{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T22:53:54Z","timestamp":1784760834580,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]],"date-time":"2025-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752451200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]],"date-time":"2025-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752451200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Radiol Phys Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12194-025-00939-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]],"date-time":"2025-07-14T13:56:57Z","timestamp":1752501417000},"page":"851-860","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evaluating the efficacy of biological versus physical cost functions with constrained mode for inverse plan optimization of head and neck cancer"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9825-1240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mukesh N.","family":"Meshram","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1586-5971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laishram Amarjit","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6688-3972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umesh A.","family":"Palikundwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"939_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S13","DOI":"10.2307\/3583506","volume":"8","author":"JT Lyman","year":"1985","unstructured":"Lyman JT. Complication probability as assessed from dose volume histograms. Radiat Res Suppl. 1985;8:S13\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/3583506.","journal-title":"Radiat Res Suppl"},{"key":"939_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1118\/1.598063","volume":"24","author":"A Niemierko","year":"1997","unstructured":"Niemierko A. Reporting and analyzing dose distributions: a concept of equivalent uniform dose. Med Phys. 1997;24:103\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1118\/1.598063.","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"939_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2189","DOI":"10.1118\/1.1930908","volume":"32","author":"CC Ling","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ling CC, Li XA. Over the next decade the success of radiation treatment planning will be judged by the immediate biological response of tumor cells rather than by surrogate measures such as dose maximization and uniformity. Med Phys. 2005;32:2189\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1118\/1.1930908.","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"939_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/s0360-3016(01)02585-8","volume":"52","author":"Q Wu","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wu Q, Mohan R, Niemierko A, et al. Optimization of intensity modulated radiotherapy plans based on the equivalent uniform dose. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002;52:224\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0360-3016(01)02585-8.","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"939_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1080\/09553009214552071","volume":"62","author":"P Kallman","year":"1992","unstructured":"Kallman P, Agren A, Brahme A. Tumour and normal tissue responses to fractionated non-uniform dose delivery. Int J Radiat Biol. 1992;62:249\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09553009214552071.","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Biol"},{"key":"939_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4672","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3220211","volume":"36","author":"SK Das","year":"2009","unstructured":"Das SK. A role for biological optimization within the current treatment planning paradigm. Med Phys. 2009;36:4672\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1118\/1.3220211.","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"939_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2005.02.033","volume":"62","author":"E Thomas","year":"2005","unstructured":"Thomas E, Chapet O, Kessler ML, et al. Benefit of using biologic parameters (EUD and NTCP) in IMRT optimization for treatment of intrahepatic tumors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;62:571\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2005.02.033.","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"939_CR8","first-page":"1100","volume":"26","author":"A Niemierko","year":"1999","unstructured":"Niemierko A. A generalized concept of equivalent uniform dose (EUD). Med Phys. 1999;26:1100.","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"939_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3579","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/47\/20\/302","volume":"47","author":"B Choi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Choi B, Deasy JO. The generalized equivalent uniform dose function as a basis for intensity-modulated treatment planning. Phys Med Biol. 2002;47:3579\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/0031-9155\/47\/20\/302.","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"key":"939_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/53\/6\/011","volume":"53","author":"L Widesott","year":"2008","unstructured":"Widesott L, Strigari L, Pressello MC, et al. Role of the parameters involved in the plan optimization based on the generalized equivalent uniform dose and radiobiological implications. Phys Med Biol. 2008;53:1665\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/0031-9155\/53\/6\/011.","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"key":"939_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2332","DOI":"10.1118\/1.1598852","volume":"30","author":"C Thieke","year":"2003","unstructured":"Thieke C, Bortfeld T, Niemierko A, et al. From physical dose constraints to equivalent uniform dose constraints in inverse radiotherapy planning. Med Phys. 2003;30:2332\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1118\/1.1598852.","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"939_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1790","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3116775","volume":"36","author":"XS Qi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Qi XS, Semenenko VA, Li XA. Improved critical structure sparing with biologically based IMRT optimization. Med Phys. 2009;36:1790\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1118\/1.3116775.","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"939_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5851","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3013556","volume":"35","author":"VA Semenenko","year":"2008","unstructured":"Semenenko VA, Reitz B, Day E, et al. Evaluation of a commercial biologically based IMRT treatment planning system. Med Phys. 