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Competing theories of humor have been forwarded to account for this. Adopting a view of humor as an evolved response to benign violations, I argue that four comic themes characterize most humor across cultures: pain and misfortune, sex and obscenity, the foreign, and the sacred. I propose that each of these themes are ultimately grounded in our evolved psychology as universal pressure points that humor can tap into. I review 745 descriptions of humor in the ethnographic record of the ten hunter-gatherer societies in the Probability Sample Files (PSF) within the Human Relations Area Files (HRAF) World Cultures database, finding support for my account. I discuss the relevance of these findings for our understanding of the evolution and function of humor, arguing that humor evolved to signal and reinforce interpersonal trust and affiliation through reciprocal play with benign violations of socially charged norms and boundaries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12110-026-09532-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T05:19:40Z","timestamp":1789017580000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Contents and Function of Humor Among Hunter-Gatherers"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8804-7430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"Hye-Knudsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"9532_CR1","volume-title":"Play Fighting","author":"O Aldis","year":"1975","unstructured":"Aldis, O. 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