{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T19:05:02Z","timestamp":1789585502285,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]],"date-time":"2024-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734652800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]],"date-time":"2024-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Radiol Phys Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12194-024-00872-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]],"date-time":"2024-12-20T13:46:26Z","timestamp":1734702386000},"page":"186-195","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Estimation of effective dose and risk of exposure-induced cancer death, and diagnostic reference level for CT scans in Tabriz, Iran"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Hamed","family":"Zamani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maedeh","family":"Yektamanesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Shiridokht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soheila","family":"Sharifian Jazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Javadrashid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Ghasemi Jangjoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikaeil","family":"Molazadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alireza","family":"Farajollahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tohid","family":"Mortezazadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"872_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984492","DOI":"10.3389\/fmedt.2022.984492","volume":"4","author":"QY CounsellerAboelkassem","year":"2023","unstructured":"CounsellerAboelkassem QY. Recent technologies in cardiac imaging. Front Med Technol. 2023;4:984492.","journal-title":"Front Med Technol"},{"key":"872_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2020.09.015","volume":"79","author":"V Tsapaki","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tsapaki V. Radiation dose optimization in diagnostic and interventional radiology: current issues and future perspectives. Phys Med. 2020;79:16\u201321.","journal-title":"Phys Med"},{"key":"872_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2020.10.017","volume":"79","author":"MMD RehaniNacouzi","year":"2020","unstructured":"RehaniNacouzi MMD. Higher patient doses through X-ray imaging procedures. Phys Med. 2020;79:80\u20136.","journal-title":"Phys Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"872_CR4","first-page":"e84763","volume":"16","author":"PRMY MehnatiMalekzadehSooteh","year":"2019","unstructured":"MehnatiMalekzadehSooteh PRMY. New Bismuth composite shield for radiation protection of breast during coronary CT angiography. Iran J Radiology. 2019;16(3):e84763.","journal-title":"Iran J Radiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"872_CR5","first-page":"72","volume":"4","author":"AD Power","year":"2022","unstructured":"Power AD. Overutilization of computed tomography in clinical settings. Univ Lynchburg DMSc Dr Proj Assign Repos. 2022;4(1):72.","journal-title":"Univ Lynchburg DMSc Dr Proj Assign Repos"},{"issue":"7","key":"872_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4459","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-020-07652-5","volume":"31","author":"VJGAAJW TsapakiDamilakisPauloSchegererRepus","year":"2021","unstructured":"TsapakiDamilakisPauloSchegererRepussardJaschke VJGAAJW, et al. CT diagnostic reference levels based on clinical indications: results of a large-scale European survey. Eur Radiol. 2021;31(7):4459\u201369.","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"1116","key":"872_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20190358","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20190358","volume":"93","author":"AVTCEP PloussiSyrgiamiotisMakriHatzigiorgi","year":"2020","unstructured":"PloussiSyrgiamiotisMakriHatzigiorgiEfstathopoulos AVTCEP. Local diagnostic reference levels in pediatric CT scans: a survey at the largest children\u2019s hospital in Greece. Br J Radiol. 2020;93(1116):20190358.","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"872_CR8","first-page":"46","volume":"6","author":"PMYRBS MehnatiSootehMalekzadehDivbandRefah","year":"2019","unstructured":"MehnatiSootehMalekzadehDivbandRefahi PMYRBS. Breast conservation from radiation damage by using nano bismuth shields in chest computed tomography scan. Crescent J Med Biol Sci. 2019;6(1):46\u201350.","journal-title":"Crescent J Med Biol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"872_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1177\/0146645320911864","volume":"50","author":"JDMFCHGP HarrisonBalonovBochudMartinMenzelOr","year":"2021","unstructured":"HarrisonBalonovBochudMartinMenzelOrtiz-Lopez JDMFCHGP, et al. ICRP publication 147: use of dose quantities in radiological protection. Ann ICRP. 2021;50(1):9\u201382.","journal-title":"Ann ICRP"},{"key":"872_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2020.108932","volume":"126","author":"HRHGMH MasjediOmidiZamaniPerotaZare","year":"2020","unstructured":"MasjediOmidiZamaniPerotaZare HRHGMH. Radiation dose and risk of exposure-induced death associated with common computed tomography procedures in Yazd Province. Eur J Radiol. 