{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T18:04:49Z","timestamp":1770746689917,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770681600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-026-10012-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T02:26:14Z","timestamp":1770690374000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Epidemiology, Work-Up, and Management of Common Track and Field Injuries"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Wyatt B.","family":"David","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luke","family":"Sang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vineet","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nirav","family":"Pandya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"10012_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546511425467","volume":"40","author":"J Jacobsson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jacobsson J, Timpka T, Kowalski J. Prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries in Swedish elite track and field athletes. Am J Sports Med. 2012;40:163\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10012_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546512446682","volume":"40","author":"BP Boden","year":"2012","unstructured":"Boden BP, Boden MG, Peter RG. Catastrophic injuries in pole vaulters: a prospective 9-year follow-up study. Am J Sports Med. 2012;40:1488\u201394.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10012_CR3","unstructured":"Mueller FO, Kucera KL, Cox LM. Catastrophic Sports Injury Research: Thirty-First Annual Report Fall 1982-Spring 2013. Chapel Hill, NC: National Center for Catastrophic Sport Injury Research; 2013."},{"key":"10012_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1177\/1559827609348446","volume":"4","author":"MA Schiff","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schiff MA, Caine DJ, O\u2019Halloran R. Injury prevention in sports. Am J Lifestyle Med. 2010;4:42\u201364.","journal-title":"Am J Lifestyle Med"},{"key":"10012_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200007133430203","volume":"343","author":"JR Hoffman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hoffman JR, Mower WR, Wolfson AB, Todd KH, Zucker MI. Validity of a set of clinical criteria to rule out injury to the cervical spine in patients with blunt trauma. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:94\u20139.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10012_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5919(05)70037-5","volume":"16","author":"JS Torg","year":"1997","unstructured":"Torg JS, Ramsey-Emrhein JA. Management guidelines for participation in collision activities with congenital, developmental, or postinjury lesions involving the cervical spine. Clin Sports Med. 1997;16:501\u201330.","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"key":"10012_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-200001000-00007","volume":"20","author":"K Anderson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Anderson K, Sarwark JF, Conway JJ. Quantitative assessment with SPECT imaging of stress injuries of the Pars interarticularis and response to bracing. J Pediatr Orthop. 2000;20:28\u201333.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"key":"10012_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5919(05)70060-0","volume":"17","author":"RC Cantu","year":"1998","unstructured":"Cantu RC. Return-to-play guidelines after a head injury. Clin Sports Med. 1998;17:45\u201360.","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10012_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546512446682","volume":"40","author":"BP Boden","year":"2012","unstructured":"Boden BP, Boden MG, Peter RG, Mueller FO, Johnson JE. Catastrophic injuries in pole vaulters: A prospective 9-Year Follow-up study. Am J Sports Med. 2012;40(7):1488\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0363546512446682.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10012_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Scott J, Howard C, Hendrix C, Siu A, Nguyen J, Chang S, et al. Injury risk in pole vaulters: the impact of landing technique and experience level in an observational study of 1,012 athletes and 6,751 attempts. Cureus. 2025;17(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.80036.","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.80036"},{"issue":"2","key":"10012_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1260\/174795407781394257","volume":"2","author":"SD Turbeville","year":"2007","unstructured":"Turbeville SD, Cowan LD, Pasque CB, Williams T. Acceptance of helmet use among National collegiate athletic association Pole-Vaulting coaches. Int J Sports Sci Coaching. 2007;2(2):191\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1260\/174795407781394257.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Sci Coaching"},{"key":"10012_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1159\/000084287","volume":"48","author":"ED Zemper","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zemper ED. Track and field injuries. Med Sport Sci. 2005;48:138\u201351.","journal-title":"Med Sport Sci"},{"key":"10012_CR13","first-page":"655","volume":"35","author":"K Laudner","year":"2014","unstructured":"Laudner K, Weniger M, Selkow N. Forward head posture and scapular posterior Tilt in overhead athletes. Int J Sports Med. 2014;35:655\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"10012_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2130","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546516634305","volume":"44","author":"PN Chalmers","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chalmers PN, Erickson BJ, Ball B. Fastball pitch velocity helps predict ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction in major league baseball pitchers. Am J Sports Med. 2016;44:2130\u20135.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10012_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2005.03.006","volume":"10","author":"W Hoskins","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hoskins W, Pollard H. The management of hamstring injury\u2013part 1: issues in diagnosis. Man Ther. 2005;10:96\u2013107.","journal-title":"Man Ther"},{"key":"10012_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2007.038406","volume":"42","author":"EJ Hegedus","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hegedus EJ, Goode A, Campbell S. Physical examination tests of the shoulder: a systematic review with meta-analysis of individual tests. Br J Sports Med. 2008;42:80\u201392.