{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T06:58:30Z","timestamp":1781074710508,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771372800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Radiol Phys Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12194-026-01025-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T07:51:18Z","timestamp":1771401078000},"page":"563-572","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Enhancing proton therapy for superficial lesions using patient-specific bolus and multi-leaf collimator"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6428-1137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yushi","family":"Wakisaka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7851-6213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuki","family":"Tominaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6364-0574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline","family":"Bamberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jackeline","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuan Ling","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malgorzata","family":"D\u2019Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7651-5479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robabeh","family":"Rahimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"1025_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15112882","volume":"15","author":"WT Hrinivich","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hrinivich WT, Li H, Tran A, Acharya S, Ladra MM, Sheikh K. Clinical characterization of a table-mounted range shifter board for synchrotron-based intensity modulated proton therapy for pediatric craniospinal irradiation. Cancers (Basel). 2023;15(11):2882. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers15112882.","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"1025_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sisin NNT, Zamri N, Abdullah R, Abdullah AN, Abd Rahni AA, Rahman WN (2022) Radiation attenuation evaluation of different density of polylactic acid (PLA) and tough PLA as tissue-equivalent materials for radiotherapy phantom. In: Proc 19th Asian Workshop on Polymer Processing (AWPP 2022).\u00a0pp. 99\u2013109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-99-2015-0_8","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-99-2015-0_8"},{"key":"1025_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radmeas.2013.02.015","volume":"55","author":"JE Rah","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rah JE, Shin D, Park JH, Hwang UJ, Oh DH, Park SY. Dosimetric verification of treatment planning system superficial dose calculations for proton beam. Radiat Meas. 2013;55:60\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.radmeas.2013.02.015.","journal-title":"Radiat Meas"},{"key":"1025_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13014-021-01873-8","volume":"16","author":"H Lin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lin H, Shi C, Huang S, et al. Applications of various range shifters for proton pencil beam scanning radiotherapy. Radiat Oncol. 2021;16:146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13014-021-01873-8.","journal-title":"Radiat Oncol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1025_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1007\/s13246-019-00772-3","volume":"42","author":"S Rana","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rana S, Samuel EJJ. Measurements of in-air spot size of pencil proton beam for various air gaps in conjunction with a range shifter on a ProteusPLUS PBS dedicated machine and comparison to the proton dose calculation algorithms. Australas Phys Eng Sci Med. 2019;42(3):853\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13246-019-00772-3.","journal-title":"Australas Phys Eng Sci Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1025_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.12241","volume":"19","author":"RJ Shirey","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shirey RJ, Wu HT. Quantifying the effect of air gap, depth, and range shifter thickness on TPS dosimetric accuracy in superficial PBS proton therapy. J Appl Clin Med Phys. 2018;19(1):164\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/acm2.12241.","journal-title":"J Appl Clin Med Phys"},{"issue":"1","key":"1025_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.12675","volume":"45","author":"AC Kraan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kraan AC, Depauw N, Clasie B, Giunta M, Madden T, Kooy HM. Effects of spot parameters in pencil beam scanning treatment planning. Med Phys. 2018;45(1):60\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mp.12675.","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"issue":"3","key":"1025_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.13382","volume":"46","author":"J Alshaikhi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alshaikhi J, Doolan PJ, D\u2019Souza D, et al. Impact of varying planning parameters on proton pencil beam scanning dose distributions in four commercial treatment planning systems. Med Phys. 2019;46(3):1150\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mp.13382.","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"issue":"1","key":"1025_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2015.12.368","volume":"95","author":"M Moteabbed","year":"2016","unstructured":"Moteabbed M, Yock TI, Depauw N, et al. Impact of spot size and beam-shaping devices on the treatment plan quality for pencil beam scanning proton therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2016;95(1):190\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2015.12.368.","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"issue":"3","key":"1025_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meddos.2022.03.003","volume":"47","author":"K Larsen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Larsen K, Cimmiyotti J, Momoh R, et al. Case study of a bolus helmet used to maintain optic chiasm and nerve sparing while improving target coverage using IMPT. Med Dosim. 2022;47(3):242\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.meddos.2022.03.003.","journal-title":"Med Dosim"},{"issue":"3","key":"1025_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meddos.2013.02.007","volume":"38","author":"V Vyas","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vyas V, Palmer L, Mudge R, et al. On bolus for megavoltage photon and electron radiation therapy. Med Dosim. 2013;38(3):268\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.meddos.2013.02.007.","journal-title":"Med Dosim"},{"issue":"1","key":"1025_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13014-018-1148-1","volume":"13","author":"G Dipasquale","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dipasquale G, Poirier A, Sprunger Y, et al. Improving 3D-printing of megavoltage X-rays radiotherapy bolus with surface-scanner. Radiat Oncol. 