{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T12:16:36Z","timestamp":1781266596835,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,9]],"date-time":"2014-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1415491200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Psychol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-014-9285-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,14]],"date-time":"2014-11-14T11:04:33Z","timestamp":1415963073000},"page":"723-743","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Self-Complexity and Self-Concept Differentiation \u2013 What Have We Been Measuring for the Past 30 Years?"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Pilarska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Sucha\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"9285_CR1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.","edition":"4"},{"key":"9285_CR2","first-page":"11","volume-title":"Self-perspectives across the lifespan","author":"KM Anderson","year":"1992","unstructured":"Anderson, K. M. (1992). Self-complexity and self-esteem in middle childhood. In R. P. Lipka & T. M. Brinthaupt (Eds.), Self-perspectives across the lifespan (pp. 11\u201352). Albany: State University of New York Press."},{"key":"9285_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.55.5.469","volume":"55","author":"JJ Arnett","year":"2000","unstructured":"Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55, 469\u2013480. doi: 10.1037\/\/0003-066X.55.5.469 .","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"key":"9285_CR4","unstructured":"Assanand, S. (2003). Clashing cultures, clashing selves? An analysis of the self-concept structure and psychological adjustment of bicultural people (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/2429\/14799 ."},{"key":"9285_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.90.3.512","volume":"90","author":"BM Baird","year":"2006","unstructured":"Baird, B. M., Le, K., & Lucas, R. E. (2006). On the nature of intraindividual personality variability: Reliability, validity, and associations with well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 512\u2013527. doi: 10.1037\/0022-3514.90.3.512 .","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"9285_CR6","first-page":"57","volume":"6","author":"A Barczak","year":"2007","unstructured":"Barczak, A., Besta, T., & Bazi\u0144ska, R. (2007). Model z\u0142o\u017cono\u015bci Ja w uj\u0119ciu Patricii Linville: Predykcje teoretyczne i pomiar [Model of self-complexity by Patricia Linville: Theoretical prediction and measurement]. Psychologia Jako\u015bci \u017bycia, 6, 57\u201376.","journal-title":"Psychologia Jako\u015bci \u017bycia"},{"key":"9285_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1006\/jado.1996.0039","volume":"19","author":"RF Baumeister","year":"1996","unstructured":"Baumeister, R. F., & Muraven, M. (1996). Identity as adaptation to social, cultural, and historical context. Journal of Adolescence, 19, 405\u2013416. doi: 10.1006\/jado.1996.0039 .","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescence"},{"key":"9285_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532706xid0502_3","volume":"2","author":"MD Berzonsky","year":"2005","unstructured":"Berzonsky, M. D. (2005). Ego-identity: a personal standpoint in a postmodern world. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 2, 125\u2013136. doi: 10.1207\/s1532706xid0502_3 .","journal-title":"Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research"},{"key":"9285_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2007.09.024","volume":"44","author":"MD Berzonsky","year":"2008","unstructured":"Berzonsky, M. D. (2008). Identity formation: The role of identity processing style and cognitive processes. Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 645\u2013655. doi: 10.1016\/j.paid.2007.09.024 .","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"9285_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1037\/h0042979","volume":"25","author":"J Block","year":"1961","unstructured":"Block, J. (1961). Ego-identity, role variability, and adjustment. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 25, 392\u2013397. doi: 10.1037\/h0042979 .","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting Psychology"},{"key":"9285_CR11","first-page":"201","volume-title":"Dialog z samym sob\u0105 [Dialogues with yourself]","author":"D Borawski","year":"2011","unstructured":"Borawski, D. (2011). Wp\u0142yw aktywizowania my\u015blenia dialogowego na sytuacyjn\u0105 samoocen\u0119 i emocje [The effect of activating dialogical thinking on situational self-esteem and emotions]. In P. K. Ole\u015b, M. Puchalska-Wasyl, & E. Brygo\u0142a (Eds.), Dialog z samym sob\u0105 [Dialogues with yourself] (pp. 201\u2013223). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN."},{"key":"9285_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1006\/drev.2000.0514","volume":"21","author":"HA Bosma","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bosma, H. A., & Kunnen, E. S. (2001). Determinants and mechanisms in identity development: A review and synthesis. Developmental Review, 21, 39\u201366. doi: 10.1006\/drev.2000.0514 .","journal-title":"Developmental Review"},{"key":"9285_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1891\/088983907782638761","volume":"21","author":"G Brown","year":"2007","unstructured":"Brown, G., & Rafaeli, E. (2007). Components of self-complexity as buffers for depressed mood. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 21, 310\u2013333. doi: 10.1891\/088983907782638761 .","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy"},{"key":"9285_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.42.1.116","volume":"42","author":"JT Cacioppo","year":"1982","unstructured":"Cacioppo, J. T., & Petty, R. E. (1982). The need for cognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 116\u2013131. doi: 10.1037\/\/0022-3514.42.1.116 .","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"9285_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.119.2.197","volume":"119","author":"JT Cacioppo","year":"1996","unstructured":"Cacioppo, J. T., Petty, R. E., Feinstein, J. A., & Jarvis, W. B. G. (1996). Dispositional differences in cognitive motivation: The life and times of individuals varying in need for cognition. Psychological Bulletin, 119, 197\u2013253. doi: 10.1037\/0033-2909.119.2.197 .","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"9285_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1991.tb00257.x","volume":"59","author":"JD Campbell","year":"1991","unstructured":"Campbell, J. D., Chew, B., & Scratchley, L. S. (1991). Cognitive and emotional reactions to daily events: The effects of self-esteem and self-complexity. Journal of Personality, 59, 473\u2013505. doi: 10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1991.tb00257.x .","journal-title":"Journal of Personality"},{"key":"9285_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campbell, J. D., Trapnell, P. D., Heine, S. J., Katz, I. M., Lavallee, L. F., & Lehman, D. R. (1996). Self-concept clarity: Measurement, personality correlates, and cultural boundaries. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 141\u2013156. doi: 10.1037\/0022-3514.70.1.141 .","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.70.1.141"},{"key":"9285_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-6494.t01-1-00002","volume":"71","author":"JD Campbell","year":"2003","unstructured":"Campbell, J. D., Assanand, S., & Di Paula, A. (2003). The structure of the self-concept and its relation to psychological adjustment. Journal of Personality, 71, 115\u2013140. doi: 10.1111\/1467-6494.t01-1-00002 .","journal-title":"Journal of Personality"},{"key":"9285_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1177\/014616702237578","volume":"28","author":"I Choi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Choi, I., & Choi, Y. (2002). Culture and self-concept flexibility. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1508\u20131517. doi: 10.1177\/014616702237578 .","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"},{"key":"9285_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.95.3.739","volume":"95","author":"AT Church","year":"2008","unstructured":"Church, A. T., Anderson-Harumi, C. A., del Prado, A. M., Curtis, G., Tanaka-Matsumi, J., Valdez Medina, J. L., et al. (2008). Culture, cross-role consistency, and adjustment: Testing trait and cultural psychology perspectives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 739\u2013755. doi: 10.1037\/0022-3514.95.3.739 .","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"9285_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021951425807","volume":"21","author":"L Cohen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Cohen, L., Pane, N., & Smith, H. (1997). Complexity of the interpersonal self and affective reactions to interpersonal stressors in life and in the laboratory. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 21, 387\u2013407. doi: 10.1023\/A:1021951425807 .","journal-title":"Cognitive Therapy and Research"},{"key":"9285_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1521\/jscp.2006.25.3.333","volume":"25","author":"MJ Constantino","year":"2006","unstructured":"Constantino, M. J., Wilson, K. R., Horowitz, L. M., & Pinel, E. C. (2006). The direct and stress-buffering effects of self-organization on psychological adjustment. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25, 333\u2013360. doi: 10.1521\/jscp.2006.25.3.333 .","journal-title":"Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"9285_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JOYO.0000037631.87018.9d","volume":"33","author":"TN Crawford","year":"2004","unstructured":"Crawford, T. N., Cohen, P., Johnson, J. G., Sneed, J. R., & Brook, J. S. (2004). The course and psychosocial correlates of personality disorder symptoms in adolescence: Erickson\u2019s developmental theory revisited. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 33, 373\u2013387. doi: 10.1023\/B:JOYO.0000037631.87018.9d .","journal-title":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence"},{"key":"9285_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.85.5.933","volume":"85","author":"SE Cross","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cross, S. E., Gore, J., & Morris, M. L. (2003). The relational-interdependent self-construal, self-concept consistency, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 933\u2013944. doi: 10.1037\/0022-3514.85.5.933 .","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"9285_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1037\/a0019937","volume":"46","author":"M Diehl","year":"2010","unstructured":"Diehl, M., & Hay, E. L. (2010). Risk and resilience factors in coping with daily stress in adulthood: The role of age, self-concept incoherence, and personal control. Developmental Psychology, 46, 1132\u20131146. doi: 10.1037\/a0019937 .","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"9285_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.2190\/AG.73.2.b","volume":"73","author":"M Diehl","year":"2011","unstructured":"Diehl, M., & Hay, E. L. (2011). Self-concept differentiation and self-concept clarity across adulthood: Associations with age and psychological well-being. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 73, 125\u2013152. doi: 10.2190\/AG.73.2.b .","journal-title":"International Journal of Aging and Human Development"},{"key":"9285_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.16.4.643","volume":"16","author":"M Diehl","year":"2001","unstructured":"Diehl, M., Hastings, C. T., & Stanton, J. M. (2001). Self-concept differentiation across the adult life span. Psychology and Aging, 16, 643\u2013654. doi: 10.1037\/\/0882-7974.16.4.643 .","journal-title":"Psychology and Aging"},{"key":"9285_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167291174002","volume":"17","author":"TM Dixon","year":"1991","unstructured":"Dixon, T. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (1991). Escaping the self: The moderating effect of self complexity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17, 363\u2013368. doi: 10.1177\/0146167291174002 .","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"},{"key":"9285_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.64.5.834","volume":"64","author":"EM Donahue","year":"1993","unstructured":"Donahue, E. M., Robins, R. W., Roberts, B. W., & John, O. P. (1993). The divided self: Concurrent and longitudinal effects of psychological adjustment and social roles on self-concept differentiation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 834\u2013846. doi: 10.1037\/\/0022-3514.64.5.834 .","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"9285_CR30","unstructured":"Eng\u012fn, E. (2004). The relationship between self-concept structure and behavioral flexibility: A model relating cognitive structures to behavioral patterns (Master\u2019s thesis, Middle East Technical University). Retrieved from http:\/\/etd.lib.metu.edu.tr\/upload\/12605169\/index.pdf ."},{"key":"9285_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.93.3.478","volume":"93","author":"T English","year":"2007","unstructured":"English, T., & Chen, S. (2007). Culture and self-concept stability: Consistency across and within contexts among Asian Americans and European Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 478\u2013490. doi: 10.1037\/0022-3514.93.3.478 .","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"9285_CR32","volume-title":"Identity and the life cycle","author":"EH Erikson","year":"1980","unstructured":"Erikson, E. H. (1980). Identity and the life cycle. New York: W. W. Norton."},{"key":"9285_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02353194","volume":"24","author":"DW Evans","year":"1994","unstructured":"Evans, D. W. (1994). Self-complexity and its relation to development, symptomatology and self-perception during adolescence. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 24, 173\u2013182. doi: 10.1007\/BF02353194 .","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry and Human Development"},{"key":"9285_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1023\/B:CHUD.0000037152.88369.3a","volume":"30","author":"DW Evans","year":"2000","unstructured":"Evans, D. W., & Seaman, J. L. (2000). Developmental aspects of psychological defenses: Their relation to self-complexity, self-perception, and symptomatology in adolescents. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 30, 237\u2013254. doi: 10.1023\/B:CHUD.0000037152.88369.3a .","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry & Human Development"},{"key":"9285_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167209351886","volume":"36","author":"M Fleischhauer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fleischhauer, M., Enge, S., Brocke, B., Ullrich, J., Strobel, A., & Strobel, A. (2010). Same or different? Clarifying the relationship of need for cognition to personality and intelligence. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36, 82\u201396. doi: 10.1177\/0146167209351886 .","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"},{"key":"9285_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.3200\/JRPL.142.4.395-412","volume":"142","author":"N Ghorbani","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ghorbani, N., Watson, P. J., & Hargis, M. B. (2008). Integrative Self-Knowledge Scale: Correlations and incremental validity of a cross-cultural measure developed in Iran and the United States. Journal of Psychology, 142, 395\u2013412. doi: 10.3200\/JRPL. 142.4.395-412 .","journal-title":"Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"9285_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1080\/00207590903473768","volume":"45","author":"N Ghorbani","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ghorbani, N., Cunningham, C. J. L., & Watson, P. J. (2010). Comparative analysis of integrative self-knowledge, mindfulness, and private self-consciousness in predicting responses to stress in Iran. International Journal Of Psychology, 45, 147\u2013154. doi: 10.1080\/00207590903473768 .","journal-title":"International Journal Of Psychology"},{"key":"9285_CR38","unstructured":"Goldman, B. M. (2004). The interrelated roles of dispositional authenticity, self-processes, and global role-functioning in affecting psychological adjustment (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10724\/22116 ."