{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T00:25:19Z","timestamp":1792110319478,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,16]],"date-time":"2020-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602806400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,16]],"date-time":"2020-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Helsinki including Helsinki University Central Hospital"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Integr. psych. behav."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This paper presents results from a study exploring representations of \u201chappiness\u201d and \u201cunhappiness.\u201d Word associations with these concepts were produced by 16\u201318 and 29\u201334-year-old women from Finland, the country that the United Nation\u2019s World Happiness Report has ranked the \u201chappiest\u201d in the world. Correspondence Analysis (CA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis show that participants in both age groups share three clusters of words associated with \u201chappiness\u201d: <jats:italic>Tangible happiness<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Affective happiness<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Serene happiness<\/jats:italic>. We noted more differences in the associations with \u201cunhappiness,\u201d for which the two groups share only two clusters: <jats:italic>Loss<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Everyday problems.<\/jats:italic> A distinct third cluster, <jats:italic>Affective unhappiness<\/jats:italic>, emerged for the younger women, whereas older women\u2019s associations are further differentiated into a more complex structure, including two more clusters: <jats:italic>Dejection<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Apprehension<\/jats:italic>. Additionally, CA shows that in both age groups, self-reported happiness levels do not discriminate which words are associated with happiness and unhappiness. Finally, qualitative content analysis of a questionnaire item investigating how to reach complete happiness suggested that there are three recurring answer types: happiness can be improved through external changes, internal changes, or not at all because complete\/permanent happiness does not exist. The study provides a methodological design which, unlike most happiness studies, allows participants the freedom to bring up the meaning of happiness and unhappiness. Thus, the study constitutes a contribution to a more nuanced understanding\u00a0of happiness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12124-020-09579-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,16]],"date-time":"2020-10-16T00:02:35Z","timestamp":1602806555000},"page":"329-353","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Two Sides of the Same Coin or Two Different Currencies? Representations of Happiness and Unhappiness among Finnish Women"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8901-0138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer","family":"De Paola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7437-9645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna-Maija","family":"Pirttil\u00e4-Backman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josetta","family":"Lehtonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"9579_CR1","unstructured":"BBC News (2010). Government \u2018planning to measure people\u2019s happiness.\u2019 Retrieved from https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/uk-politics-11756049. Accessed 8 Dec 2019."},{"key":"9579_CR2","first-page":"667","volume-title":"Oxford handbook of positive psychology","author":"J Boehm","year":"2009","unstructured":"Boehm, J., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2009). The promise of sustainable happiness. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Oxford handbook of positive psychology (2nd ed., pp. 667\u2013677). Oxford: Oxford University Press.","edition":"2"},{"issue":"2","key":"9579_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-016-1265-x","volume":"131","author":"G Brul\u00e9","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brul\u00e9, G., & Veenhoven, R. (2017). The \u201810 excess\u2019 phenomenon in responses to survey questions on happiness. Social Indicators Research, 131(2), 853\u2013870.","journal-title":"Social Indicators Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"9579_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s11482-016-9472-9","volume":"12","author":"E Carlquist","year":"2017","unstructured":"Carlquist, E., Ulleberg, P., Delle Fave, A., Nafstad, H. E., & Blakar, R. M. (2017). Everyday understandings of happiness, good life, and satisfaction: Three different facets of well-being. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 12(2), 481\u2013505.","journal-title":"Applied Research in Quality of Life"},{"issue":"7","key":"9579_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1037\/a0036851","volume":"69","author":"J C Christopher","year":"2014","unstructured":"Christopher, J. C., Wendt, D. C., Marecek, J., & Goodman, D. M. (2014). Critical cultural awareness: Contributions to a globalizing psychology. American Psychologist, 69(7), 645\u2013655.","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"key":"9579_CR6","unstructured":"Danesi, M. (2016). The semiotics of emoji: The rise of visual language in the age of the internet. Bloomsbury Publishing."},{"issue":"2","key":"9579_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-014-0005-z","volume":"49","author":"L Dany","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dany, L., Urdapilleta, I., & Monaco, G. L. (2015). Free associations and social representations: Some reflections on rank-frequency and importance-frequency methods. Quality & Quantity, 49(2), 489\u2013507.","journal-title":"Quality & Quantity"},{"issue":"2","key":"9579_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-010-9632-5","volume":"100","author":"A Delle Fave","year":"2011","unstructured":"Delle Fave, A., Brdar, I., Freire, T., Vella-Brodrick, D., & Wissing, M. P. (2011). The eudaimonic and hedonic components of happiness: Qualitative and quantitative findings. Social Indicators Research, 100(2), 185\u2013207.","journal-title":"Social Indicators Research"},{"key":"9579_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.00030","volume":"7","author":"A Delle Fave","year":"2016","unstructured":"Delle Fave, A., Brdar, I., Wissing, M. P., Araujo, U., Castro Solano, A., Freire, T., et al. (2016). Lay definitions of happiness across nations: The primacy of inner harmony and relational connectedness. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 30.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"9579_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.95.3.542","volume":"95","author":"E Diener","year":"1984","unstructured":"Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being (1984). Psychological Bulletin, 95(3), 542\u2013575.","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"9579_CR11","unstructured":"Erikson, E. H. (1994). Identity: Youth and crisis (no. 7). WW Norton & Company."},{"key":"9579_CR12","volume-title":"Correspondence analysis in practice","author":"MJ Greenacre","year":"1993","unstructured":"Greenacre, M. J. (1993). Correspondence analysis in practice. London: Academic Press."},{"key":"9579_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grinde, B. (2012). The biology of happiness. Springer Science & Business Media.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-4393-9"},{"issue":"1","key":"9579_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/0162-3095(79)90007-4","volume":"1","author":"JC Hager","year":"1979","unstructured":"Hager, J. C., & Ekman, P. (1979). Long-distance of transmission of facial affect signals. Ethology and Sociobiology, 1(1), 77\u201382.","journal-title":"Ethology and Sociobiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"9579_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.5964\/jspp.v4i2.664","volume":"4","author":"JE Hakok\u00f6ng\u00e4s","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hakok\u00f6ng\u00e4s, J. E., & Sakki, I. H. (2016). The naturalized nation: Anchoring, objectification and naturalized social representations of history. Journal of Social and Political psychology, 4(2), 646\u2013669.","journal-title":"Journal of Social and Political psychology"},{"key":"9579_CR16","unstructured":"Heino, A., Vuori, E., Gissler, M. (2017). Perinataalitilasto \u2013 synnytt\u00e4j\u00e4t, synnytykset ja vastasyntyneet \u2013 Ennakkotiedot 2019. [perinatal statistics \u2013 Births, deliveries and newborns \u2013 Preliminary results 2019] Retreived from https:\/\/thl.fi\/fi\/tilastotja%20data\/tilastot-aiheittain\/seksuaali-ja-%20lisaantymisterveys\/synnyttajat-synnytykset-ja-vastasyntyneet\/perinataalitilasto-synnyttajat-synnytykset-ja-vastasyntyneet. Accessed 25 Jan 2020."},{"key":"9579_CR17","volume-title":"World happiness report 2019","author":"JF Helliwell","year":"2019","unstructured":"Helliwell, J. F., Layard, R., & Sachs, J. D. (2019). World happiness report 2019. New York: Sustainable Development Solutions Network."},{"key":"9579_CR18","volume-title":"World happiness report 2020","author":"J Helliwell","year":"2020","unstructured":"Helliwell, J., Layard, R., Sachs, J., & De Neve, J. E. (2020). World happiness report 2020. New York: Sustainable Development Solutions Network."},{"key":"9579_CR19","unstructured":"Jodelet, D. (1991). Madness and social representations: Living with the mad in one French community vol. 5. Univ of California press."