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"10012_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546504267804","volume":"33","author":"SW O\u2019Driscoll","year":"2005","unstructured":"O\u2019Driscoll SW, Lawton RL, Smith AM. The moving valgus stress test for medial collateral ligament tears of the elbow. Am J Sports Med. 2005;33:231\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10012_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2271020288","volume":"227","author":"LN Nazarian","year":"2003","unstructured":"Nazarian LN, McShane JM, Ciccotti MG. Dynamic US of the anterior band of the ulnar collateral ligament of the elbow in asymptomatic major league baseball pitchers. Radiology. 2003;227:149\u201354.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10012_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659402200105","volume":"22","author":"LA Timmerman","year":"1994","unstructured":"Timmerman LA, Schwartz ML, Andrews JR. Preoperative evaluation of the ulnar collateral ligament by magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography arthrography. Am J Sports Med. 1994;22:26\u201331.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10012_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2005.35.5.273","volume":"35","author":"KE Wilk","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wilk KE, Reinold MM, Dugas JR. Current concepts in the recognition and treatment of superior labral (SLAP) lesions. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2005;35:273\u201391.","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"10012_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546506288728","volume":"34","author":"WB Kibler","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kibler WB, Sciascia A, Dome D. Evaluation of apparent and absolute supraspinatus strength in patients with shoulder injury using the scapular Retraction test. Am J Sports Med. 2006;34:1643\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10012_CR22","first-page":"238","volume":"18","author":"SM Cohn","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cohn SM, Taylor WJ. Platelet-rich plasma: review of current applications in orthopaedic trauma surgery. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2010;18:238\u201346.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"key":"10012_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.3810\/psm.2011.11.1943","volume":"39","author":"KE Wilk","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wilk KE, Yenchak AJ, Arrigo CA, Andrews JR. The advanced throwers ten exercise program: a new exercise series for enhanced dynamic shoulder control in the overhead throwing athlete. Phys Sportsmed. 2011;39:90\u20137.","journal-title":"Phys Sportsmed"},{"key":"10012_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2426","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546510378100","volume":"38","author":"EL Cain Jr","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cain EL Jr., Andrews JR, Dugas JR. Outcome of ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction of the elbow in 1281 athletes: results in 743 athletes with minimum 2-year follow-up. Am J Sports Med. 2010;38:2426\u201334.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10012_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546503262166","volume":"32","author":"DH Petty","year":"2004","unstructured":"Petty DH, Andrews JR, Fleisig GS, Cain EL. Ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction in high school baseball players: clinical results and injury risk factors. Am J Sports Med. 2004;32:1158\u201364.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10012_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659502300218","volume":"23","author":"GS Fleisig","year":"1995","unstructured":"Fleisig GS, Andrews JR, Dillman CJ, Escamilla RF. Kinetics of baseball pitching with implications about injury mechanisms. Am J Sports Med. 1995;23:233\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10012_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2010.078030","volume":"44","author":"JM Alonso","year":"2010","unstructured":"Alonso JM, Tscholl PM, Engebretsen L. Occurrence of injuries and illnesses during the 2009 IAAF world championships in athletics. Br J Sports Med. 2010;44:1100\u20135.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"10012_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-095559","volume":"50","author":"P Edouard","year":"2016","unstructured":"Edouard P, Branco P, Alonso JM. Muscle injury is the principal injury type and hamstring muscle injury is the first injury diagnosis during top-level international athletics championships between 2007 and 2015. Br J Sports Med. 2016;50:619\u201330.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"10012_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2010.3047","volume":"40","author":"BC Heiderscheit","year":"2010","unstructured":"Heiderscheit BC, Sherry MA, Silder A. Hamstring strain injuries: recommendations for diagnosis, rehabilitation, and injury prevention. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2010;40:67\u201381.","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"10012_CR30","first-page":"311","volume":"42","author":"JM Hootman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hootman JM, Dick R, Agel J. Epidemiology of collegiate injuries for 15 sports: summary and recommendations for injury prevention initiatives. J Athl Train. 2007;42:311\u20139.","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"key":"10012_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2004.34.3.116","volume":"34","author":"MA Sherry","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sherry MA, Best TM. A comparison of 2 rehabilitation programs in the treatment of acute hamstring strains. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2004;34:116\u201325.","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"10012_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199723060-00005","volume":"23","author":"UM Kujala","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kujala UM, Orava S, J\u00e4rvinen M. Hamstring injuries. Current trends in treatment and prevention. Sports Med. 1997;23:397\u2013404.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"10012_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659502300421","volume":"23","author":"CT Hasselman","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hasselman CT, Best TM, Hughes Ct. An explanation for various rectus femoris strain injuries using previously undescribed muscle architecture. Am J Sports Med. 1995;23:493\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10012_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2012-091448","volume":"47","author":"HW Mueller-Wohlfahrt","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mueller-Wohlfahrt HW, Haensel L, Mithoefer K. Terminology and classification of muscle injuries in sport: the Munich consensus statement. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47:342\u201350.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"10012_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659602400202","volume":"24","author":"PI Sallay","year":"1996","unstructured":"Sallay PI, Friedman RL, Coogan PG, Garrett WE. Hamstring muscle injuries among water skiers. Functional outcome and prevention. Am J Sports Med. 1996;24:130\u20136.