach us (pp. 133\u2013138). Oxford University Press."},{"issue":"1","key":"9488_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12544","DOI":"10.1111\/gbb.12544","volume":"18","author":"V Ferretti","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ferretti, V., & Papaleo, F. (2019). Understanding others: Emotion recognition in humans and other animals. Genes, Brain and Behavior, 18(1), e12544. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/gbb.12544","journal-title":"Genes, Brain and Behavior"},{"key":"9488_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2012.00475","volume":"3","author":"AH Fischer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fischer, A. H., Becker, D., & Veenstra, L. (2012). Emotional mimicry in social context: The case of disgust and pride. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 475. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2012.00475","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"9488_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.43.1.238","volume":"43","author":"R Flom","year":"2007","unstructured":"Flom, R., & Bahrick, L. E. (2007). The development of infant discrimination of affect in multimodal and unimodal stimulation: The role of intersensory redundancy. Developmental Psychology, 43(1), 238. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0012-1649.43.1.238","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"9488_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.42.3.459","volume":"42","author":"A Fogel","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fogel, A., Hsu, H.-C., Shapiro, A. F., Nelson-Goens, G. C., & Secrist, C. (2006). Effects of normal and perturbed social play on the duration and amplitude of different types of infant smiles. Developmental Psychology, 42(3), 459\u2013473. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0012-1649.42.3.459","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"9488_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-010-1038-5","volume":"65","author":"W Forstmeier","year":"2011","unstructured":"Forstmeier, W., & Schielzeth, H. (2011). Cryptic multiple hypotheses testing in linear models: Overestimated effect sizes and the winner\u2019s curse. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 65(1), 47\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00265-010-1038-5","journal-title":"Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology"},{"issue":"9","key":"9488_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics","volume":"8","author":"V Gallese","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gallese, V., Keysers, C., & Rizzolatti, G. (2004). A unifying view of the basis of social cognition. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8(9), 396\u2013403. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tics","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"9488_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17957","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-96423-3","volume":"11","author":"A Gallo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gallo, A., Zanoli, A., Caselli, M., Palagi, E., & Norscia, I. (2021). First evidence of yawn contagion in a wild monkey species. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 17957. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-96423-3","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"9488_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2022.03.011","volume":"187","author":"AC Gallup","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gallup, A. C. (2022). The causes and consequences of yawning in animal groups. Animal Behaviour, 187, 209\u2013219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anbehav.2022.03.011","journal-title":"Animal Behaviour"},{"key":"9488_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1007\/s10071-015-0873-1","volume":"18","author":"AC Gallup","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gallup, A. C., Swartwood, L., Militello, J., & Sackett, S. (2015). Experimental evidence of contagious yawning in budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus). Animal Cognition, 18, 1051\u20131058. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10071-015-0873-1","journal-title":"Animal Cognition"},{"issue":"2","key":"9488_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2005.07.005","volume":"49","author":"FC Graves","year":"2006","unstructured":"Graves, F. C., & Wallen, K. (2006). Androgen-induced yawning in rhesus monkey females is reversed with a nonsteroidal anti-androgen. Hormones and Behavior, 49(2), 233\u2013236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2005.07.005","journal-title":"Hormones and Behavior"},{"issue":"1","key":"9488_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2006.10.002","volume":"64","author":"T Grossmann","year":"2007","unstructured":"Grossmann, T., Striano, T., & Friederici, A. D. (2007). Developmental changes in infants\u2019 processing of happy and angry facial expressions: A neurobehavioral study. Brain and Cognition, 64(1), 30\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bandc.2006.10.002","journal-title":"Brain and Cognition"},{"issue":"8","key":"9488_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2010.03.008","volume":"34","author":"AG Guggisberg","year":"2010","unstructured":"Guggisberg, A. G., Mathis, J., Schnider, A., & Hess, C. W. (2010). Why do we yawn? Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 34(8), 1267\u20131276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2010.03.008","journal-title":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"issue":"12","key":"9488_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167211415629","volume":"37","author":"M H\u00e4fner","year":"2011","unstructured":"H\u00e4fner, M., & IJzerman, H. (2011). The face of love: Spontaneous accommodation as social emotion regulation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37(12), 1551\u20131563. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0146167211415629","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"},{"issue":"4","key":"9488_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.85.4.845","volume":"85","author":"JA Hall","year":"1978","unstructured":"Hall, J. A. (1978). Gender effects in decoding nonverbal cues. Psychological Bulletin, 85(4), 845. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.85.4.845","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"2","key":"9488_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1037\/1528-3542.4.2.201","volume":"4","author":"JA Hall","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hall, J. A., & Matsumoto, D. (2004). Gender differences in judgments of multiple emotions from facial expressions. Emotion, 4(2), 201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1528-3542.4.2.201","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"9488_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2017.10.007","volume":"50","author":"A Heck","year":"2018","unstructured":"Heck, A., Chroust, A., White, H., Jubran, R., & Bhatt, R. S. (2018). Development of body emotion perception in infancy: From discrimination to recognition. Infant Behavior and Development, 50, 42\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.infbeh.2017.10.007","journal-title":"Infant Behavior and Development"},{"issue":"5","key":"9488_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2010.01495.x","volume":"81","author":"MS Helt","year":"2010","unstructured":"Helt, M. S., Eigsti, I. M., Snyder, P. J., & Fein, D. A. (2010). Contagious yawning in autistic and typical development. Child Development, 81(5), 1620\u20131631. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2010.01495.x","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"issue":"2","key":"9488_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1177\/1088868312472607","volume":"17","author":"U Hess","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hess, U., & Fischer, A. (2013). Emotional mimicry as social regulation. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 17(2), 142\u2013157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1088868312472607","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"9488_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2010.07.012","volume":"135","author":"H Hoffmann","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hoffmann, H., Kessler, H., Eppel, T., Rukavina, S., & Traue, H. C. (2010). Expression intensity, gender and facial emotion recognition: Women recognize only subtle facial emotions better than men. Acta Psychologica, 135(3), 278\u2013283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actpsy.2010.07.012","journal-title":"Acta Psychologica"},{"key":"9488_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1177\/1088868312472","volume":"40","author":"B Homgren","year":"1980","unstructured":"Homgren, B., Urba-Holmgren, R., Aguiar, M., & Rodrizguez, R. (1980). Sex hormone influences on yawning behavior. Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis, 40, 515\u2013519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1088868312472","journal-title":"Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis"},{"key":"9488_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0099934","volume":"50","author":"I H\u00fchnel","year":"2014","unstructured":"H\u00fchnel, I., F\u00f6lster, M., Werheid, K., & Hess, U. (2014). Empathic reactions of younger and older adults: No age related decline in affective responding. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 50, 136\u2013143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0099934","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology"},{"key":"9488_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.60.110707.163604","volume":"60","author":"M Iacoboni","year":"2009","unstructured":"Iacoboni, M. (2009). Imitation, empathy, and mirror neurons. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 653\u2013670. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.psych.60.110707.163604","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"issue":"1844","key":"9488_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20161948","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2016.1948","volume":"283","author":"T Isomura","year":"2016","unstructured":"Isomura, T., & Nakano, T. (2016). Automatic facial mimicry in response to dynamic emotional stimuli in five-month-old infants. Proceedings of the Royal Society b: Biological Sciences, 283(1844), 20161948. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.2016.1948","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society b: Biological Sciences"},{"issue":"1528","key":"9488_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2325","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2009.0045","volume":"364","author":"SS Jones","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jones, S. S. (2009). The development of imitation in infancy. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society b: Biological Sciences, 364(1528), 2325\u20132335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2009.0045","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society b: Biological Sciences"},{"key":"9488_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1007\/s40750-017-0059-y","volume":"3","author":"R Kapit\u00e1ny","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kapit\u00e1ny, R., & Nielsen, M. (2017). Are Yawns really Contagious? A Critique and Quantification of Yawn Contagion. Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology, 3, 134\u2013155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40750-017-0059-y","journal-title":"Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"9488_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/a0036838","volume":"107","author":"K Kawakami","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kawakami, K., Williams, A., Sidhu, D., Choma, B. L., Rodriguez-Bail\u00f3n, R., Ca\u00f1adas, E., Chung, D., & Hugenberg, K. (2014). An eye for the I: Preferential attention to the eyes of ingroup members. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 107(1), 1\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0036838","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"9488_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Korb, S., Malsert, J., Rochas, V., Rihs, T. A., Rieger, S. W., Schwab, S., ... & Grandjean, D. (2015). Gender differences in the neural network of facial mimicry of smiles\u2013An rTMS study.\u00a0Cortex,\u00a070, 101\u2013114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cortex.2015.06.025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2015.06.025"},{"issue":"5","key":"9488_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2022.2110452","volume":"36","author":"ME Kret","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kret, M. E., & Aky\u00fcz, R. (2022). Mimicry eases prediction and thereby smoothens social interactions. Cognition and Emotion, 36(5), 794\u2013798. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02699931.2022.2110452","journal-title":"Cognition and Emotion"},{"key":"9488_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.00761","volume":"6","author":"K Lawrence","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lawrence, K., Campbell, R., & Skuse, D. (2015). Age, gender, and puberty influence the development of facial emotion recognition. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 761. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.00761","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"9488_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Konrad, L. (1935). Der Kumpan in der Umwelt des Vogels. Journal f\u00fcr Ornithologie, 83(2), 137\u2013213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF01905355","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01905355"},{"issue":"10","key":"9488_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e76266","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076266","volume":"8","author":"EA Madsen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Madsen, E. A., Persson, T., Sayehli, S., Lenninger, S., & Sonesson, G. (2013). Chimpanzees show a developmental increase in susceptibility to contagious yawning: A test of the effect of ontogeny and emotional closeness on yawn contagion. PLoS ONE, 8(10), e76266. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0076266","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"9488_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mandal, M. K., & Ambady, N. (2004). Laterality of facial expressions of emotion. Universal and Culture\u2010Specific Influences Behavioural Neurology, 15(1\u20132), 23\u201334.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2004\/786529","DOI":"10.1155\/2004\/786529"},{"key":"9488_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.07.006","volume":"80","author":"JJ Massen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Massen, J. J., & Gallup, A. C. (2017). Why contagious yawning does not (yet) equate to empathy. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 80, 573\u2013585. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.07.006","journal-title":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"issue":"7","key":"9488_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e40697","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040697","volume":"7","author":"JJ Massen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Massen, J. J., Vermunt, D. A., & Sterck, E. H. (2012). Male yawning is more contagious than female yawning among chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). PLoS ONE, 7(7), e40697. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0040697","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"6","key":"9488_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1037\/emo0001180","volume":"23","author":"A Mateo Santana","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mateo Santana, A., & Grabell, A. S. (2023). Incongruent affect in early childhood: Neurobiological markers and links to psychopathology. Emotion, 23(6), 1562. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/emo0001180","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"9488_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mauersberger, H., Kastendieck, T., & Hess, U. (2022). I looked at you, you looked at me, I smiled at you, you smiled at me\u2014The impact of eye contact on emotional mimicry. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 970954.