2008;35:5851\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1118\/1.3013556.","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"issue":"7","key":"939_CR14","first-page":"5195","volume":"14","author":"Z Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li Z, Zhao Q, et al. Dosimetric differences between intensity-modulated radiotherapy based on equivalent uniform dose and dose-volume optimization in stage III non-small cell lung cancer. Am J Transl Res. 2022;14(7):5195\u2013200.","journal-title":"Am J Transl Res"},{"key":"939_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S33","DOI":"10.4103\/jcrt.JCRT_956_16","volume":"15","author":"K Senthilkumar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Senthilkumar K, Maria Das KJ. Comparison of biological-based and dose volume-based intensity-modulated radiotherapy plans generated using the same treatment planning system. J Cancer Res Ther. 2019;15:S33\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jcrt.JCRT_956_16.","journal-title":"J Cancer Res Ther"},{"issue":"6","key":"939_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1177\/153303461101000607","volume":"10","author":"N Anderson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Anderson N, Lawford C, Khoo V, et al. Improved normal tissue sparing in head and neck radiotherapy using biological cost function based-IMRT. Technol Cancer Res Treat. 2011;10(6):575\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/153303461101000607.","journal-title":"Technol Cancer Res Treat"},{"issue":"1","key":"939_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s13014-017-0784-1","volume":"12","author":"Z Feng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Feng Z, Tao C, Zhu J, et al. An integrated strategy of biological and physical constraints in biological optimization for cervical carcinoma. Radiat Oncol. 2017;12(1):64. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13014-017-0784-1.","journal-title":"Radiat Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"939_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4514","DOI":"10.1120\/jacmp.v15i4.4514","volume":"15","author":"V Pyshniak","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pyshniak V, Fotina I, Zverava A, et al. Efficiency of biological versus physical optimization for single-arc VMAT for prostate and head and neck cases. J Appl Clin Med Phys. 2014;15(4):4514. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1120\/jacmp.v15i4.4514.","journal-title":"J Appl Clin Med Phys"},{"key":"939_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"X. Allen Li, M. Alber, et al. The use and QA of biologically related models for treatment planning: short report of the TG-166 of the therapy physics committee of the AAPM. Med Phys 2012;39: 1386\u20131409. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1118\/1.3685447","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3685447"},{"key":"939_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meddos.2018.02.005","volume":"43","author":"M Clements","year":"2018","unstructured":"Clements M, et al. Monaco treatment planning system tools and optimization processes. Med Dosim. 2018;43:106\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.meddos.2018.02.005.","journal-title":"Med Dosim"},{"issue":"1","key":"939_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.2478\/pjmpe-2021-0002","volume":"27","author":"AK Srivastava","year":"2021","unstructured":"Srivastava AK, et al. Evaluation of dosimetric implications of Pareto and constrained mode of optimization for Monaco TPS generated VMAT plans in post operated carcinoma of the left breast. Pol J Med Phys Eng. 2021;27(1):11\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/pjmpe-2021-0002.","journal-title":"Pol J Med Phys Eng"},{"issue":"3","key":"939_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmir.2023.07.002","volume":"54","author":"AM Jaafar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jaafar AM, Arif RK, Ahmed S, et al. Comparing biological and physical cost functions in VMAT planning for pediatric nasopharyngeal cancer. J Med Imaging Radiat Sci. 2023;54(3):473\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmir.2023.07.002.","journal-title":"J Med Imaging Radiat Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"939_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meddos.2022.02.001","volume":"47","author":"S Can","year":"2022","unstructured":"Can S, Ozer EE, Kara\u00e7etin D. Various cost functions evaluation of commercial biologically based treatment planning system for nasopharyngeal cancer. Med Dosim. 2022;47(2):184\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.meddos.2022.02.001.","journal-title":"Med Dosim"},{"issue":"3","key":"939_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/s0360-3016(96)00601-3","volume":"37","author":"A van\u2019t Riet","year":"1997","unstructured":"van\u2019t Riet A, Mak AC, Moerland MA, et al. A conformation number to quantify the degree of conformality in brachytherapy and external beam irradiation: application to the prostate. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1997;37(3):731\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0360-3016(96)00601-3.","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"issue":"2","key":"939_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2005.06.006","volume":"63","author":"X Wang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wang X, Zhang X, Dong L, et al. Effectiveness of noncoplanar IMRT planning using a parallelized multiresolution beam angle optimization method for paranasal sinus carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;63(2):594\u2013601. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2005.06.006.","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"}],"container-title":["Radiological Physics and Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12194-025-00939-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12194-025-00939-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12194-025-00939-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T12:10:01Z","timestamp":1754914201000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12194-025-00939-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["939"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12194-025-00939-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1865-0333","1865-0341"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1865-0333","type":"print"},{"value":"1865-0341","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 July 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 July 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 July 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"No ethical approval was needed for this study in view of the retrospective nature of the study and all the procedures being performed were part of the routine care.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Not needed.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publish"}}]}}