},{"key":"9579_CR20","first-page":"131","volume-title":"The conceptual structure of happiness","author":"Z K\u00f6vecses","year":"2008","unstructured":"K\u00f6vecses, Z. (2008). The conceptual structure of happiness (pp. 131\u2013143). Happiness: Cognition, experience, language."},{"issue":"4","key":"9579_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.81.4.684","volume":"81","author":"JT Larsen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Larsen, J. T., McGraw, A. P., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2001). Can people feel happy and sad at the same time? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(4), 684\u2013696.","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"9579_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1348\/014466605X27162","volume":"44","author":"J H Liu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Liu, J. H., & Hilton, D. J. (2005). How the past weighs on the present: Social representations of history and their role in identity politics. British Journal of Social Psychology, 44(4), 537\u2013556.","journal-title":"British Journal of Social Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"9579_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00286233","volume":"37","author":"Z Magen","year":"1996","unstructured":"Magen, Z. (1996). Commitment beyond self and adolescence: The issue of happiness. Social Indicators Research, 37(3), 235\u2013267.","journal-title":"Social Indicators Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"9579_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1177\/1354067X0064002","volume":"6","author":"I Markov\u00e1","year":"2000","unstructured":"Markov\u00e1, I. (2000). Am\u00e9d\u00e9e or how to get rid of it: Social representations from a dialogical perspective. Culture & Psychology, 6(4), 419\u2013460.","journal-title":"Culture & Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"9579_CR25","first-page":"495","volume":"56","author":"JP M\u00e4kiniemi","year":"2011","unstructured":"M\u00e4kiniemi, J. P., Pirttil\u00e4-Backman, A. M., & Pieri, M. (2011). Ethical and unethical food. Social representations among Finnish. Danish Italian Students. Appetite, 56(2), 495\u2013502.","journal-title":"Danish Italian Students. Appetite"},{"key":"9579_CR26","volume-title":"Global report on student well-being","author":"AC Michalos","year":"1991","unstructured":"Michalos, A. C. (1991). Global report on student well-being. New York: Springer-Verlag."},{"issue":"2","key":"9579_CR27","first-page":"2","volume":"24","author":"G Moloney","year":"2015","unstructured":"Moloney, G., Gamble, M., Hayman, J., & Smith, G. (2015). Without anchor: Themata and blood donation. Papers on Social Representations, 24(2), 2\u20131.","journal-title":"Papers on Social Representations"},{"key":"9579_CR28","unstructured":"Murto, J., Kaikkonen, R., Pentala-Nikulainen, O., Koskela, T., Virtala, E., H\u00e4rk\u00e4nen, T., ... S. Koskinen. (2018). Aikuisten terveys-, hyvinvointi-ja palvelututkimus ATH:n perustulokset 2010-2017. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.terveytemme.fi\/ath\/tampere-raisio\/index.html. Accessed 11 Aug 2019."},{"key":"9579_CR29","volume-title":"Structures et transformations des repr\u00e9sentations sociales","author":"S Moscovici","year":"1994","unstructured":"Moscovici, S., & Vignaux, G. (1994). Le concept de Th\u00eamata. In C. Guimelli (Ed.), Structures et transformations des repr\u00e9sentations sociales. Delachaux et Niestl\u00e9: Neuch\u00e2tel."},{"key":"9579_CR30","first-page":"9","volume-title":"Health and illness: A social psychological analysis","author":"S Moscovici","year":"1973","unstructured":"Moscovici, S. (1973). Foreword. In C. Herzlich (Ed.), Health and illness: A social psychological analysis (pp. 9\u201314). London\/New York: Academic Press."},{"key":"9579_CR31","volume-title":"Right and left: Essays on dual symbolic classification","author":"R Needham","year":"1973","unstructured":"Needham, R. (1973). Right and left: Essays on dual symbolic classification. Chicago: University of Chicago Press."},{"issue":"1","key":"9579_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0273-2297(91)90002-6","volume":"11","author":"JE Nurmi","year":"1991","unstructured":"Nurmi, J. E. (1991). How do adolescents see their future? A review of the development of future orientation and planning. Developmental Review, 11(1), 1\u201359.","journal-title":"Developmental Review"},{"issue":"5","key":"9579_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167213480042","volume":"39","author":"S Oishi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Oishi, S., Graham, J., Kesebir, S., & Galinha, I. C. (2013). Concepts of happiness across time and cultures. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39(5), 559\u2013577.","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"},{"key":"9579_CR34","volume-title":"Changes in marital status [e-publication]. ISSN=1797-643X. 02 2017, Appendix table 1. First marriage rate by age and total period first marriage rate1 2006 to 2017, opposite-sex couples","author":"Official Statistics of Finland (OSF)","year":"2017","unstructured":"Official Statistics of Finland (OSF). (2017). Changes in marital status [e-publication]. ISSN=1797-643X. 02 2017, Appendix table 1. First marriage rate by age and total period first marriage rate1 2006 to 2017, opposite-sex couples. Helsinki: Statistics Finland."},{"key":"9579_CR35","first-page":"41","volume":"3","author":"M Ojanen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ojanen, M. (2008). Can we raise the level of happiness. Collegium\u2212 studies across disciplines in the humanities and. Social Sciences, 3, 41\u201358.","journal-title":"Social Sciences"},{"key":"9579_CR36","volume-title":"Oxford handbook of happiness","author":"JO Pawelski","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pawelski, J. O. (2013). Happiness and its opposites. In S. David, I. Boniwell, & A. Conley Ayers (Eds.), Oxford handbook of happiness. Oxford: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"9579_CR37","first-page":"59","volume":"3","author":"AB Pessi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pessi, A. B. (2008). What constitutes experiences of happiness and the good life? Building a novel model on the everyday experiences. Collegium. Studies Across Disciplines in the Humanities and Social Sciences, 3, 59\u201378.","journal-title":"Studies Across Disciplines in the Humanities and Social Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"9579_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.5964\/jspp.v5i1.206","volume":"5","author":"AM Pirttil\u00e4-Backman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pirttil\u00e4-Backman, A. M., Menard, R. L., Verma, J., & Kassea, B. R. (2017). Social representations of trust among teachers and principals in Cameroonian, Indian, and Finnish schools. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 5(1), 29\u201357.","journal-title":"Journal of Social and Political Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"9579_CR39","first-page":"47","volume":"5","author":"MJ Rodr\u00edguez-Araneda","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Araneda, M. J. (2013). Social representation of conditions for happiness and living experiences source of happiness in Chile and Italy. Journal of Behavior, Health & Social, 5(2), 47\u201361.","journal-title":"Journal of Behavior, Health & Social"},{"key":"9579_CR40","unstructured":"Sachs, J. D., Layard, R., & Helliwell, J. F. (2018). World Happiness. Report 2018 (No. id: 12761). New York: Sustainable Development Solutions Network."},{"key":"9579_CR41","first-page":"68","volume-title":"Arkiajattelu, tieto ja oikeudenmukaisuus [everyday thinking, knowledge and justice]","author":"I Sakki","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sakki, I., & Menard, R. (2014). Ankkurointi, naturalisointi ja muutos sosiaalisten representaatioiden tutkimuksessa [anchoring, naturalization and change in the study of social representations]. In L. Myyry, S. Ahola, M. Ahokas, & I. Sakki (Eds.), Arkiajattelu, tieto ja oikeudenmukaisuus [everyday thinking, knowledge and justice] (pp. 68\u201391). Helsinki: Sosiaalitieteiden laitos."},{"key":"9579_CR42","first-page":"23","volume":"3","author":"M Salmela","year":"2008","unstructured":"Salmela, M. (2008). The logical structure of joy (and many other emotions). Collegium\u2212 studies across disciplines in the humanities and. Social Sciences, 3, 23\u201340.","journal-title":"Social Sciences"},{"key":"9579_CR43","volume-title":"Authentic happiness","author":"MEP Seligman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Seligman, M. E. P. (2002). Authentic happiness. New York: Free Press."},{"issue":"3","key":"9579_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1007\/s10902-016-9836-8","volume":"19","author":"JE Shin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shin, J. E., Suh, E. M., Eom, K., & Kim, H. S. (2018). What does \u201chappiness\u201d prompt in your mind? Culture, word choice, and experienced happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 19(3), 649\u2013662.","journal-title":"Journal of Happiness Studies"},{"key":"9579_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-0992(199803\/04)28:2<207::AID-EJSP865>3.0.CO;2-5","volume":"28","author":"C Staerkl\u00e9","year":"1998","unstructured":"Staerkl\u00e9, C., Cl\u00e9mence, A., & Doise, W. (1998). Representation of human rights across different national contexts: The role of democratic and non-democratic populations and governments. European Journal of Social Psychology, 28, 207\u2013226.","journal-title":"European Journal of Social Psychology"},{"key":"9579_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The Happiness Effect (2011). Bulletin