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10012_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.179.6.1791621","volume":"179","author":"JP Slavotinek","year":"2002","unstructured":"Slavotinek JP, Verrall GM, Fon GT. Hamstring injury in athletes: using MR imaging measurements to compare extent of muscle injury with amount of time lost from competition. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2002;179:1621\u20138.","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"10012_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546507301258","volume":"35","author":"G Koulouris","year":"2007","unstructured":"Koulouris G, Connell DA, Brukner P, Schneider-Kolsky M. Magnetic resonance imaging parameters for assessing risk of recurrent hamstring injuries in elite athletes. Am J Sports Med. 2007;35:1500\u20136.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10012_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546505274714","volume":"33","author":"TAH J\u00e4rvinen","year":"2005","unstructured":"J\u00e4rvinen TAH, J\u00e4rvinen TLN, K\u00e4\u00e4ri\u00e4inen M. Muscle injuries: biology and treatment. Am J Sports Med. 2005;33:745\u201364.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10012_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2009.059980","volume":"43","author":"JA Paoloni","year":"2009","unstructured":"Paoloni JA, Milne C, Orchard J, Hamilton B. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in sports medicine: guidelines for practical but sensible use. Br J Sports Med. 2009;43:863\u20135.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"10012_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2296","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546511419277","volume":"39","author":"J Petersen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Petersen J, Thorborg K, Nielsen MB. Preventive effect of eccentric training on acute hamstring injuries in men\u2019s soccer: a cluster-randomized controlled trial. Am J Sports Med. 2011;39:2296\u2013303.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10012_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2006.031211","volume":"41","author":"L Lempainen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lempainen L, Sarimo J, Mattila K. Distal tears of the hamstring muscles: review of the literature and our results of surgical treatment. Br J Sports Med. 2007;41:80\u20133.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10012_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2410","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546514541540","volume":"42","author":"A Hamid","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hamid A, Mohamed Ali MS, Yusof MR, George A, Lee J. Platelet-Rich plasma injections for the treatment of hamstring injuries: A randomized controlled trial. Am J Sports Med. 2014;42(10):2410\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0363546514541540.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10012_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s00590-025-04377-3","volume":"35","author":"C Desouza","year":"2025","unstructured":"Desouza C, Shetty V. Efficacy of platelet-rich plasma in grade 2 hamstring muscle injuries: results from a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol. 2025;35(1):259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00590-025-04377-3.","journal-title":"Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10012_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1097\/EBP.0000000000001572","volume":"25","author":"D Payne","year":"2022","unstructured":"Payne D, Potter M, Daly S. Do individuals with MSK soft tissue injuries who undergo PRP injection have better outcomes and improved recovery rates compared with placebo, dry needling, PT, or whole blood therapies? Evidence-Based Pract. 2022;25(5):29. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/EBP.0000000000001572.","journal-title":"Evidence-Based Pract"},{"issue":"18","key":"10012_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2014-094250","volume":"49","author":"G Reurink","year":"2015","unstructured":"Reurink G, Goudswaard GJ, Moen MH, Weir A, Verhaar JAN, Bierma-Zeinstra SMA, et al. Rationale, secondary outcome scores and 1-year follow-up of a randomised trial of platelet-rich plasma injections in acute hamstring muscle injury: the Dutch hamstring injection therapy study. Br J Sports Med. 2015;49(18):1206\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2014-094250.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10012_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2017.06.039","volume":"34","author":"U Sheth","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sheth U, Dwyer T, Smith I, Wasserstein D, Theodoropoulos J, Takhar S, et al. Does Platelet-Rich plasma lead to earlier return to sport when compared with Conservative treatment in acute muscle injuries? A systematic review and Meta-analysis. Arthroscopy: J Arthroscopic Relat Surg. 2018;34(1):281\u2013e81. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arthro.2017.06.039.","journal-title":"Arthroscopy: J Arthroscopic Relat Surg"},{"issue":"9","key":"10012_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1912","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546511415239","volume":"39","author":"S Ota","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ota S, Uehara K, Nozaki M, Kobayashi T, Terada S, Tobita K, et al. Intramuscular transplantation of muscle-derived stem cells accelerates skeletal muscle healing after contusion injury via enhancement of angiogenesis. Am J Sports Med. 2011;39(9):1912\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0363546511415239.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10012_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12416","volume":"10","author":"TH Qazi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Qazi TH, Duda GN, Ort MJ, Perka C, Geissler S, Winkler T. Cell therapy to improve regeneration of skeletal muscle injuries. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2019;10(3):501\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcsm.12416.","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"issue":"2","key":"10012_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-015-9262-2","volume":"8","author":"S Wong","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wong S, Ning A, Lee C, Feeley BT. Return to sport after muscle injury. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2015;8(2):168\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12178-015-9262-2.","journal-title":"Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med"},{"key":"10012_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2005.018879","volume":"40","author":"C Askling","year":"2006","unstructured":"Askling C, Saartok T, Thorstensson A. Type of acute hamstring strain affects flexibility, strength, and time to return to pre-injury level. Br J Sports Med. 2006;40:40\u20134.