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Thus, using positron (\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>\n                      <jats:italic>+<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sup>\n                    )-emitting nuclides which are produced in irradiated tissue, positron emission tomography (PET) has been studied, and clinically applied for in vivo range verification in particle therapy. However, a correction method for the biological washout effect is one of the fundamental issues for quantitative verification of the beam range; the irradiation-induced\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>\n                      <jats:italic>+<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sup>\n                    -emitting nuclides are affected by the pathophysiological environment such as blood perfusion. Since the biological washout effect is a tissue-specific phenomenon, extensive basic and clinical research has been conducted for modeling its kinetic process. Although considered as an undesirable factor in PET-based range validation, on the other hand, the biological washout effect may provide unique insights into the vascular status of a tumor and potentially support evaluation of the cancer pathophysiology. Consequently, this review provides a comprehensive outline of studies of the biological washout effect in particle therapy, focusing on both its correction and potential beneficial utilization.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12194-025-01000-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T14:02:56Z","timestamp":1767621776000},"page":"10-20","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Correction and utilization of the washout effect in range-verification PET for particle therapy"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2334-1986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chie","family":"Toramatsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iwao","family":"Kanno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taiga","family":"Yamaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"1000_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1109\/TRPMS.2024.3372189","volume":"8","author":"AC Kraan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kraan AC, Del Guerra A, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. 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