2020;126:108932.","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"872_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmir.2021.08.020","volume":"52","author":"RMHHSHSK OmidiZareZamaniDalvandMasjediRazavi","year":"2021","unstructured":"OmidiZareZamaniDalvandMasjediRazavi-Ratki RMHHSHSK, et al. Patterns and trends of population radiation exposure and projected the risk of exposure-induced death from gamma camera examinations in Yazd Province. J Med Imaging Radiat Sci. 2021;52(4):595\u2013605.","journal-title":"J Med Imaging Radiat Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"872_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.52547\/ijrr.20.1.26","volume":"20","author":"HRHGREMH MasjediZamaniPerotaOmidiRazaviZare","year":"2022","unstructured":"MasjediZamaniPerotaOmidiRazaviZare HRHGREMH. Estimating the risks of exposure-induced death associated with common computed tomography procedures. Int J Radiat Res. 2022;20(1):169\u201375.","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"872_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049023X1900520X","volume":"35","author":"CHRLSLM SchultzFairleyMurphyDoss","year":"2020","unstructured":"SchultzFairleyMurphyDoss CHRLSLM. The risk of cancer from CT scans and other sources of low-dose radiation: a critical appraisal of methodologic quality. Prehospital Disaster Med. 2020;35(1):3\u201316.","journal-title":"Prehospital Disaster Med"},{"key":"872_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-89773-0.00017-5","author":"RO McClellan","year":"2022","unstructured":"McClellan RO. Effects of ionizing radiation on reproduction and development. Reproduct Develop Toxicol. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-323-89773-0.00017-5.","journal-title":"Reproduct Develop Toxicol"},{"key":"872_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.47836\/pjst.30.4.12","author":"AAM Asiri","year":"2022","unstructured":"Asiri AAM. Organ dose and radiation exposure risk: a study comparing radiation dose using two software packages. Pertanika J Sci Technol. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.47836\/pjst.30.4.12.","journal-title":"Pertanika J Sci Technol."},{"key":"872_CR16","first-page":"5304","volume":"23","author":"F Tg","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tg F. Multi-detector row CT systems and image-reconstruction techniques. Radiology. 2005;23:5304\u20137.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"872_CR17","first-page":"052109","volume":"8","author":"JT HsiehFlohr","year":"2021","unstructured":"HsiehFlohr JT. Computed tomography recent history and future perspectives. J Med Imaging. 2021;8(5):052109\u2013052109.","journal-title":"J Med Imaging"},{"issue":"8","key":"872_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics10080591","volume":"10","author":"NAMKHMJHKH MuhammadAbdul KarimAbu HassanAhmad","year":"2020","unstructured":"MuhammadAbdul KarimAbu HassanAhmad KamarudinDing WongNg NAMKHMJHKH. Diagnostic reference level of radiation dose and image quality among paediatric CT scans in a tertiary hospital in Malaysia. Diagnostics. 2020;10(8):591\u2013605.","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"issue":"2","key":"872_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncz279","volume":"188","author":"HHRZM ZamaniMasjediOmidiHosein","year":"2020","unstructured":"ZamaniMasjediOmidiHosein HHRZM. Establishment of local diagnostic reference levels for common procedures of computed tomography in Yazd province. Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2020;188(2):222\u201331.","journal-title":"Radiat Prot Dosimetry"},{"issue":"4","key":"872_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.2967\/jnmt.106.037846","volume":"35","author":"LW Goldman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Goldman LW. Principles of CT: radiation dose and image quality. J Nucl Med Technol. 2007;35(4):213\u201325.","journal-title":"J Nucl Med Technol"},{"issue":"4","key":"872_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.09.3462","volume":"194","author":"JAJMCH ChristnerKoflerMcCollough","year":"2010","unstructured":"ChristnerKoflerMcCollough JAJMCH. Estimating effective dose for CT using dose-length product compared with using organ doses: consequences of adopting international commission on radiological protection publication 103 or dual-energy scanning. Am J Roentgenol. 