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"10012_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546508316764","volume":"36","author":"JL Croisier","year":"2008","unstructured":"Croisier JL, Ganteaume S, Binet J. Strength imbalances and prevention of hamstring injury in professional soccer players: a prospective study. Am J Sports Med. 2008;36:1469\u201375.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10012_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.35.6.435","volume":"35","author":"GM Verrall","year":"2001","unstructured":"Verrall GM, Slavotinek JP, Barnes PG. Clinical risk factors for hamstring muscle strain injury: a prospective study with correlation of injury by magnetic resonance imaging. Br J Sports Med. 2001;35:435\u20139.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"10012_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546505283835","volume":"34","author":"ME Schneider-Kolsky","year":"2006","unstructured":"Schneider-Kolsky ME, Hoving JL, Warren P, Connell DA. A comparison between clinical assessment and magnetic resonance imaging of acute hamstring injuries. Am J Sports Med. 2006;34:1008\u201315.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10012_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2025.08.019","author":"S Kelly","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kelly S, Polglass G, Giakoumis M, Pollock N, Shaw JW. Calf muscle injury in elite athletics: an 8-season prospective cohort study. J Sci Med Sport. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsams.2025.08.019.","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"key":"10012_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kelly S, Pollock N, Polglass G, Clarsen B. Injury and illness in elite athletics: A prospective cohort study over three seasons. Int J Sports Phys Ther.17(3):420\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26603\/001c.32589","DOI":"10.26603\/001c.32589"},{"issue":"5","key":"10012_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00084.2004","volume":"97","author":"J Bojsen-M\u00f8ller","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bojsen-M\u00f8ller J, Hansen P, Aagaard P, Svantesson U, Kjaer M, Magnusson SP. Differential displacement of the human soleus and medial gastrocnemius aponeuroses during isometric plantar flexor contractions in vivo. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2004;97(5):1908\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00084.2004.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10012_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-009-9045-8","volume":"2","author":"J Bryan Dixon","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bryan Dixon J. Gastrocnemius vs. soleus strain: how to differentiate and deal with calf muscle injuries. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2009;2(2):74\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12178-009-9045-8.","journal-title":"Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med"},{"key":"10012_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-025-00960-4","volume":"11","author":"R Pagan-Rosado","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pagan-Rosado R, Troyer W, Rosario-Concepcion R, Feaster B, Encalada S, Kindle B, et al. Calf strains in athletes: A narrative review of Management, injury Grading, and return to sport. Sports Med - Open. 2025;11:158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40798-025-00960-4.","journal-title":"Sports Med - Open"},{"issue":"7","key":"10012_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232596711559580","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967115595802","volume":"3","author":"C Pedret","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pedret C, Rodas G, Balius R, Capdevila L, Bossy M, Vernooij RWM, et al. Return to play after soleus muscle injuries. Orthop J Sports Med. 2015;3(7):2325967115595802. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2325967115595802.","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10012_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-021-00364-0","volume":"8","author":"B Green","year":"2022","unstructured":"Green B, McClelland JA, Semciw AI, Schache AG, McCall A, Pizzari T. The Assessment, management and prevention of calf muscle strain injuries: A qualitative study of the practices and perspectives of 20 expert sports clinicians. Sports Med - Open. 2022;8(1):10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40798-021-00364-0.","journal-title":"Sports Med - Open"},{"key":"10012_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2014.5334","volume":"44","author":"SJ Warden","year":"2014","unstructured":"Warden SJ, Davis IS, Fredericson M. Management and prevention of bone stress injuries in long-distance runners. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2014;44:749\u201365.","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"10012_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659602400617","volume":"24","author":"KL Bennell","year":"1996","unstructured":"Bennell KL, Malcolm SA, Thomas SA. Risk factors for stress fractures in track and field athletes. A twelve-month prospective study. Am J Sports Med. 1996;24:810\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10012_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1097\/RMR.0b013e3180421c8c","volume":"17","author":"M Fredericson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fredericson M, Jennings F, Beaulieu C, Matheson GO. Stress fractures in athletes. Top Magn Reson Imaging. 2006;17:309\u201325.","journal-title":"Top Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"10012_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e318149f111","volume":"39","author":"A Nattiv","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nattiv A, Loucks AB, Manore MM. American college of sports medicine position stand. The female athlete triad. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39:1867\u201382.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"10012_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3182963d75","volume":"45","author":"AS Tenforde","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tenforde AS, Sayres LC, McCurdy ML. Identifying sex-specific risk factors for stress fractures in adolescent runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2013;45:1843\u201351.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"10012_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxf011","volume":"24","author":"BH Jones","year":"2002","unstructured":"Jones BH, Thacker SB, Gilchrist J. Prevention of lower extremity stress fractures in athletes and soldiers: a systematic review. Epidemiol Rev. 2002;24:228\u201347.