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In contrast,\n                    <jats:italic>NPM1<\/jats:italic>\n                    rearrangements (NPM1-r), involving rare fusion partners such as\n                    <jats:italic>MLF1, CCDC28A, HAUS1<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>RARA,<\/jats:italic>\n                    are much less common and have historically been poorly understood. However, recent studies have begun to shed light on the molecular mechanisms and clinical characteristics of NPM1-r AML, revealing overlapping features with NPM1c-AML. Both types share key leukemogenic mechanisms, including cytoplasmic mislocalization of NPM1, interaction with XPO1, and sustained\n                    <jats:italic>HOX<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene expression, which drive leukemic transformation. NPM1-r AML may exhibit unique clinical characteristics, including a higher prevalence in younger patients and potentially a poorer prognosis, although further validation in larger cohorts is needed. Therapeutic strategies targeting XPO1 and Menin, which have shown promise in NPM1c-AML, may also hold potential for NPM1-r AML. Continued research is essential to further elucidate the biology of this rare AML subtype and to establish optimized treatment strategies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12185-026-04234-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T12:24:40Z","timestamp":1780662280000},"page":"303-310","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["NPM1-rearranged AML: clinical features, molecular pathogenesis, and therapeutic perspectives"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"124","author":[{"given":"Yuko","family":"Shimosato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9339-1826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susumu","family":"Goyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"4234_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1007\/s12185-024-03835-8","volume":"120","author":"Y Ishikawa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ishikawa Y, Ushijima Y, Kiyoi H. 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