2018;13(1):203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13014-018-1148-1.","journal-title":"Radiat Oncol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1025_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2021.12896","volume":"22","author":"N Fukumitsu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fukumitsu N, Yamashita T, Mima M, et al. Dose distribution effects of spot-scanning proton beam therapy equipped with a multi-leaf collimator for pediatric brain tumors. Oncol Lett. 2021;22(2):635. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/ol.2021.12896.","journal-title":"Oncol Lett"},{"key":"1025_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2025.105088","volume":"137","author":"Y Wakisaka","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wakisaka Y, Tominaga Y, Furutani KM, Nishio T. Dosimetric and temporal evaluation of dynamic collimation with multi-leaf collimator in scanned proton therapy: a planning study. Phys Med. 2025;137:105088. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejmp.2025.105088.","journal-title":"Phys Med"},{"key":"1025_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.13817","author":"Y Tominaga","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tominaga Y, Sakurai Y, Miyata J, et al. Validation of pencil beam scanning proton therapy with multi-leaf collimator calculated by a commercial Monte Carlo dose engine. J Appl Clin Med Phys. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/acm2.13817.","journal-title":"J Appl Clin Med Phys"},{"key":"1025_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4876299","author":"AJ Olch","year":"2014","unstructured":"Olch AJ, Gerig L, Li H, et al. Dosimetric effects caused by couch tops and immobilization devices: report of AAPM Task Group 176. Med Phys. 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1118\/1.4876299.","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"issue":"2","key":"1025_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.13831","volume":"24","author":"K Jiang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jiang K, MacFarlane M, Mossahebi S, Zakhary MJ. Evaluation of treatment planning system accuracy in estimating the stopping-power ratio of immobilization devices for proton therapy. J Appl Clin Med Phys. 2023;24(2):e13831. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/acm2.13831.","journal-title":"J Appl Clin Med Phys"},{"key":"1025_CR18","unstructured":"Rahimi R, Castro J, D\u2019Souza M et al (2024) Advancing proton therapy with customized 3D-printed bolus solutions. In: AAPM 66th Annual Meeting & Exhibition, Abstract #11522"},{"key":"1025_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2021.106338","volume":"209","author":"L Wei","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wei L, Wang W, Dai Z, Li Y, Shang H. Automated robust SBPT planning using EUD-based prediction of SBRT plan for patients with lung cancer. Comput Methods Programs Biomed. 2021;209:106338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmpb.2021.106338.","journal-title":"Comput Methods Programs Biomed"},{"issue":"4","key":"1025_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e53","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.12810","volume":"45","author":"EE Klein","year":"2018","unstructured":"Klein EE, Hanley J, Bayouth J, et al. Tolerance limits and methodologies for IMRT measurement-based verification QA: recommendations of AAPM task group 218. Med Phys. 2018;45(4):e53\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mp.12810.","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"issue":"1","key":"1025_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2017.09.006","volume":"128","author":"S Michiels","year":"2018","unstructured":"Michiels S, Barrag\u00e1n AM, Souris K, et al. Patient-specific bolus for range shifter air gap reduction in intensity-modulated proton therapy of head-and-neck cancer studied with Monte Carlo based plan optimization. Radiother Oncol. 2018;128(1):161\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.radonc.2017.09.006.","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"key":"1025_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2025.105684","volume":"140","author":"Y Tominaga","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tominaga Y, Wakisaka Y, Kato T, et al. Improvements of lateral penumbra at various depth regions in proton pencil beam scanning with a multileaf collimator: dose verifications and plan comparisons. Phys Med. 2025;140:105684. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejmp.2025.105684.","journal-title":"Phys Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1025_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/41\/1\/009","volume":"41","author":"U Schneider","year":"1996","unstructured":"Schneider U, Pedroni E, Lomax A. The calibration of CT Hounsfield units for radiotherapy treatment planning. Phys Med Biol. 1996;41(1):111\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/0031-9155\/41\/1\/009.","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"issue":"13","key":"1025_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5037","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/61\/13\/5037","volume":"61","author":"N Kanematsu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kanematsu N, Inaniwa T, Nakao M. Modeling of body tissues for Monte Carlo simulation of radiotherapy treatments planned with conventional x-ray CT systems. Phys Med Biol. 2016;61(13):5037\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/0031-9155\/61\/13\/5037.","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1025_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.13134","volume":"22","author":"M Kang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kang M, Hasan S, Press RH, et al. Using patient-specific bolus for pencil beam scanning proton treatment of periorbital disease. J Appl Clin Med Phys. 2021;22(1):203\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/acm2.13134.","journal-title":"J Appl Clin Med Phys"}],"container-title":["Radiological Physics and Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12194-026-01025-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12194-026-01025-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12194-026-01025-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T06:17:41Z","timestamp":1781072261000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12194-026-01025-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["1025"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12194-026-01025-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1865-0333","1865-0341"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1865-0333","type":"print"},{"value":"1865-0341","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 January 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 February 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 February 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Malgorzata D\u2019Souza is employed by Adaptiiv. The other authors declare no conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This study did not involve human or animal subjects; therefore, no ethical approval or trial registration was required.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}