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Rev"},{"key":"10012_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5919(05)70016-8","volume":"16","author":"KL Bennell","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bennell KL, Brukner PD. Epidemiology and site specificity of stress fractures. Clin Sports Med. 1997;16:179\u201396.","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"key":"10012_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jsm.0000188207.62608.35","volume":"15","author":"CC Kaeding","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kaeding CC, Yu JR, Wright R. Management and return to play of stress fractures. Clin J Sport Med. 2005;15:442\u20137.","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10012_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2014-093502","volume":"48","author":"M Mountjoy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mountjoy M, Sundgot-Borgen J, Burke L, Carter S, Constantini N, Lebrun C, et al. The IOC consensus statement: beyond the female athlete Triad\u2013Relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S). Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(7):491\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2014-093502.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"24","key":"10012_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5086","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15245086","volume":"15","author":"TB Stenqvist","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stenqvist TB, Melin AK, Torstveit MK. Relative energy deficiency in sport (REDs) indicators in male adolescent endurance athletes: A 3-Year longitudinal study. Nutrients. 2023;15(24):5086. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15245086.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"5","key":"10012_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70082","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.70082","volume":"16","author":"N Brackel Felix","year":"2025","unstructured":"Brackel Felix N, Munzinger R, Bartosik M, Simon A, Barvencik F, Oheim R, et al. Impact of relative energy deficiency in sport (REDs) on bone health in elite athletes: A retrospective analysis. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2025;16(5):e70082. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcsm.70082.","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"issue":"7","key":"10012_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.5960\/dzsm.2022.546","volume":"73","author":"HE Cabre","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cabre HE, Moore SR, Smith-Ryan AE, Hackney AC. Relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S): Scientific, Clinical, and practical implications for the female athlete. Dtsch Z Sportmed. 2022;73(7):225\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5960\/dzsm.2022.546.","journal-title":"Dtsch Z Sportmed"},{"issue":"21","key":"10012_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097700","volume":"51","author":"SM Statuta","year":"2017","unstructured":"Statuta SM, Asif IM, Drezner JA. Relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S). Br J Sports Med. 2017;51(21):1570\u20131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097700.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10012_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s12873-021-00413-7","volume":"21","author":"B Thomas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Thomas B, McGillion A, Edvardsson K, O\u2019Meara P, Van Vuuren J, Spelten E. Barriers, enablers, and opportunities for organisational follow-up of workplace violence from the perspective of emergency department nurses: a qualitative study. BMC Emerg Med. 2021;21(1):19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12873-021-00413-7.","journal-title":"BMC Emerg Med"},{"key":"10012_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658701500107","volume":"15","author":"GO Matheson","year":"1987","unstructured":"Matheson GO, Clement DB, McKenzie DC. Stress fractures in athletes. A study of 320 cases. Am J Sports Med. 1987;15:46\u201358.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10012_CR76","first-page":"297","volume":"21","author":"S Pester","year":"1992","unstructured":"Pester S, Smith PC. Stress fractures in the lower extremities of soldiers in basic training. Orthop Rev. 1992;21:297\u2013303.","journal-title":"Orthop Rev"},{"key":"10012_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5919(20)31038-3","volume":"6","author":"KL Markey","year":"1987","unstructured":"Markey KL. Stress fractures. Clin Sports Med. 1987;6:405\u201325.","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"key":"10012_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659502300418","volume":"23","author":"M Fredericson","year":"1995","unstructured":"Fredericson M, Bergman AG, Hoffman KL, Dillingham MS. Tibial stress reaction in runners. Correlation of clinical symptoms and scintigraphy with a new magnetic resonance imaging grading system. Am J Sports Med. 1995;23:472\u201381.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10012_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465030310063601","volume":"31","author":"E Arendt","year":"2003","unstructured":"Arendt E, Agel J, Heikes C, Griffiths H. Stress injuries to bone in college athletes: a retrospective review of experience at a single institution. Am J Sports Med. 2003;31:959\u201368.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10012_CR80","first-page":"452","volume":"28","author":"ST Zwas","year":"1987","unstructured":"Zwas ST, Elkanovitch R, Frank G. Interpretation and classification of bone scintigraphic findings in stress fractures. J Nucl Med. 1987;28:452\u20137.","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"10012_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2352040406","volume":"235","author":"M Gaeta","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gaeta M, Minutoli F, Scribano E. CT and MR imaging findings in athletes with early tibial stress injuries: comparison with bone scintigraphy findings and emphasis on cortical abnormalities. Radiology. 2005;235:553\u201361.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10012_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659702500309","volume":"25","author":"EJ Swenson","year":"1997","unstructured":"Swenson EJ, DeHaven KE, Sebastianelli WJ. The effect of a pneumatic leg Brace on return to play in athletes with tibial stress fractures. Am J Sports Med. 1997;25:322\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10012_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-200011000-00002","volume":"8","author":"BP Boden","year":"2000","unstructured":"Boden BP, Osbahr DC. High-risk stress fractures: evaluation and treatment. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2000;8:344\u201353.