{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T15:49:50Z","timestamp":1793980190564,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775692800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012921","name":"Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012921","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose of Review<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study systematically reviews outcomes of robotic-assisted total knee arthroplasty (rTKA) in complex primary and revision cases, compared with conventional TKA (cTKA). Complex cases include severe coronal deformity, high BMI, fixed flexion deformity, and revision arthroplasty. Outcomes assessed included coronal alignment, perioperative metrics, and patient-reported outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Recent Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nineteen studies comprising 2,482 patients (2,535 knees: 1,931 rTKA, 604 cTKA) were included. Robotic-assisted TKA consistently restored coronal alignment, with greatest improvements observed in moderate-to-severe varus and valgus deformities. In revision cases, robotic assistance achieved near-neutral hip\u2013knee\u2013ankle alignment (mean deviation\u2009\u2212\u20091.05\u00b0), low complication rates (4\u201317.9%), and high implant survival (97.1%). In obese patients, robotic-assisted TKA improved alignment precision, though functional outcomes were similar to conventional techniques. Robotic systems reduced the need for extensive soft tissue releases and enabled reliable early functional recovery. Most studies were retrospective, with moderate-to-serious risk of bias due to confounding and heterogeneity in patient populations, surgical complexity, and robotic platforms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Robotic-assisted TKA reliably restored coronal alignment and achieved perioperative andpatient-reported outcomes comparable to conventional techniques in complex primary andrevision cases. Alignment advantages were particularly evident in severe deformities oranatomically challenging knees. While these findings are encouraging, they should be3interpreted in the context of predominantly retrospective data, heterogeneous outcomereporting, and limited long-term follow-up. Future prospective, longitudinal randomizedstudies with standardized reporting are needed to confirm the impact of robotic-assistedapproaches on long-term functional outcomes and implant survival, in complex TKA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-026-10026-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T04:34:24Z","timestamp":1775709264000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Robotic-Assisted Total Knee Arthroplasty in Complex Primary and Revision Cases: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0171-2161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Olaonipekun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kourosh","family":"Movahedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prushoth","family":"Vivekanantha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Kooner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seper","family":"Ekhtiari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"10026_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2055668320952043","author":"M Marsh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Marsh M, Newman S. Trends and developments in hip and knee arthroplasty technology. J Rehabil Assist Technol Eng. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2055668320952043.","journal-title":"J Rehabil Assist Technol Eng"},{"key":"10026_CR2","unstructured":"Canadian Institute for Health Information. Hip and Knee Replacements in Canada: CJRR Annual Report, 2024\u20132025. Ottawa, ON. 2026."},{"key":"10026_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lewis PL, Gill DR, McAuliffe MJ et al. Hip, Knee and Shoulder Arthroplasty: 2024 Annual Report. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25310\/GLOL7776.","DOI":"10.25310\/GLOL7776"},{"key":"10026_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carender CN, Hegde V, Levine BR, Huddleston JI, Cohen-Rosenblum A. Highlights of the 2024 American Joint Replacement Registry Annual Report. Arthroplast Today. 2025; 33:101727.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artd.2025.101727"},{"key":"10026_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-009-1119-9","volume":"468","author":"RB Bourne","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bourne RB, Chesworth BM, Davis AM, Mahomed NN, Charron KDJ. Patient Satisfaction after Total Knee Arthroplasty: Who is Satisfied and Who is Not? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2010;468:57\u201363.","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10026_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.92B9.24394","volume":"92\u2013B","author":"CEH Scott","year":"2010","unstructured":"Scott CEH, Howie CR, MacDonald D, Biant LC. Predicting dissatisfaction following total knee replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2010;92\u2013B:1253\u20138.","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"10026_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.4055\/cios.2017.9.2.169","volume":"9","author":"HY Yang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yang HY, Seon JK, Shin YJ, Lim HA, Song EK. Robotic Total Knee Arthroplasty with a Cruciate-Retaining Implant: A 10-Year Follow-up Study. Clin Orthop Surg. 2017;9:169.","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Surg"},{"key":"10026_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-018-4231-1","volume":"43","author":"K-J Cho","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cho K-J, Seon J-K, Jang W-Y, Park C-G, Song E-K. Robotic versus conventional primary total knee arthroplasty: clinical and radiological long-term results with a minimum follow-up of ten years. Int Orthop. 2019;43:1345\u201354.","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"key":"10026_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12306-021-00695-x","volume":"106","author":"D Alesi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alesi D, Meena A, Fratini S, Rinaldi VG, Cammisa E, Lullini G, Vaccari V, Zaffagnini S, Marcheggiani Muccioli GM. Total knee arthroplasty in valgus knee deformity: is it still a challenge in 2021? Musculoskelet Surg. 2022;106:1\u20138.","journal-title":"Musculoskelet Surg"},{"key":"10026_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3041","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-018-5331-6","volume":"27","author":"A Mazzotti","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mazzotti A, Perna F, Golinelli D, Quattrini I, Stea S, Bordini B, Faldini C. Preoperative valgus deformity has twice the risk of failure as compared to varus deformity after total knee arthroplasty. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2019;27:3041\u20137.","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"key":"10026_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.24.01060","volume":"107","author":"CH Righolt","year":"2025","unstructured":"Righolt CH, Armstrong ML, Turgeon TR, Bohm ER, Sniderman J. Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty in Patients with BMI of \u2265\u200950 kg\/m2. J Bone Joint Surg. 2025;107:1472\u20139.","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg"},{"key":"10026_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1186\/s12893-025-03050-0","volume":"25","author":"F Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang F, Zhao J, He W, He H, Wang Q. Risk of complications associated with prolonged post-operative hospitalization and postoperative outcomes in elderly patients with high BMI undergoing elective total knee arthroplasty. BMC Surg. 2025;25:303.","journal-title":"BMC Surg"},{"key":"10026_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM et al.The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ n71. 2021.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71"},{"key":"10026_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Higgins JPT, James T, Jackie C, Miranda C, Tianjing L, Page MJ, Welch VA. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. Wiley-Blackwell; 2020.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119536604"},{"key":"10026_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-025-10001-y","volume":"19","author":"P Vivekanantha","year":"2025","unstructured":"Vivekanantha P, Son H, Bernardini L, Bouchard MD, Ayeni OR, Kay J. Evaluating the Efficacy and Efficiency of GPT-5 for Automated Title and Abstract Screening in Orthopedic Surgery Systematic Reviews. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2025;19:7.","journal-title":"Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med"},{"key":"10026_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1007\/s11701-025-02752-0","volume":"19","author":"R Vecham","year":"2025","unstructured":"Vecham R, Madhavan P, Jayakumar T, Karumuri K, Mulpur P, Annapareddy A, Reddy AVG. Impact of femoral component flexion on gap balancing in varus knees using robotic technology: a comparative study of single-radius and multi-radius designs. J Robot Surg. 2025;19:663.","journal-title":"J Robot Surg"},{"key":"10026_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52198\/21.STI.39.OS1462","author":"R Marchand","year":"2021","unstructured":"Marchand R, Scholl L, Bhowmik-Stoker M, Taylor K, Marchand K, Chen Z, Mont M. Total Knee Arthroplasty in the Valgus Knee: Can New Operative Technologies Affect Surgical Technique and Outcomes? Surg Technol Online. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.52198\/21.STI.39.OS1462.","journal-title":"Surg Technol Online"},{"key":"10026_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gregori P, Koutserimpas C, Giovanoulis V, Batailler C, Servien E, Lustig S. Functional alignment in robotic-assisted total knee arthroplasty for valgus deformity achieves safe coronal alignment and excellent short\u2010term outcomes. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 2025; 33:2187\u20132196.","DOI":"10.1002\/ksa.12585"},{"key":"10026_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-025-06150-x","volume":"146","author":"GH Cabell","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cabell GH, Jing C, Baker RL, Deckey DG, Wu KA, Stein MK, Seyler TM. Imageless robotic-assisted system is associated to effective restoration of the joint line and posterior condylar offset in revision total knee arthroplasty. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2025;146:4.","journal-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg"},{"key":"10026_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2024.02.018","volume":"39","author":"NH Cochrane","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cochrane NH, Kim BI, Stauffer TP, Hallows RK, Urish KL, Carvajal Alba JA, Seyler TM. Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty With an Imageless, Second-Generation Robotic System. J Arthroplasty. 2024;39:S280\u20134.","journal-title":"J Arthroplasty"},{"key":"10026_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1007\/s00132-021-04182-w","volume":"50","author":"L-R Tuecking","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tuecking L-R, Savov P, Windhagen H, Jennings S, Nathwani D, Ettinger M. Imageless robotic-assisted revision arthroplasty from UKA to TKA. Orthopade. 2021;50:1018\u201325.","journal-title":"Orthopade"},{"key":"10026_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andriollo L, Benazzo F, Cinelli V, Sangaletti R, Velluto C, Rossi SMP. The use of an imageless robotic system in revision of unicompartmental knee arthroplasty. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 2025; 33:1792\u20131803.","DOI":"10.1002\/ksa.12574"},{"key":"10026_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artd.2025.101937","volume":"37","author":"KC Chang","year":"2026","unstructured":"Chang KC, Qilleri A, Echevarria A, Danoff JR. Improved Perioperative Outcomes in Robotic-Assisted Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty. Arthroplast Today. 2026;37:101937.","journal-title":"Arthroplast Today"},{"key":"10026_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-023-07005-5","volume":"24","author":"M Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen M, Yang D, Shao H, Rui S, Cao Y, Zhou Y. Using sequential bone cutting to titrate soft tissue balance in total knee arthroplasty effectively minimizes soft tissue release. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2023;24:866.","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"10026_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artd.2024.101490","volume":"30","author":"SYJ Fang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fang SYJ, Chiu KY, Liu WKT, Cheung A, Chan PK, Fu H. Factors Affecting Successful Restricted Kinematic Alignment With Robotic Assisted Total Knee Arthroplasty in Patients With Severe Varus Preoperative Alignment. Arthroplast Today. 2024;30:101490.","journal-title":"Arthroplast Today"},{"key":"10026_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jeo2.70468","author":"S Feng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Feng S, Xing P, Qu J, Guo J, Song J, Li H, Jiang H, Pi H, Huang T. Robotic-assisted total knee arthroplasty achieves superior early postoperative outcomes compared to conventional techniques in patients with severe varus. J Exp Orthop. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jeo2.70468.","journal-title":"J Exp Orthop"},{"key":"10026_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pacchiarotti G, Todesca A, Avram GM, Longo G, Paolicelli D, Gumina S.Image-based robotic total knee arthroplasty preserves the knee joint line level even in advanced fixed flexion deformities when combined with functional alignment principles: A retrospective comparative cohort study. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 2025; 33:2545\u20132554.","DOI":"10.1002\/ksa.12643"},{"key":"10026_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1097\/JS9.0000000000000002","volume":"109","author":"R Tian","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tian R, Duan X, Kong N, et al. Robotic-assisted total knee arthroplasty is more advantageous for knees with severe deformity: a randomized controlled trial study design. Int J Surg. 2023;109:287\u201396.","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"key":"10026_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4455","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-024-05549-2","volume":"144","author":"I shichman","year":"2024","unstructured":"shichman I, Hallak A, Ashkenazi I, Warschwaski Y, Gold A, Snir N. Effect of inverse kinematic alignment total knee arthroplasty on coronal alignment of the ankle joint in patients with varus knee deformity. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2024;144:4455\u201361.","journal-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg"},{"key":"10026_CR30","first-page":"104226","volume":"111","author":"E Chapron","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chapron E, Coulomb R, Weiss A, Marchand P, Kouyoumdjian P. Robot-assisted surgery and knee arthroplasty in genu valgum: impact of the surgical approach. Orthop Traumatology: Surg Res. 2025;111:104226.","journal-title":"Orthop Traumatology: Surg Res"},{"key":"10026_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2024.03.032","volume":"39","author":"A Gorur","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gorur A, Czerwonka N, El-Othmani MM, Held MB, Neuwirth AL, Geller JA. Outcomes of Image-Free Robotic Assisted Total Knee Arthroplasty in Patients Who Have Valgus Knee Deformities. J Arthroplasty. 