2010;194(4):881\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"872_CR22","unstructured":"Manninen AL. Clinical applications of radiophotoluminescence (RPL) dosimetry in evaluation of patient radiation exposure in radiology: determination of absorbed and effective dose. ISBN 978\u2013952\u201362\u20130624\u20130 (pdf). University of Oulu; 2014."},{"issue":"3","key":"872_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1088\/0952-4746\/32\/3\/251","volume":"32","author":"MEACHJSKVSM AndradeBorrasKhouryDiasBarros","year":"2012","unstructured":"AndradeBorrasKhouryDiasBarros MEACHJSKVSM. Organ doses and risks of computed tomography examinations in Recife. Brazil J Radiol Prot. 2012;32(3):251\u201360.","journal-title":"Brazil J Radiol Prot"},{"issue":"4","key":"872_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1269\/jrr.09027","volume":"50","author":"TMDKTM ImaokaNishimuraIizukaDainoTakabatak","year":"2009","unstructured":"ImaokaNishimuraIizukaDainoTakabatakeOkamoto TMDKTM, et al. Radiation-induced mammary carcinogenesis in rodent models: what\u2019s different from chemical carcinogenesis? J Radiat Res (Tokyo). 2009;50(4):281\u201393.","journal-title":"J Radiat Res (Tokyo)"},{"issue":"7558","key":"872_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1038\/523017a","volume":"523","author":"A Abbott","year":"2015","unstructured":"Abbott A. Researchers pin down risks of low-dose radiation. Nature. 2015;523(7558):17\u20138.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"4","key":"872_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s00411-006-0032-9","volume":"44","author":"MADR TubianaAurengoAverbeckMasse","year":"2006","unstructured":"TubianaAurengoAverbeckMasse MADR. Recent reports on the effect of low doses of ionizing radiation and its dose\u2013effect relationship. Radiat Environ Biophys. 2006;44(4):245\u201351.","journal-title":"Radiat Environ Biophys"},{"issue":"24","key":"872_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13761","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2235592100","volume":"100","author":"DJRDTEJCEJB BrennerDollGoodheadHallLandLittle","year":"2003","unstructured":"BrennerDollGoodheadHallLandLittle DJRDTEJCEJB, et al. Cancer risks attributable to low doses of ionizing radiation: Assessing what we really know. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2003;100(24):13761\u20136.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"872_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s00411-006-0029-4","volume":"44","author":"DJRK BrennerSachs","year":"2006","unstructured":"BrennerSachs DJRK. Estimating radiation-induced cancer risks at very low doses: rationale for using a linear no-threshold approach. Radiat Environ Biophys. 2006;44(4):253\u20136.","journal-title":"Radiat Environ Biophys"},{"issue":"4","key":"872_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icrp.2005.11.002","volume":"35","author":"J Valentin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Valentin J. Contents, preface, executive summary, chapters 1 and 2. Ann ICRP. 2005;35(4):1\u201339.","journal-title":"Ann ICRP"},{"issue":"2\u20134","key":"872_CR30","first-page":"9","volume":"37","author":"Icrp","year":"2007","unstructured":"Icrp. Preface, executive summary and glossary. Ann ICRP. 2007;37(2\u20134):9\u201334.","journal-title":"Ann ICRP"},{"key":"872_CR31","unstructured":"UNSCEAR U. Report to the General Assembly, with scientific annexes. U N. 2000."},{"key":"872_CR32","unstructured":"Phase BV. Health risks from exposure to low levels of ionizing radiation. Wash DC Br Inst Radiol. 2006."},{"key":"872_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2015.07.011","volume":"90","author":"CHJTJGLJ McColloughBushbergFletcherEckel","year":"2015","unstructured":"McColloughBushbergFletcherEckel CHJTJGLJ. Answers to common questions about the use and safety of CT scans. Mayo Clinic Proceed. 2015;90:1380\u201392.","journal-title":"Mayo Clinic Proceed"},{"issue":"3","key":"872_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/s13244-013-0253-9","volume":"4","author":"AJAPMJ Van Der MolenSchilhamStoopProkopGeleijns","year":"2013","unstructured":"Van Der MolenSchilhamStoopProkopGeleijns AJAPMJ. A national survey on radiation dose in CT in The Netherlands. Insights Imaging. 2013;4(3):383\u201390.","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"issue":"1","key":"872_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-013-2994-8","volume":"24","author":"DASNVC De TackJahnenKohlerHarpesMaertelaerBac","year":"2014","unstructured":"De TackJahnenKohlerHarpesMaertelaerBack DASNVC, et al. Multidetector CT radiation dose optimisation in adults: short- and long-term effects of a clinical audit. Eur Radiol. 2014;24(1):169\u201375.","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"872_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.266065063","volume":"26","author":"ANCHMRJJG PrimakMcColloughBruesewitzZhangFlet","year":"2006","unstructured":"PrimakMcColloughBruesewitzZhangFletcher ANCHMRJJG. Relationship between noise, dose, and pitch in cardiac multi-detector row CT. Radiographics. 