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"key":"10012_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546509355408","volume":"38","author":"JS Torg","year":"2010","unstructured":"Torg JS, Moyer J, Gaughan JP, Boden BP. Management of tarsal navicular stress fractures: Conservative versus surgical treatment. Am J Sports Med. 2010;38:1048\u201353.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10012_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658801600309","volume":"16","author":"AC Rettig","year":"1988","unstructured":"Rettig AC, Shelbourne KD, McCarroll JR. The natural history and treatment of delayed union stress fractures of the anterior cortex of the tibia. Am J Sports Med. 1988;16:250\u20135.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10012_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e399","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-1868","volume":"115","author":"KJ Loud","year":"2005","unstructured":"Loud KJ, Gordon CM, Micheli LJ, Field AE. Correlates of stress fractures among preadolescent and adolescent girls. Pediatrics. 2005;115:e399\u2013406.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10012_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-094828","volume":"49","author":"AA Wright","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wright AA, Taylor JB, Ford KR. Risk factors associated with lower extremity stress fractures in runners: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2015;49:1517\u201323.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"10012_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.199.1.8633129","volume":"199","author":"MW Anderson","year":"1996","unstructured":"Anderson MW, Greenspan A. Stress fractures. Radiology. 1996;199:1\u201312.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10012_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.34.5.348","volume":"34","author":"WM Garraway","year":"2000","unstructured":"Garraway WM, Lee AJ, Hutton SJ. Impact of professionalism on injuries in rugby union. Br J Sports Med. 2000;34:348\u201351.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"10012_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2005.022079","volume":"40","author":"NJ Potter","year":"2006","unstructured":"Potter NJ, Brukner PD, Makdissi M. Navicular stress fractures: outcomes of surgical and Conservative management. Br J Sports Med. 2006;40:692\u20135.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"10012_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.080102","volume":"23","author":"J Lappe","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lappe J, Cullen D, Haynatzki G. Calcium and vitamin d supplementation decreases incidence of stress fractures in female navy recruits. J Bone Min Res. 2008;23:741\u20139.","journal-title":"J Bone Min Res"},{"key":"10012_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2012-091397","volume":"46","author":"SW Bredeweg","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bredeweg SW, Zijlstra S, Bessem B, Buist I. The effectiveness of a preconditioning programme on preventing running-related injuries in novice runners: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46:865\u201370.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10012_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-493-20","volume":"56","author":"A Chandran","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chandran A, Morris SN, Roby PR, Boltz AJ, Robison HJ, Collins CL. Epidemiology of injuries in National collegiate athletic association women\u2019s track and field: 2014\u20132015 through 2018\u20132019. J Athl Train. 2021;56(7):780\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4085\/1062-6050-493-20.","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"issue":"7","key":"10012_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.3113\/FAI.2008.0671","volume":"29","author":"K Knobloch","year":"2008","unstructured":"Knobloch K, Yoon U, Vogt PM. Acute and overuse injuries correlated to hours of training in master running athletes. Foot Ankle Int. 2008;29(7):671\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3113\/FAI.2008.0671.","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"key":"10012_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Saad MA, Jamal JM, Aldhafiri AT, Alkandari SA. Medial tibial stress syndrome: A scoping review of Epidemiology, Biomechanics, and risk factors. Cureus.17(3):e81463. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.81463","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.81463"},{"issue":"3","key":"10012_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.1980.10608070","volume":"51","author":"GM Gehlsen","year":"1980","unstructured":"Gehlsen GM, Seger A. Selected measures of angular Displacement, Strength, and flexibility in subjects with and without Shin splints. Res Q Exerc Sport. 1980;51(3):478\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02701367.1980.10608070.","journal-title":"Res Q Exerc Sport"},{"issue":"3","key":"10012_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658301100304","volume":"11","author":"JT Viitasalo","year":"1983","unstructured":"Viitasalo JT, Kvist M. Some Biomechanical aspects of the foot and ankle in athletes with and without Shin splints. Am J Sports Med. 1983;11(3):125\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/036354658301100304.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10012_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2001.31.9.504","volume":"31","author":"JE Bennett","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bennett JE, Reinking MF, Pluemer B, Pentel A, Seaton M, Killian C. Factors contributing to the development of medial tibial stress syndrome in high school runners. J Orthop Sports Phys Therapy. 2001;31(9):504\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2519\/jospt.2001.31.9.504.","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Therapy"},{"issue":"3","key":"10012_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e31818b98e6","volume":"41","author":"TJ Hubbard","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hubbard TJ, Carpenter EM, Cordova ML. Contributing factors to medial tibial stress syndrome: a prospective investigation. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009;41(3):490\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/mss.0b013e31818b98e6.","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"2","key":"10012_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2007.2343","volume":"37","author":"MS Plisky","year":"2007","unstructured":"Plisky MS, Rauh MJ, Heiderscheit B, Underwood FB, Tank RT. Medial tibial stress syndrome in high school cross-country runners: incidence and risk factors. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2007;37(2):40\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2519\/jospt.2007.2343.","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"10012_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1177\/0095399703258776","volume":"32","author":"B Yates","year":"2004","unstructured":"Yates B, White S. The incidence and risk factors in the development of medial tibial stress syndrome among naval recruits. Am J Sports Med. 2004;32(3):772\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0095399703258776.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10012_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.204.1.9205242","volume":"204","author":"MW Anderson","year":"1997","unstructured":"Anderson MW, Ugalde V, Batt M, Gacayan J. Shin splints: MR appearance in a preliminary study. Radiology. 1997;204(1):177\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiology.204.1.9205242.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10012_CR103","first-page":"865","volume":"25","author":"LE Holder","year":"1984","unstructured":"Holder LE, Michael RH. The specific scintigraphic pattern of Shin splints in the lower leg: concise communication. J Nucl Med. 1984;25(8):865\u20139.","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10012_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200939070-00002","volume":"39","author":"MH Moen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Moen MH, Tol JL, Weir A, Steunebrink M, De Winter TC. Medial tibial stress syndrome. Sports Med. 2009;39(7):523\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2165\/00007256-200939070-00002.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10012_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-009-9055-6","volume":"2","author":"RM Galbraith","year":"2009","unstructured":"Galbraith RM, Lavallee ME. Medial tibial stress syndrome: Conservative treatment options. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2009;2(3):127\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12178-009-9055-6.","journal-title":"Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10012_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s00113-019-0667-z","volume":"123","author":"M Winters","year":"2020","unstructured":"Winters M. The diagnosis and management of medial tibial stress syndrome. Unfallchirurg. 2020;123(1):15\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00113-019-0667-z.","journal-title":"Unfallchirurg"},{"issue":"12","key":"10012_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-013-0087-0","volume":"43","author":"M Winters","year":"2013","unstructured":"Winters M, Eskes M, Weir A, Moen MH, Backx FJG, Bakker EWP. Treatment of medial tibial stress syndrome: a systematic review. Sports Med. 2013;43(12):1315\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-013-0087-0.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10012_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/15438627.2017.1393748","volume":"26","author":"I Janssen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Janssen I, van der Worp H, Hensing S, Zwerver J. Investigating Achilles and patellar tendinopathy prevalence in elite athletics. Res Sports Med. 2018;26(1):1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15438627.2017.1393748.","journal-title":"Res Sports Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10012_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03262301","volume":"42","author":"AD Lopes","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lopes AD, Hespanhol LC, Yeung SS, Costa LOP. What are the main Running-Related musculoskeletal injuries? Sports Med. 2012;42(10):891\u2013905. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF03262301.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10012_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-356-19","volume":"55","author":"KG Silbernagel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Silbernagel KG, Hanlon S, Sprague A. Current clinical concepts: Conservative management of Achilles tendinopathy. J Athl Train. 2020;55(5):438\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4085\/1062-6050-356-19.","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"issue":"2","key":"10012_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fas.2012.12.006","volume":"19","author":"A-M Hutchison","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hutchison A-M, Evans R, Bodger O, Pallister I, Topliss C, Williams P, et al. What is the best clinical test for Achilles tendinopathy? Foot Ankle Surg. 2013;19(2):112\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fas.2012.12.006.","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10012_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.30.3.250","volume":"30","author":"N Maffulli","year":"1996","unstructured":"Maffulli N. Clinical tests in sports medicine: more on Achilles tendon. Br J Sports Med. 1996;30(3):250. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsm.30.3.250.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10012_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A1","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2018.0302","volume":"48","author":"RL Martin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Martin RL, Chimenti R, Cuddeford T, Houck J, Matheson Jw, McDonough CM, et al. Achilles Pain, Stiffness, and muscle power deficits: midportion Achilles tendinopathy revision 2018. J Orthop Sports Phys Therapy. 2018;48(5):A1\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2519\/jospt.2018.0302.","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Therapy"},{"key":"10012_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Silbernagel KG, Gustavsson A, Thome\u00e9 R, Karlsson J. Evaluation of lower leg function in patients with Achilles tendinopathy. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthroscopy: Official J ESSKA. 2006;14(11):1207\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00167-006-0150-6.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-006-0150-6"},{"issue":"6","key":"10012_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546506298279","volume":"35","author":"KG Silbernagel","year":"2007","unstructured":"Silbernagel KG, Thome\u00e9 R, Eriksson BI, Karlsson J. Continued sports activity, using a pain-monitoring model, during rehabilitation in patients with Achilles tendinopathy: a randomized controlled study. Am J Sports Med. 2007;35(6):897\u2013906. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0363546506298279.","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"10012_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Grundstein AJ, Hosokawa Y, Casa DJ, Stearns RL, Jardine JF. Influence of race performance and environmental conditions on exertional heat stroke prevalence among runners participating in a warm weather road race. Front Sports Act Living. 