2024;39:S235\u201340.","journal-title":"J Arthroplasty"},{"key":"10026_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artd.2023.101196","volume":"23","author":"AE Wininger","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wininger AE, Lambert BS, Sullivan TC, Brown TS, Incavo SJ, Park KJ. Robotic-Assisted Total Knee Arthroplasty Can Increase Frequency of Achieving Target Limb Alignment in Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty for Preoperative Valgus Deformity. Arthroplast Today. 2023;23:101196.","journal-title":"Arthroplast Today"},{"key":"10026_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artd.2024.101320","volume":"26","author":"MK Richardson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Richardson MK, DiGiovanni RM, McCrae BK, Cooperman WS, Ludington J, Heckmann ND, Oakes DA. Robotic-Assisted Total Knee Arthroplasty in Obese Patients. Arthroplast Today. 2024;26:101320.","journal-title":"Arthroplast Today"},{"key":"10026_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40634-023-00634-8","author":"BP McCormick","year":"2023","unstructured":"McCormick BP, Trent S, Geng X, Lee JW, Boucher HR. Robotic-assisted technology does not influence functional outcomes among obese and morbidly obese total knee arthroplasty patients. J Exp Orthop. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40634-023-00634-8.","journal-title":"J Exp Orthop"},{"key":"10026_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.15.01173","volume":"98","author":"JR Martin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Martin JR, Beahrs TR, Stuhlman CR, Trousdale RT. Complex Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty: Long-Term Outcomes. J Bone Joint Surg. 2016;98:1459\u201370.","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg"},{"key":"10026_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-020-03512-5","volume":"140","author":"JR Onggo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Onggo JR, Onggo JD, De Steiger R, Hau R. Robotic-assisted total knee arthroplasty is comparable to conventional total knee arthroplasty: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2020;140:1533\u201349.","journal-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg"},{"key":"10026_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Batailler C, White N, Ranaldi FM, Neyret P, Servien E, Lustig S. Improved implant position and lower revision rate with robotic-assisted unicompartmental knee arthroplasty. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 2019; 27:1232\u20131240.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-018-5081-5"},{"key":"10026_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Theodoulou A, Bramwell DC, Spiteri AC, Kim SW, Krishnan J. The use of scoring systems in knee arthroplasty: a systematic review of the literature. J Arthroplasty. 2016;31:2364\u201370.e8.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2016.05.055"},{"key":"10026_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eckhard L, Munir S, Wood D, Talbot S, Brighton R, Walter WL, Bar\u00e9 J. Minimal important change and minimum clinically important difference values of the KOOS-12 after total knee arthroplasty. Knee. 2021;29:541\u20136.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knee.2021.03.005"},{"key":"10026_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maredupaka S, Meshram P, Chatte M, Kim WH, Kim TK. Minimal clinically important difference of commonly used patient-reported outcome measures in total knee arthroplasty: review of terminologies, methods and proposed values. Knee Surg Relat Res. 2020;32:19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s43019-020-00038-3"}],"container-title":["Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12178-026-10026-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12178-026-10026-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12178-026-10026-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T04:34:40Z","timestamp":1775709280000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12178-026-10026-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10026"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12178-026-10026-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-9748"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-9748","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study did not involve human participants or animals and therefore did not require institutional ethics approval.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"Emmanuel Olaonpekun declares that he has no conflict of interest. Kourosh Movahedi Yeganeh declares that he has no conflict of interest. Paul Kooner declares that he has no conflict of interest. Prusoth Vivekanatha declares that he has no conflict of interest. Seper Ekhtiari declares that he has no conflict of interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"32"}}