},{"key":"9285_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167200264006","volume":"26","author":"RH Gramzow","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gramzow, R. H., Sedikides, C., Panter, A. T., & Insko, C. A. (2000). Aspects of self-regulation and self-structure as predictors of perceived emotional distress. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 188\u2013205. doi: 10.1177\/0146167200264006 .","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"},{"key":"9285_CR40","first-page":"20","volume":"2","author":"AG Greenwald","year":"1988","unstructured":"Greenwald, A. G., & Pratkanis, A. R. (1988). Ja jako centralny schemat postaw [Self as the central attitude schema]. Nowiny Psychologiczne, 2, 20\u201370.","journal-title":"Nowiny Psychologiczne"},{"key":"9285_CR41","unstructured":"Hayes, A. F. (2012). PROCESS: A versatile computational tool for observed variable mediation, moderation, and conditional process modeling. Unpublished manuscript. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.afhayes.com\/public\/process2012.pdf ."},{"key":"9285_CR42","unstructured":"Heath, W. H. (2011). Does self-complexity predict dishonest behavior via cognitive dissonance? (Master\u2019s thesis). Available from Electronic Theses & Dissertations (Paper 441)."},{"key":"9285_CR43","volume-title":"Culture\u2019s consequences: International differences in work related values","author":"G Hofstede","year":"1984","unstructured":"Hofstede, G. (1984). Culture\u2019s consequences: International differences in work related values. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications."},{"key":"9285_CR44","volume-title":"Psychologiczne podstawy podmiotowo\u015bci [Psychological basis of subjectivity]","author":"M Jarymowicz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jarymowicz, M. (2008). Psychologiczne podstawy podmiotowo\u015bci [Psychological basis of subjectivity]. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN."},{"key":"9285_CR45","unstructured":"Jaw\u0142owska, B. (2010). To\u017csamo\u015b\u0107, stosunek do siebie a jako\u015b\u0107 \u017cycia os\u00f3b ze stwardnieniem rozsianym [Identity, self-attitude and the quality of life of people with multiple sclerosis] (Unpublished master\u2019s thesis). Pozna\u0144: Instytut Psychologii Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza."},{"key":"9285_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.105.4.530","volume":"105","author":"A Jordan","year":"1996","unstructured":"Jordan, A., & Cole, D. A. (1996). Relation of depressive symptoms to the structure of self-knowledge in childhood. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105, 530\u2013540. doi: 10.1037\/\/0021-843X.105.4.530 .","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"key":"9285_CR47","first-page":"83","volume":"71","author":"MW Katzko","year":"2003","unstructured":"Katzko, M. W. (2003). Unity versus multiplicity: A conceptual analysis of the term \u201cself \u201c and its use in personality theories. Journal of Psychology, 71, 83\u2013114. doi: 10.1111\/1467-6494.t01-1-00004 .","journal-title":"Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"9285_CR48","volume-title":"Principles and practice of structural equation modeling","author":"RB Kline","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kline, R. B. (1998). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford Press."},{"key":"9285_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-3506.2004.00278.x","volume":"72","author":"E Koch","year":"2004","unstructured":"Koch, E., & Shepperd, J. A. (2004). Is self-complexity linked to better coping? A review of the literature. Journal of Personality, 72, 727\u2013760. doi: 10.1111\/j.0022-3506.2004.00278.x .","journal-title":"Journal of Personality"},{"key":"9285_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.2007.00473.x","volume":"75","author":"JG Guardia La","year":"2007","unstructured":"La Guardia, J. G., & Ryan, R. M. (2007). Why identities fluctuate: Variability in traits as a function of situational variations in autonomy support. Journal of Personality, 75, 1205\u20131228. doi: 10.1111\/j.1467-6494.2007.00473.x .","journal-title":"Journal of Personality"},{"key":"9285_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1521\/soco.1985.3.1.94","volume":"3","author":"PW Linville","year":"1985","unstructured":"Linville, P. W. (1985). Self-complexity and affective extremity: Don\u2019t put all of your eggs in one cognitive basket. Social Cognition, 3, 94\u2013120. doi: 10.1521\/soco.1985.3.1.94 .","journal-title":"Social Cognition"},{"key":"9285_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.52.4.663","volume":"52","author":"PW Linville","year":"1987","unstructured":"Linville, P. W. (1987). Self-complexity as a cognitive buffer against stress-related illness and depression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 663\u2013676. doi: 10.1037\/0022-3514.52.4.663 .","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"9285_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327957PSPR0703_05","volume":"7","author":"KD Locke","year":"2003","unstructured":"Locke, K. D. (2003). H as a measure of complexity of social information processing. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 7, 268\u2013280. doi: 10.1207\/S15327957PSPR0703_05 .","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Review"},{"key":"9285_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1521\/jscp.2006.25.2.228","volume":"25","author":"KD Locke","year":"2006","unstructured":"Locke, K. D. (2006). What predicts well-being: a consistent self-concept or a desirable self-concept? Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25, 228\u2013247. doi: 10.1521\/jscp.2006.25.2.228 .","journal-title":"Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"9285_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1080\/15305050802001219","volume":"8","author":"W Luo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Luo, W., & Watkins, D. (2008). Clarifying the measurement of a self-structural process variable: The case of self-complexity. International Journal of Testing, 8, 143\u2013165. doi: 10.1080\/15305050802001219 .","journal-title":"International Journal of Testing"},{"key":"9285_CR56","first-page":"179","volume-title":"From Herodotus\u2019 ethnographic journeys to cross-cultural research","author":"W Luo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Luo, W., & Watkins, D. (2009). Relating self-complexity to coping and adaptation with Chinese college students: A new measurement perspective. In A. Gari & K. Mylonas (Eds.), From Herodotus\u2019 ethnographic journeys to cross-cultural research (pp. 179\u2013188). Athens: Pedio Books Publishing."},{"key":"9285_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1080\/00223890902936223","volume":"91","author":"W Luo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Luo, W., Watkins, D., & Lam, R. Y. H. (2009). Validating a new measure of self-complexity. Journal of Personality Assessment, 91, 381\u2013386. doi: 10.1080\/00223890902936223 .","journal-title":"Journal of Personality Assessment"},{"key":"9285_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1521\/jscp.22.5.537.22927","volume":"22","author":"CJ Lutz","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lutz, C. J., & Ross, S. R. (2003). Elaboration versus fragmentation: Distinguishing between self-complexity and self-concept differentiation. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 22, 537\u2013559. doi: 10.1521\/jscp.22.5.537.22927 .","journal-title":"Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"9285_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.98.2.224","volume":"98","author":"H Markus","year":"1991","unstructured":"Markus, H., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224\u2013253. doi: 10.1037\/\/0033-295X.98.2.224 .","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"9285_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ps.38.020187.001503","volume":"38","author":"H Markus","year":"1987","unstructured":"Markus, H., & Wurf, E. (1987). The dynamic self-concept: A social psychological perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 38, 299\u2013337. doi: 10.1146\/annurev.ps.38.020187.001503 .","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"key":"9285_CR61","first-page":"113","volume":"62","author":"PJ Matusz","year":"2011","unstructured":"Matusz, P. J., Traczyk, J., & G\u0105siorowska, A. (2011). Kwestionariusz Potrzeby Poznania \u2013 konstrukcja i weryfikacja empiryczna narz\u0119dzia mierz\u0105cego motywacj\u0119 poznawcz\u0105 [Need for Cognition Questionnaire \u2013 Construction and empirical verification of the scale measuring cognitive motivation]. Psychologia Spo\u0142eczna, 62, 113\u2013128.","journal-title":"Psychologia Spo\u0142eczna"},{"key":"9285_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2004.02.004","volume":"41","author":"AR McConnell","year":"2005","unstructured":"McConnell, A. R., Renaud, J. M., Dean, K. K., Green, S. M., Lamoreaux, M. J., Hall, C. E., & Rydell, R. J. (2005). Whose self is it anyway? Self-aspect control moderates the relation between self-complexity and well-being. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 41, 1\u201318. doi: 10.1016\/j.jesp.2004.02.004 .","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology"},{"key":"9285_CR63","unstructured":"McConnell, A. R., Strain, L. M., & Rydell, R. J. (2006). More complex selves are less happy selves: Personality characteristics moderate the link between greater self-complexity and poorer well-being. Paper presented at the 7th annual meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Palm Springs, CA."},{"key":"9285_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-6494.00100","volume":"68","author":"P McReynolds","year":"2000","unstructured":"McReynolds, P., Altrocchi, J., & House, C. (2000). Self-pluralism: Assessment and relations to adjustment, life changes, and age. Journal of Personality, 68, 347\u2013381. doi: 10.1111\/1467-6494.00100 .","journal-title":"Journal of Personality"},{"key":"9285_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4135\/9781483384719","volume-title":"Cross-cultural analysis: The science and art of comparing the world\u2019s modern societies and their cultures","author":"M Minkov","year":"2013","unstructured":"Minkov, M. (2013). Cross-cultural analysis: The science and art of comparing the world\u2019s modern societies and their cultures. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications."},{"key":"9285_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1521\/jscp.1994.13.1.63","volume":"13","author":"HJ Morgan","year":"1994","unstructured":"Morgan, H. J., & Janoff-Bulman, R. (1994). Positive and negative self-complexity: Patterns of adjustment following traumatic versus non-traumatic life experiences. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 13, 63\u201385. doi: 10.1521\/jscp.1994.13.1.63 .","journal-title":"Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"9285_CR67","first-page":"42","volume":"1","author":"A Murdoch","year":"2009","unstructured":"Murdoch, A. (2009). How much culture is there in corruption? Some thoughts on transformation-cum-collective culture shock in post-communist Poland. Journal of Intercultural Management, 1, 42\u201363.","journal-title":"Journal of Intercultural Management"},{"key":"9285_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.63.1.5","volume":"63","author":"PM Niedenthal","year":"1992","unstructured":"Niedenthal, P. M., Setterlund, M., & Wherry, M. B. (1992). Possible self-complexity and affective reactions to goal-relevant evaluation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 5\u201316. doi: 10.1037\/\/0022-3514.63.1.5 .","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"9285_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.3200\/JRLP.142.6.645-655","volume":"142","author":"D Njus","year":"2008","unstructured":"Njus, D., & Johnson, D. R. (2008). Need for cognition as a predictor of psychosocial identity development. The Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 142, 645\u2013655. doi: 10.3200\/JRLP. 142.6.645-655 .","journal-title":"The Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied"},{"key":"9285_CR70","first-page":"41","volume-title":"To\u017csamo\u015b\u0107 i jej przemiany a kultura [The identity and its transformation, and culture]","author":"PK Ole\u015b","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ole\u015b, P. K. (2008). O r\u00f3\u017cnych rodzajach to\u017csamo\u015bci oraz ich sta\u0142o\u015bci i zmianie [The different kinds of identities and their constancy, and change]. In P. K. Ole\u015b & A. Batory (Eds.), To\u017csamo\u015b\u0107 i jej przemiany a kultura [The identity and its transformation, and culture] (pp. 41\u201384). Lublin: Wydawnictwo Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego."},{"key":"9285_CR71","first-page":"167","volume-title":"Nowoczesne metody badawcze w psychologii [Modern research methods in psychology]","author":"A Pilarska","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pilarska, A. (2012). Wielowymiarowy Kwestionariusz To\u017csamo\u015bci [Multidimensional Questionnaire of Identity]. In W. J. Paluchowski, A. Bujacz, P. Ha\u0142adzi\u0144ski, & L. Kaczmarek (Eds.), Nowoczesne metody badawcze w psychologii [Modern research methods in psychology] (pp. 167\u2013188). Pozna\u0144: Wydawnictwo Naukowe WNS UAM."},{"key":"9285_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-013-9202-5","volume":"33","author":"A Pilarska","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pilarska, A. (2014a). Self-construal as a mediator between identity structure and subjective well-being. Current Psychology, 33, 130\u2013154. doi: 10.1007\/s12144-013-9202-5 .","journal-title":"Current Psychology"},{"key":"9285_CR73","unstructured":"Pilarska, A. (2014b). Psychometric properties and initial validation of the Polish translation of the Integrative Self-Knowledge Scale. Manuscript submitted for publication."},{"key":"9285_CR74","unstructured":"Rafaeli, E., & Hiller, A. (2010). Self-complexity and well-being. In J. W. Reich, A. J. Zautra, & J. Hall (Eds.), Handbook of adult resilience (pp. 171\u2013192). New York: Guilford Press."},{"key":"9285_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327957PSPR0601_2","volume":"6","author":"E Rafaeli-Mor","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rafaeli-Mor, E., & Steinberg, J. (2002). Self-complexity and well-being: A review and research synthesis. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 6, 31\u201358. doi: 10.1207\/S15327957PSPR0601_2 .","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Review"},{"key":"9285_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(98)00247-5","volume":"27","author":"E Rafaeli-Mor","year":"1999","unstructured":"Rafaeli-Mor, E., Gotlib, I. A., & Revelle, W. (1999). The meaning and measurement of self complexity. Personality and Individual Differences, 27, 341\u2013356. doi: 10.1016\/S0191-8869(98)00247-5 .","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"9285_CR77","first-page":"276","volume-title":"Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method, and applications","author":"J Reykowski","year":"1994","unstructured":"Reykowski, J. (1994). Collectivism and individualism as dimensions of social change. In U. Kim, H. Triandis, C. Kagitcibasi, S.-C. Choi, & G. Yoon (Eds.), Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method, and applications (pp. 276\u2013292). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications."},{"key":"9285_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-0597.1998.tb00015.x","volume":"47","author":"J Reykowski","year":"1998","unstructured":"Reykowski, J. (1998). Belief systems and collective action: Changes in Poland from the psychological perspective. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 47, 89\u2013108. doi: 10.1080\/026999498378097 .","journal-title":"Applied Psychology: An International Review"},{"key":"9285_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1006\/jrpe.1995.1001","volume":"29","author":"F Rhodewalt","year":"1995","unstructured":"Rhodewalt, F., & Morf, C. C. (1995). Self and interpersonal correlates of the narcissistic personality inventory: A review and new findings. Journal of Research in Personality, 29, 1\u201323. doi: 10.1006\/jrpe.1995.1001 .","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Personality"},{"key":"9285_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.2007.00467.x","volume":"75","author":"B Roberts","year":"2007","unstructured":"Roberts, B. (2007). Contextualizing personality psychology. Journal of Personality, 75, 1071\u20131081. doi: 10.1111\/j.1467-6494.2007.00467.x .","journal-title":"Journal of Personality"},{"key":"9285_CR81","first-page":"255","volume-title":"Handbook of self and identity","author":"RM Ryan","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2003). On assimilating identities to the self: A self-determination theory perspective on internalization and integrity within cultures. In M. R. Leary & J. P. Tangney (Eds.), Handbook of self and identity (pp. 255\u2013273). New York: Guilford Press."},{"key":"9285_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0021-5368.2004.00244.x","volume":"46","author":"M Sakaki","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sakaki, M. (2004). Effects of self-complexity on mood incongruent recall. Japanese Psychological Research, 46, 127\u2013134. doi: 10.1111\/j.0021-5368.2004.00244.x .","journal-title":"Japanese Psychological Research"},{"key":"9285_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.2132\/personality.15.58","volume":"15","author":"M Sakaki","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sakaki, M. (2006). The measurement of self-complexity: A comparison of H and SC measures. Japanese Journal of Personality, 15, 58\u201360. doi: 10.2132\/personality.15.58 .","journal-title":"Japanese Journal of Personality"},{"key":"9285_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1207\/S1532706XSCHWARTZ","volume":"1","author":"SJ Schwartz","year":"2001","unstructured":"Schwartz, S. J. (2001). The evolution of Eriksonian and neo-Eriksonian identity theory and research: A review and integration. Identity, 1, 7\u201358. doi: 10.1207\/S1532706XSCHWARTZ .","journal-title":"Identity"},{"key":"9285_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1177\/0044118X05275965","volume":"37","author":"SJ Schwartz","year":"2005","unstructured":"Schwartz, S. J., C\u00f4t\u00e9, J. E., & Arnett, J. J. (2005). Identity and agency in emerging adulthood: Two developmental routes in the individualization process. Youth and Society, 37, 201\u2013229. doi: 10.1177\/0044118X05275965 .","journal-title":"Youth and Society"},{"key":"9285_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.65.2.317","volume":"65","author":"C Sedikides","year":"1993","unstructured":"Sedikides, C. (1993). Assessment, enhancement, and verification determinants of the self-evaluation process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 317\u2013338. doi: 10.1037\/\/0022-3514.65.2.317 .","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"9285_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.73.6.1380","volume":"73","author":"KM Sheldon","year":"1997","unstructured":"Sheldon, K. M., Ryan, R. M., Rawsthrone, L. J., & Ilardi, B. (1997). Trait self and true self: Cross-role variation in the Big five personality trait and its relation with psychological authenticity and subjective well being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 1380\u20131393. doi: 10.1037\/\/0022-3514.73.6.1380 .","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"9285_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026311222295","volume":"27","author":"A Solomon","year":"2003","unstructured":"Solomon, A., & Haaga, D. A. F. (2003). Reconsideration of self-complexity as a buffer against depressive symptoms. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27, 579\u2013591. doi: 10.1023\/A:1026311222295 .","journal-title":"Cognitive Therapy and Research"},{"key":"9285_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02357222","volume":"18","author":"KF Stein","year":"1994","unstructured":"Stein, K. F. (1994). Complexity of the self-schema and responses to disconfirming feedback. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 18, 161\u2013178. doi: 10.1007\/BF02357222 .","journal-title":"Cognitive Therapy and Research"},{"key":"9285_CR90","first-page":"31","volume":"48","author":"R Sty\u0142a","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sty\u0142a, R., Jankowski, K., & Suszek, H. (2010). Skala niesp\u00f3jno\u015bci Ja (SN-Ja) [Self-Incoherence Scale]. Studia Psychologiczne, 48, 31\u201343.","journal-title":"Studia Psychologiczne"},{"key":"9285_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.2478\/v10167-011-0008-5","volume":"49","author":"A Sucha\u0144ska","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sucha\u0144ska, A., & Ligocka, M. (2011). Inklinacja narracyjna a z\u0142o\u017cono\u015b\u0107 Ja i to\u017csamo\u015b\u0107 [Narrative inclination vs self-complexity and identity]. Studia Psychologiczne, 49, 19\u201334. doi: 10.2478\/v10167-011-0008-5 .","journal-title":"Studia Psychologiczne"},{"key":"9285_CR92","first-page":"199","volume":"16","author":"A Sucha\u0144ska","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sucha\u0144ska, A., & Worach, A. (2013). Z\u0142o\u017cono\u015b\u0107 koncepcji siebie a poczucie to\u017csamo\u015bci [Self-complexity and the sense of identity]. Roczniki Psychologiczne, 16, 199\u2013233.","journal-title":"Roczniki Psychologiczne"},{"key":"9285_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.83.6.1378","volume":"83","author":"EM Suh","year":"2002","unstructured":"Suh, E. M. (2002). Culture, identity consistency, and subjective well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 1378\u20131391. doi: 10.1037\/0022-3514.83.6.1378 .","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"9285_CR94","first-page":"7","volume":"10","author":"H Suszek","year":"2007","unstructured":"Suszek, H. (2007). R\u00f3\u017cnorodno\u015b\u0107 wielo\u015bci ja [Diversity of self-plurality]. Roczniki Psychologiczne, 10(2), 7\u201335.","journal-title":"Roczniki Psychologiczne"},{"key":"9285_CR95","first-page":"589","volume-title":"Handbook of social psychology","author":"WB Swann","year":"2010","unstructured":"Swann, W. B., & Bosson, J. K. (2010). Self and identity. In S. T. Fiske, D. T. Gilbert, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (5th ed., Vol. 1, pp. 589\u2013628). Hoboken: Wiley & Sons Inc.","edition":"5"},{"key":"9285_CR96","unstructured":"Trapnell, P. D. (1997). RRQ Shortforms. Unpublished instrument. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.paultrapnell.com\/measures\/RRQshortforms.rtf ."},{"key":"9285_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.76.2.284","volume":"76","author":"PD Trapnell","year":"1999","unstructured":"Trapnell, P. D., & Campbell, J. D. (1999). Private self-consciousness and the five-factor model of personality: Distinguishing rumination from reflection. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 284\u2013304. doi: 10.1037\/\/0022-3514.76.2.284 .","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"9285_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1207\/S1532706XID0201_03","volume":"2","author":"SK Whitbourne","year":"2002","unstructured":"Whitbourne, S. K., Sneed, J. R., & Skultety, K. M. (2002). Identity processes in adulthood: Theoretical and methodological challenges. Identity, 2, 29\u201345. doi: 10.1207\/S1532706XID0201_03 .","journal-title":"Identity"},{"key":"9285_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.68.6.1108","volume":"68","author":"RL Woolfolk","year":"1995","unstructured":"Woolfolk, R. L., Novalany, J., Gara, M. A., Allen, L. A., & Polino, M. (1995). Self- complexity, self-evaluation, and depression: An examination of form and content within the self-schema. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 1108\u20131120. doi: 10.1037\/0022-3514.68.6.1108 .","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"9285_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1521\/jscp.23.4.463.40308","volume":"23","author":"RL Woolfolk","year":"2004","unstructured":"Woolfolk, R. L., Gara, M. A., Allen, L. A., & Beaver, J. D. (2004). Self-complexity: An assessment of construct validity. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23, 463\u2013474. doi: 10.1521\/jscp.23.4.463.40308 .","journal-title":"Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"9285_CR101","volume-title":"ICD-10 classifications of mental and behavioural disorder: Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines","author":"World Health Organisation","year":"1992","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. (1992). ICD-10 classifications of mental and behavioural disorder: Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. Geneva: Author."},{"key":"9285_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1086\/266949","volume":"24","author":"RB Zajonc","year":"1960","unstructured":"Zajonc, R. B. (1960). The concepts of balance, congruity, and dissonance. Public Opinion Quarterly, 24, 280\u2013286. doi: 10.1086\/266949 .","journal-title":"Public Opinion Quarterly"}],"container-title":["Current Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12144-014-9285-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12144-014-9285-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12144-014-9285-7","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,17]],"date-time":"2019-08-17T06:41:34Z","timestamp":1566024094000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12144-014-9285-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,9]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9285"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12144-014-9285-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1046-1310","1936-4733"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1046-1310","type":"print"},{"value":"1936-4733","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,9]]}}}