2019;1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fspor.2019.00042.","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2019.00042"},{"issue":"9","key":"10012_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-50.9.07","volume":"50","author":"DJ Casa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Casa DJ, DeMartini JK, Bergeron MF, Csillan D, Eichner ER, Lopez RM, et al. National athletic trainers\u2019 association position statement: exertional heat illnesses. J Athl Train. 2015;50(9):986\u20131000. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4085\/1062-6050-50.9.07.","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"issue":"8","key":"10012_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-009-1500-x","volume":"35","author":"S Pease","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pease S, Bouadma L, Kermarrec N, Schortgen F, R\u00e9gnier B, Wolff M. Early organ dysfunction course, cooling time and outcome in classic heatstroke. Intensive Care Med. 2009;35(8):1454\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-009-1500-x.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10012_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738109357299","volume":"2","author":"KC Miller","year":"2010","unstructured":"Miller KC, Stone MS, Huxel KC, Edwards JE. Exercise-Associated muscle cramps. Sports Health. 2010;2(4):279\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1941738109357299.","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"10012_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2008.050401","volume":"43","author":"MP Schwellnus","year":"2009","unstructured":"Schwellnus MP. Cause of exercise associated muscle cramps (EAMC) \u2014 altered neuromuscular control, dehydration or electrolyte depletion? Br J Sports Med. 2009;43(6):401\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsm.2008.050401.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"10012_CR121","volume-title":"Muscle Cramps. StatPearls","author":"B Bordoni","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bordoni B, Goldin J, Sugumar K. Muscle Cramps. StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025."},{"issue":"4","key":"10012_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.12.4.333","volume":"12","author":"MB Stone","year":"2003","unstructured":"Stone MB, Edwards JE, Stemmans CL, Ingersoll CD, Palmieri RM, Krause BA. Certified athletic trainers\u2019 perceptions of Exercise-Associated muscle cramps. J Sport Rehabilitation. 2003;12(4):333\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jsr.12.4.333.","journal-title":"J Sport Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"2","key":"10012_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.6.2.182","volume":"6","author":"CB Swanik","year":"1997","unstructured":"Swanik CB, Lephart SM, Giannantonio FP, Fu FH. Reestablishing proprioception and neuromuscular control in the ACL-Injured athlete. J Sport Rehabilitation. 1997;6(2):182\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jsr.6.2.182.","journal-title":"J Sport Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"8","key":"10012_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-022-01666-3","volume":"52","author":"S Willwacher","year":"2022","unstructured":"Willwacher S, Kurz M, Robbin J, Thelen M, Hamill J, Kelly L, et al. Running-Related Biomechanical risk factors for overuse injuries in distance runners: A systematic review considering injury specificity and the potentials for future research. Sports Med. 2022;52(8):1863\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-022-01666-3.","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10012_CR125","first-page":"854","volume":"42","author":"J Skypala","year":"2024","unstructured":"Skypala J, Plesek J, Urbaczka J, Elavsky S, Hamill J, Jandacka D. IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL BIOMECHANICAL RISK FACTORS FOR RUNNING OVERUSE INJURIES FROM A PROSPECTIVE 4HAIE STUDY \u2013 PILOT ANALYSES. ISBS Proc Archive. 2024;42(1):854.","journal-title":"ISBS Proc Archive"},{"key":"10012_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2024.102562","volume":"57","author":"PF Moreira","year":"2024","unstructured":"Moreira PF, Veras PM, Oliveira TMD, Souza MA, Catharino LL, Borel WP, et al. Incidence and Biomechanical risk factors for running-related injuries: A prospective cohort study. J Clin Orthop Trauma. 2024;57:102562. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcot.2024.102562.","journal-title":"J Clin Orthop Trauma"},{"issue":"11","key":"10012_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2633","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-011-1879-2","volume":"111","author":"DG Behm","year":"2011","unstructured":"Behm DG, Chaouachi A. A review of the acute effects of static and dynamic stretching on performance. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2011;111(11):2633\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-011-1879-2.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10012_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2009.01058.x","volume":"20","author":"MP McHugh","year":"2010","unstructured":"McHugh MP, Cosgrave CH. To stretch or not to stretch: the role of stretching in injury prevention and performance. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2010;20(2):169\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2009.01058.x.","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"2","key":"10012_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2012.01444.x","volume":"23","author":"L Simic","year":"2013","unstructured":"Simic L, Sarabon N, Markovic G. Does pre-exercise static stretching inhibit maximal muscular performance? A meta-analytical review. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2013;23(2):131\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2012.01444.x.","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"1","key":"10012_CR130","first-page":"109","volume":"7","author":"P Page","year":"2012","unstructured":"Page P, CURRENT CONCEPTS IN, MUSCLE STRETCHING FOR EXERCISE AND REHABILITATION. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2012;7(1):109\u201319.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Phys Ther"}],"container-title":["Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12178-026-10012-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12178-026-10012-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12178-026-10012-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T05:02:25Z","timestamp":1770699745000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12178-026-10012-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"references-count":130,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10012"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12178-026-10012-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-9748"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-9748","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.s","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human and animal rights and informed consents"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"14"}}