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We retrospectively evaluated the clinical courses of PML in patients with hematological malignancies at North Japan Hematology Study Group institutions, using patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection as a reference. Eight PML patients had hematological malignancies and 9 had HIV infection. CD4\u2009+\u2009T cell counts were markedly low in patients with hematological malignancies (median 168\/\u03bcl, range 48.4\u2013330\/\u03bcl) and did not differ significantly from those in patients with HIV infection (median 28\/\u03bcl, range 8\u2013225.4\/\u03bcl). IgG levels were significantly lower in patients with hematological malignancies (median 643.5\u00a0mg\/dL, range 205\u20132478\u00a0mg\/dL) than in patients with with HIV infection (median 1691.5\u00a0mg\/dL, range 1304\u20133014\u00a0mg\/dL) (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.01). Almost all patients with hematological malignancies died after progression of PML (median time from onset to death, 136\u00a0days). In contrast, seven patients with HIV infection were alive at the end of follow-up. The incidence of PML in patients with hematological malignancies may increase with the introduction of new antibody drugs and cellular therapies in future. Considering the poor prognosis, greater caution is warranted regarding this serious complication.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12185-026-04256-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T16:11:53Z","timestamp":1784909513000},"page":"723-734","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characteristics of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in hematological malignancies, With reference to HIV-infected patients"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"124","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1207-2138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emi","family":"Yokoyama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taisuke","family":"Harada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomoyuki","family":"Endo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hideki","family":"Goto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junichi","family":"Sugita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masayuki","family":"Aiba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mutsumi","family":"Takahata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takuto","family":"Miyagishima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hajime","family":"Senjo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Iyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuichiro","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masayo","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Motohiro","family":"Shindo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuya","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junichi","family":"Hashiguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatsuo","family":"Oyake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takanori","family":"Teshima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"4256_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24371","volume":"77","author":"HS Wollebo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wollebo HS, White MK, Gordon J, Berger JR, Khalili K. 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TT has received research funding from LUCA science, Priothera SAS, PharmaEssentia Japan, AbbVie, IQVIA Japan, Kyowa Kirin, CIMIC, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Novartis, Janssen Pharmaceutical, CSL Behring, and Gilead Sciences. TT has received research grant from Kyowa Kirin, Chugai Pharmaceutical, and Sumitomo Pharma. TT is affiliated with an endowed department from International Advanced Medical Organization. H.G has received honoraria from Chugai Pharmaceutical, AbbVie, and Kyowa Kirin. H.G has received research funding from Sanofi, BMS, Gilead sciences, Kyowa Kirin, and Symbio.JS is an editor of\n                      International Journal of Hematology\n                      , but he is not involved in peer-review or process of decision-making for this manuscript.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This retrospective study involving human participants was in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments. The institutional review board (IRB) of participated institutions approved this study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This is a non-interventional retrospective study using anonymized clinical data, the requirement for informed consent from each patient was waived, and opt-out information was provided on the websites of the participating institutions.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to participate and publish","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}