2006;26(6):1785\u201394.","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"872_CR37","unstructured":"Research JN for, Exposure (J-RIME) I on M. National diagnostic reference levels in Japan. Japan DRLs 2020. https:\/\/j-rime.qst.go.jp\/report\/DRL2020_Engver.pdf."},{"key":"872_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2017.02.021","volume":"90","author":"AAHDGGG SchegererNagelStammAdamBrix","year":"2017","unstructured":"SchegererNagelStammAdamBrix AAHDGGG. Current CT practice in Germany: results and implications of a nationwide survey. Eur J Radiol. 2017;90:114\u201328.","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"872_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1007\/s13246-015-0388-8","volume":"38","author":"MMRMMR NajafiDeevbandAhmadiKardan","year":"2015","unstructured":"NajafiDeevbandAhmadiKardan MMRMMR. Establishment of diagnostic reference levels for common multi-detector computed tomography examinations in Iran. Australas Phys Eng Sci Med. 2015Dec;38(4):603\u20139.","journal-title":"Australas Phys Eng Sci Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"872_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155932582311714","DOI":"10.1177\/15593258231171492","volume":"21","author":"SAMTB Teferi DellieFisehaw TesfawJebessa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Teferi DellieFisehaw TesfawJebessa KumsaTuri SAMTB. Local diagnostic reference levels for common adult computed tomography procedures in addis ababa. Dose-Response. 2023Apr;21(2):155932582311714.","journal-title":"Dose-Response"},{"issue":"2","key":"872_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-013-3031-7","volume":"24","author":"FDCDS PaloriniOriggiGranataMatrangaSalern","year":"2014","unstructured":"PaloriniOriggiGranataMatrangaSalerno FDCDS. Adult exposures from MDCT including multiphase studies: first Italian nationwide survey. Eur Radiol. 2014;24(2):469\u201383.","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"872_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/jmrs.372","volume":"67","author":"KLTMP LeeBeveridgeSanagouThomasn","year":"2020","unstructured":"LeeBeveridgeSanagouThomasn KLTMP. Updated Australian diagnostic reference levels for adult CT. J Med Radiat Sci. 2020;67(1):5\u201315.","journal-title":"J Med Radiat Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"872_CR43","first-page":"792","volume":"10","author":"SMHRM JafariKarimiKhosraviGoodarziPourkav","year":"2020","unstructured":"JafariKarimiKhosraviGoodarziPourkaveh SMHRM. Establishment of diagnostic reference levels for computed tomography scanning in hamadan. J Biomed Phys Eng. 2020;10(6):792\u2013800.","journal-title":"J Biomed Phys Eng"},{"issue":"1","key":"872_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2017161911","volume":"284","author":"KMPFDMLPRLUS KanalButlerSenguptaBhargavan-Chatfi","year":"2017","unstructured":"KanalButlerSenguptaBhargavan-ChatfieldCoombsMorin KMPFDMLPRLUS. diagnostic reference levels and achievable doses for 10 adult CT scans. Radiology. 2017;284(1):120\u201333.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"872_CR45","first-page":"1","volume":"14","author":"S Pc","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pc S. Doses from computed tomography (CT) examinations in the UK-2003 Review. NRPB-W67. 2003;14:1\u2013103.","journal-title":"NRPB-W67"}],"container-title":["Radiological Physics and Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12194-024-00872-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12194-024-00872-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12194-024-00872-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T16:52:57Z","timestamp":1741020777000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12194-024-00872-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["872"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12194-024-00872-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1865-0333","1865-0341"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1865-0333","type":"print"},{"value":"1865-0341","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 June 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 November 2024","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 December 2024","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 December 2024","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"None of the authors have any conflicting interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This work was supported by the Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran under the research ethics certificate ID: IR.TBZMED.REC.1402.641.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"None.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}]}}