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.970954","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.970954"},{"issue":"3","key":"9488_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2012.031","volume":"22","author":"ML McHugh","year":"2012","unstructured":"McHugh, M. L. (2012). Interrater reliability: The kappa statistic. Biochemia Medica, 22(3), 276\u2013282.","journal-title":"Biochemia Medica"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"9488_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5846(97)00088-2","volume":"179","author":"MR Melis","year":"1994","unstructured":"Melis, M. R., Stancampiano, R., & Argiolas, A. (1994). Nitric oxide synthase inhibitors prevent N-methyl-D-aspartic acid-induced penile erection and yawning in male rats. Neuroscience Letters, 179(1\u20132), 9\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0278-5846(97)00088-2","journal-title":"Neuroscience Letters"},{"issue":"2","key":"9488_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0263510","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0263510","volume":"17","author":"D Menin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Menin, D., Aureli, T., & Dondi, M. (2022). Two forms of yawning modulation in three months old infants during the Face to Face Still Face paradigm. PLoS ONE, 17(2), e0263510. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0263510","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"9488_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s10919-008-0048-8","volume":"32","author":"DS Messinger","year":"2008","unstructured":"Messinger, D. S., Cassel, T. D., Acosta, S. I., Ambadar, Z., & Cohn, J. F. (2008). Infant smiling dynamics and perceived positive emotion. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 32, 133\u2013155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10919-008-0048-8","journal-title":"Journal of Nonverbal Behavior"},{"issue":"1","key":"9488_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1080\/13506280500158761","volume":"14","author":"C Michel","year":"2006","unstructured":"Michel, C., Caldara, R., & Rossion, B. (2006). Same-race faces are perceived more holistically than other-race faces. Visual Cognition, 14(1), 55\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13506280500158761","journal-title":"Visual Cognition"},{"issue":"3","key":"9488_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2010.0966","volume":"7","author":"A Millen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Millen, A., & Anderson, J. R. (2011). Neither infants nor toddlers catch yawns from their mothers. Biology Letters, 7(3), 440\u2013442. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsbl.2010.0966","journal-title":"Biology Letters"},{"key":"9488_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2077","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.02077","volume":"9","author":"PH Mui","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mui, P. H., Goudbeek, M. B., Roex, C., Spierts, W., & Swerts, M. G. (2018). Smile mimicry and emotional contagion in audio-visual computer-mediated communication. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 2077. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.02077","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"12","key":"9488_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e28472","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028472","volume":"6","author":"I Norscia","year":"2011","unstructured":"Norscia, I., & Palagi, E. (2011). Yawn contagion and empathy in Homo sapiens. PLoS ONE, 6(12), e28472. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0028472","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"9488_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150459","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.150459","volume":"3","author":"I Norscia","year":"2016","unstructured":"Norscia, I., Demuru, E., & Palagi, E. (2016). She more than he: Gender bias supports the empathic nature of yawn contagion in Homo sapiens. Royal Society Open Science, 3(2), 150459. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsos.150459","journal-title":"Royal Society Open Science"},{"key":"9488_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00442","volume":"11","author":"I Norscia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Norscia, I., Zanoli, A., Gamba, M., & Palagi, E. (2020). Auditory contagious yawning is highest between friends and family members: Support to the emotional bias hypothesis. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 442. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00442","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"9488_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s12110-021-09404-w","volume":"32","author":"I Norscia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Norscia, I., Agostini, L., Moroni, A., Caselli, M., Micheletti-Cremasco, M., Vard\u00e9, C., & Palagi, E. (2021). Yawning is more contagious in pregnant than nulliparous women: Naturalistic and experimental evidence. Human Nature, 32, 301\u2013325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12110-021-09404-w","journal-title":"Human Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"9488_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23366","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.23366","volume":"84","author":"I Norscia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Norscia, I., Caselli, M., De Meo, G., Cordoni, G., Gu\u00e9ry, J. P., & Demuru, E. (2022). Yawn contagion in bonobos: Another group, another story. American Journal of Primatology, 84(3), e23366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajp.23366","journal-title":"American Journal of Primatology"},{"key":"9488_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00945","volume":"8","author":"A Nowak","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nowak, A., Vallacher, R. R., Zochowski, M., & Rychwalska, A. (2017). Functional synchronization: The emergence of coordinated activity in human systems. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 945. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00945","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"9488_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2013.00027","volume":"7","author":"M Pabba","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pabba, M. (2013). Evolutionary development of the amygdaloid complex. Frontiers in Neuroanatomy, 7, 27. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnana.2013.00027","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroanatomy"},{"key":"9488_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Palagi, E., Nicotra, V., Cordoni, G. (2015). Rapid mimicry and emotional contagion in domestic dogs. Royal Society Open Science, 2(12), 150505. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsos.150505","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.150505"},{"issue":"4","key":"9488_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1037\/emo0000476","volume":"19","author":"E Palagi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Palagi, E., Norscia, I., Pressi, S., & Cordoni, G. (2019). Facial mimicry and play: A comparative study in chimpanzees and gorillas. Emotion, 19(4), 665. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/emo0000476","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"9488_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.01.020","volume":"111","author":"E Palagi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Palagi, E., Celeghin, A., Tamietto, M., Winkielman, P., & Norscia, I. (2020). The neuroethology of spontaneous mimicry and emotional contagion in human and non-human animals. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 111, 149\u2013165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.01.020","journal-title":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"issue":"8","key":"9488_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2013.04.009","volume":"36","author":"J Panksepp","year":"2013","unstructured":"Panksepp, J., & Panksepp, J. B. (2013). Toward a cross-species understanding of empathy. Trends in Neurosciences, 36(8), 489\u2013496. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tins.2013.04.009","journal-title":"Trends in Neurosciences"},{"issue":"6","key":"9488_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2005.10.017","volume":"15","author":"LA Parr","year":"2005","unstructured":"Parr, L. A., Waller, B. M., & Fugate, J. (2005). Emotional communication in primates: Implications for neurobiology. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 15(6), 716\u2013720. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conb.2005.10.017","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Neurobiology"},{"issue":"5942","key":"9488_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1176269","volume":"325","author":"A Paukner","year":"2009","unstructured":"Paukner, A., Suomi, S. J., Visalberghi, E., & Ferrari, P. F. (2009). Capuchin monkeys display affiliation toward humans who imitate them. Science, 325(5942), 880\u2013883. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1176269","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"9488_CR97","first-page":"7","volume-title":"Piaget rediscovered","author":"J Piaget","year":"1964","unstructured":"Piaget, J. (1964). Development and learning. In R. E. Ripple & V. N. Rockcastel (Eds.), Piaget rediscovered (pp. 7\u201320). Cornell University Press."},{"key":"9488_CR98","unstructured":"Powell, M. J. (2009). The BOBYQA algorithm for bound constrained optimization without derivatives.\u00a0Cambridge NA Report NA2009\/06, University of Cambridge, Cambridge,\u00a026. http:\/\/www.damtp.cam.ac.uk\/user\/na\/NA_papers\/NA2009_06.pdf."},{"issue":"1","key":"9488_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/s0140525x02000018","volume":"25","author":"SD Preston","year":"2002","unstructured":"Preston, S. D., & De Waal, F. B. (2002). Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 25(1), 1\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0140525x02000018","journal-title":"Behavioral and Brain Sciences"},{"issue":"12","key":"9488_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2017.140","volume":"18","author":"SD Preston","year":"2017","unstructured":"Preston, S. D., & de Waal, F. B. M. (2017). Only the PAM explains the personalized nature of empathy. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 18(12), 769\u2013769. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrn.2017.140","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"9488_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.05.013","volume":"80","author":"E Prochazkova","year":"2017","unstructured":"Prochazkova, E., & Kret, M. E. (2017). Connecting minds and sharing emotions through mimicry: A neurocognitive model of emotional contagion. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 80, 99\u2013114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.05.013","journal-title":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"9488_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03334587","volume":"27","author":"RR Provine","year":"1989","unstructured":"Provine, R. R. (1989a). Faces as releasers of contagious yawning: An approach to face detection using normal human subjects. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 27, 211\u2013214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BF03334587","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society"},{"issue":"2","key":"9488_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03329917","volume":"27","author":"RR Provine","year":"1989","unstructured":"Provine, R. R. (1989b). Contagious yawning and infant imitation. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 27(2), 125\u2013126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BF03329917","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society"},{"key":"9488_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012273965-1\/50010-8","volume-title":"Social learning and animals: The roots of culture","author":"RR Provine","year":"1996","unstructured":"Provine, R. R. (1996). Contagious yawning and laughter: Significance for sensory feature detection, motor pattern generation, imitation, and the evolution of social behavior. In C. Heyes & B. Galef (Eds.), Social learning and animals: The roots of culture (pp. 179\u2013208). Academic Press."},{"issue":"6","key":"9488_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1511\/2005.56.532","volume":"93","author":"RR Provine","year":"2005","unstructured":"Provine, R. R. (2005). Yawning: The yawn is primal, unstoppable and contagious, revealing the evolutionary and neural basis of empathy and unconscious behavior. American Scientist, 93(6), 532\u2013539. https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/27858677.","journal-title":"American Scientist"},{"key":"9488_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctt2jbrt8","volume-title":"Curious behavior: Yawning, laughing, hiccupping, and beyond","author":"RR Provine","year":"2012","unstructured":"Provine, R. R. (2012). Curious behavior: Yawning, laughing, hiccupping, and beyond. Harvard University Press."},{"key":"9488_CR107","unstructured":"R Core Team (2022). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. Online at: https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/"},{"issue":"8","key":"9488_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0161064","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161064","volume":"11","author":"B Rauchbauer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rauchbauer, B., Majdand\u017ei\u0107, J., Stieger, S., & Lamm, C. (2016). The modulation of mimicry by ethnic group-membership and emotional expressions. PLoS ONE, 11(8), e0161064. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0161064","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"8","key":"9488_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/33.8.1055","volume":"33","author":"HL Richardson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Richardson, H. L., Walker, A. M., & Horne, R. S. (2010). Sleeping like a baby\u2014does gender influence infant arousability? Sleep, 33(8), 1055\u20131060. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sleep\/33.8.1055","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"12","key":"9488_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2017.139","volume":"18","author":"G Rizzolatti","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rizzolatti, G., & Caruana, F. (2017). Some considerations on de Waal and Preston review. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 18(12), 769\u2013769. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrn.2017.139","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"9488_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-009-2002-3","volume":"200","author":"G Rizzolatti","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rizzolatti, G., & Fabbri-Destro, M. (2010). Mirror neurons: From discovery to autism. Experimental Brain Research, 200, 223\u2013237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00221-009-2002-3","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"9488_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/0018-506X(81)90036-2","volume":"15","author":"JF Rodriguez-Sierra","year":"1981","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Sierra, J. F., Terasawa, E., Goldfoot, D. A., & DeWied, D. (1981). Testosterone potentiation of the effectiveness of ACTH1\u201324 on the induction of the stretch-yawning syndrome (SYS) in male guinea pigs. Hormones and Behavior, 15(1), 77\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0018-506X(81)90036-2","journal-title":"Hormones and Behavior"},{"issue":"S33","key":"9488_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20001","volume":"116","author":"KL Schmidt","year":"2001","unstructured":"Schmidt, K. L., & Cohn, J. F. (2001). Human facial expressions as adaptations: Evolutionary questions in facial expression research. American Journal of Physical Anthropology: The Official Publication of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, 116(S33), 3\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.20001","journal-title":"American Journal of Physical Anthropology: The Official Publication of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists"},{"key":"9488_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sch\u00fctz-Bosbach, S., & Prinz, W. (2015). Mirrors match minds. In P. F. Ferrari & G. Rizzolatti (Eds.), New frontiers in mirror neurons research (pp. 198\u2013221). Oxford University Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199686155.003.0011","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199686155.003.0011"},{"key":"9488_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2019.01.009","volume":"182","author":"SC Segal","year":"2019","unstructured":"Segal, S. C., Reyes, B. N., Gobin, K. C., & Moulson, M. C. (2019). Children\u2019s recognition of emotion expressed by own-race versus other-race faces. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 182, 102\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jecp.2019.01.009","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"key":"9488_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.01122","volume":"6","author":"B Seibt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Seibt, B., M\u00fchlberger, A., Likowski, K., & Weyers, P. (2015). Facial mimicry in its social setting. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.01122","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"9488_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444311006","volume-title":"Children and play: Understanding children's worlds","author":"PK Smith","year":"2009","unstructured":"Smith, P. K. (2009). Children and play: Understanding children\u2019s worlds. John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"9488_CR118","unstructured":"Stone S. J. (2007). An analysis of mixed-age children\u2019s scaffolding during symbolic play transformations. Paper presented at AERA April, 2007, Chicago, IL."},{"key":"9488_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Svetieva, E., Zadro, L., Kim, D., Hurley, C. M., & Goodacre, R. (2019). Facing exclusion and smiling through the pain: positive emotion expression during interpersonal ostracism.\u00a0Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 229\u2013239 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/PRBM.S195752","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S195752"},{"issue":"4","key":"9488_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2014.08.009","volume":"83","author":"SB Thompson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Thompson, S. B. (2014). Yawning, fatigue, and cortisol: Expanding the Thompson Cortisol Hypothesis. Medical Hypotheses, 83(4), 494\u2013496. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mehy.2014.08.009","journal-title":"Medical Hypotheses"},{"issue":"1","key":"9488_CR121","first-page":"6","volume":"60","author":"N Tinbergen","year":"1948","unstructured":"Tinbergen, N. (1948). Social Releasers and the Experimental Method Required for Their Study. The Wilson Bulletin, 60(1), 6\u201351. http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/4157642.","journal-title":"The Wilson Bulletin"},{"key":"9488_CR122","volume-title":"The study of instinct","author":"N Tinbergen","year":"1951","unstructured":"Tinbergen, N. (1951). The study of instinct. Clarendon Press\/Oxford University Press."},{"key":"9488_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Valente, D., Torti, V., De Gregorio, C., Gamba, M., Carugati, F., Miaretsoa, L., ... & Norscia, I. (2023). First evidence of contagious yawning in a wild lemur. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 77(1), 11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00265-022-03284-5","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-022-03284-5"},{"issue":"1","key":"9488_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22251","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-79160-x","volume":"10","author":"E van Berlo","year":"2020","unstructured":"van Berlo, E., D\u00edaz-Loyo, A. P., Ju\u00e1rez-Mora, O. E., Kret, M. E., & Massen, J. J. (2020). Experimental evidence for yawn contagion in orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus). Scientific Reports, 10(1), 22251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-79160-x","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"3","key":"9488_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1080\/00243639.2016.1211863","volume":"83","author":"P Vigil","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vigil, P., Del R\u00edo, J. P., Carrera, B., Aranguiz, F. C., Rioseco, H., & Cort\u00e9s, M. E. (2016). Influence of sex steroid hormones on the adolescent brain and behavior: An update. The Linacre Quarterly, 83(3), 308\u2013329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00243639.2016.1211863","journal-title":"The Linacre Quarterly"},{"issue":"4","key":"9488_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024435","volume":"11","author":"AS Walker-Andrews","year":"2011","unstructured":"Walker-Andrews, A. S., Krogh-Jespersen, S., Mayhew, E. M., & Coffield, C. N. (2011). Young infants\u2019 generalization of emotional expressions: Effects of familiarity. Emotion, 11(4), 842. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0024435","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"9488_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.02.031","volume":"113","author":"BM Waller","year":"2020","unstructured":"Waller, B. M., Julle-Daniere, E., & Micheletta, J. (2020). Measuring the evolution of facial \u2018expression\u2019using multi-species FACS. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 113, 1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.02.031","journal-title":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"issue":"30","key":"9488_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E3110","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.132334211","volume":"111","author":"S Wang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang, S., Tudusciuc, O., Mamelak, A. N., Ross, I. B., Adolphs, R., & Rutishauser, U. (2014). Neurons in the human amygdala selective for perceived emotion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(30), E3110\u2013E3119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.132334211","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"9488_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1037\/h0023023","volume":"73","author":"L Wheeler","year":"1966","unstructured":"Wheeler, L. (1966). Toward a theory of behavioral contagion. Psychological Review, 73(2), 179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0023023","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"9488_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022113509134","volume":"45","author":"V W\u00f6rmann","year":"2014","unstructured":"W\u00f6rmann, V., Holodynski, M., K\u00e4rtner, J., & Keller, H. (2014). The emergence of social smiling: The interplay of maternal and infant imitation during the first three months in cross-cultural comparison. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 45(3), 339\u2013361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022022113509134","journal-title":"Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology"},{"issue":"11","key":"9488_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.22459","volume":"77","author":"A Zannella","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zannella, A., Norscia, I., Stanyon, R., & Palagi, E. (2015). Testing yawning hypotheses in wild populations of two strepsirrhine species: Propithecus verreauxi and Lemur catta. American Journal of Primatology, 77(11), 1207\u20131215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajp.22459","journal-title":"American Journal of Primatology"},{"issue":"3","key":"9488_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8721.01237","volume":"12","author":"TR Zentall","year":"2003","unstructured":"Zentall, T. R. (2003). Imitation by Animals: How Do They Do It? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12(3), 91\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1467-8721.01237","journal-title":"Current Directions in Psychological Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"9488_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1037\/a0025381","volume":"126","author":"TR Zentall","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zentall, T. R. (2012). Perspectives on observational learning in animals. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 126(2), 114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0025381","journal-title":"Journal of Comparative Psychology"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"9488_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2007.02.015","volume":"91","author":"I Zilli","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zilli, I., Giganti, F., & Salzarulo, P. (2007). Yawning in morning and evening types. Physiology & Behavior, 91(2\u20133), 218\u2013222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.physbeh.2007.02.015","journal-title":"Physiology & Behavior"}],"container-title":["Human Nature"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12110-025-09488-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12110-025-09488-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12110-025-09488-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]],"date-time":"2025-05-08T01:02:43Z","timestamp":1746666163000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12110-025-09488-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"references-count":134,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["9488"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12110-025-09488-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1045-6767","1936-4776"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1045-6767","type":"print"},{"value":"1936-4776","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 February 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 March 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interest"}},{"value":"This ethological research project, funded by Fondazione CRT (Turin) is completely non-invasive, in compliance with EU Regulation 2016\/679 (Italian DL 101\/2018), and it was approved by the Research and Quality Office, Educational Service Department of Turin (approval ref. n. 7364\/044) and by the Bioethics Committee of the University of Torino (approval ref. n. 195246). The educators were always present in the classroom during data collection. For each infant and toddler, with the facilitation of educators, parents signed informed consents to carry out data collection and for audio\u2013video recording and photos, and their use (as per EU Regulation 2016\/679 (Italian DL 101\/2018). The publication screenshots included in this article were authorized under such consents. Before the study started, educators and parents had been involved in separate and joint explanatory online meetings (due to COVID pandemics) with A&R sessions.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Statement"}},{"value":"In compliance with the national and European regulation (Italian Legislative Decree no. 196\/2003; EU General Data Protection Regulation 2016\/679), women were recruited after signing an informed consent through which they agreed to participate in the trials and granted permission i) to be video-recorded during the experiment and ii) to have the video used for the purposes of this study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"The mothers of the newborns appearing in Fig.\u00a0 have given their full written consent. No other sensitive material is published with the present study.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}}]}}