of the World Health Organization. https:\/\/www.who.int\/bulletin\/volumes\/89\/4\/11-020411\/en\/","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.11.020411"},{"issue":"4","key":"9579_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015634","volume":"9","author":"Y Uchida","year":"2009","unstructured":"Uchida, Y., & Kitayama, S. (2009). Happiness and unhappiness in east and west: Themes and variations. Emotion, 9(4), 441\u2013456.","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"9579_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00292648","volume":"24","author":"R Veenhoven","year":"1991","unstructured":"Veenhoven, R. (1991). Is happiness relative? Social Indicators Research, 24, 1\u201334.","journal-title":"Social Indicators Research"},{"key":"9579_CR49","volume-title":"World database of happiness: Correlates of happiness: 7837 findings from 603 studies in 69 nations 1911\u20131994","author":"R Veenhoven","year":"1994","unstructured":"Veenhoven, R. (1994). World database of happiness: Correlates of happiness: 7837 findings from 603 studies in 69 nations 1911\u20131994 (Vol. 1\u20133). Rotterdam: Erasmus University."},{"issue":"3","key":"9579_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8309.1996.tb01101.x","volume":"35","author":"W Wagner","year":"1996","unstructured":"Wagner, W., Valencia, J., & Elejabarrieta, F. (1996). Relevance, discourse and the \u2018hot\u2019stable core social representations\u2014A structural analysis of word associations. British Journal of Social Psychology, 35(3), 331\u2013351.","journal-title":"British Journal of Social Psychology"},{"key":"9579_CR51","unstructured":"Wagner, W. (1997). Word associations in questionnaires: A practical guide to design and analysis. Methodology Institute."},{"key":"9579_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wagner, W. (2020). Social representation theory: An historical outline. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Psychology. Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acrefore\/9780190236557.013.606"},{"issue":"1","key":"9579_CR53","first-page":"51","volume":"82","author":"T Wiedmer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wiedmer, T. (2015). Generations do differ: Best practices in leading traditionalists, boomers, and generations X, Y, and Z. Delta Kappa Gamma Bulletin, 82(1), 51\u201358.","journal-title":"Delta Kappa Gamma Bulletin"},{"key":"9579_CR54","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2017). Depression and other common mental disorders: global health estimates (No. WHO\/MSD\/MER\/2017.2). World Health Organization."}],"container-title":["Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12124-020-09579-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12124-020-09579-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12124-020-09579-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,16]],"date-time":"2021-10-16T04:38:16Z","timestamp":1634359096000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12124-020-09579-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,16]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["9579"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12124-020-09579-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-4502","1936-3567"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-4502","type":"print"},{"value":"1936-3567","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 September 2020","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 October 2020","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflicts\/competing interests to declare.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of Interest\/Competing Interests"}},{"value":"The study complies with the Ethical principles of research in the humanities and social and behavioural sciences issued by the Finnish Advisory Board on Research Integrity (). A written explanation of the role of the Ethical Review Board in the Humanities and Social and Behavioral Sciences at the University of Helsinki issued by the Board\u2019s secretary is available on request from the corresponding author, J.D.P..","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval"}},{"value":"Before completing the questionnaire participants were provided with the information consent, which contained the general aims of the study, the protection of partcipants\u2019 anonimity, the possibility to withdraw from the study at any point without any type of consequences and permission to archive the data produced at the Finnish Social Science Data Archive. We also gathered the consent forms previously signed by the parents of all under-aged participants.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"The Authors hereby consent to publication of the present study.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Code Availability"}}]}}