{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T01:49:55Z","timestamp":1792547395354,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778112000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011699","name":"Siemens Healthineers","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["C00242266"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C00242266"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011699","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Radiol Phys Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Accurate assessment of bone mineral density (BMD) is crucial for evaluating bone loss in elderly and oncologic patients. Quantitative computed tomography (QCT) enables noninvasive quantification of patient BMD and can be performed opportunistically during routine CT examinations using either conventional or multi-energy CT (MECT). While both methods are used clinically, MECT can address limitations of conventional CT-based QCT.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study addresses a critical gap in the literature by systematically evaluating commercially available calibration phantoms for use with MECT, assessing the impact of protocol variations, establishing a calcium-based material decomposition workflow for BMD quantification, validating phantom-derived metrics against patient data, and providing recommendations for integrating quality control (QC) into routine clinical workflows.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Five CT QC phantoms containing bone-approximating materials, including calcium (Phantom A), dipotassium phosphate (Phantom B), hydroxyapatite (Phantom C), and calcium carbonate (Phantoms D and E), were evaluated by determining the dual-energy ratio (DER) of inserts. Phantoms were scanned on two identical dual-source CTs at 90\/150Sn and 100\/150Sn kVp with dose levels of 10 and 20 mGy. Images were reconstructed using filtered back-projection and iterative reconstruction. Phantom DERs were compared with retrospective vertebral measurements from a 10-patient cohort.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Phantom A provided the most suitable representation of patient data, exhibiting a DER of 1.55 [95%CI:1.54\u20131.57] at 100\/150Sn kVp, compared with 1.44 [95%CI:1.37\u20131.50] in patients. kVp significantly influenced response, whereas radiation dose and reconstruction approach had minimal effect.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Phantom selection is critical for MECT-based QCT, and calcium-based phantoms are well-suited for clinical QC and BMD quantification workflows.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12194-026-01059-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T11:34:43Z","timestamp":1778153683000},"page":"806-816","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Quality control of opportunistic multi-energy CT bone mineral density quantification"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Emily A.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan C.","family":"Jacobsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel M.","family":"Barbee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cayla A.","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0185-3390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rick R.","family":"Layman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"1059_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2025.117418","volume":"193","author":"J Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang J, Luo S, Wang F, Canavese F, Li L. Global burden of injury due to low bone mineral density in adults aged 55 years and older, 1990 to 2021: A population-based study. Bone. 2025;193:117418. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bone.2025.117418.","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"1059_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882241","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.882241","volume":"13","author":"Y Shen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shen Y, Huang X, Wu J, Lin X, Zhou X, Zhu Z, et al. The global burden of osteoporosis, low bone mass, and its related fracture in 204 Countries and territories, 1990\u20132019. Front Endocrinol. 2022;13:882241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2022.882241.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"1059_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e580","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-7568(21)00172-0","volume":"2","author":"A-M Wu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wu A-M, Bisignano C, James SL, Abady GG, Abedi A, Abu-Gharbieh E, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of bone fractures in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Healthy Longev. 2021;2:e580\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2666-7568(21)00172-0.","journal-title":"Lancet Healthy Longev"},{"key":"1059_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2016.03.003","volume":"19","author":"EM Lewiecki","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lewiecki EM, Binkley N, Morgan SL, Shuhart CR, Camargos BM, Carey JJ, et al. Best practices for dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measurement and reporting: International society for clinical densitometry guidance. J Clin Densitometry. 2016;19:127\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jocd.2016.03.003.","journal-title":"J Clin Densitometry"},{"key":"1059_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2007.02.022","volume":"41","author":"HH Bolotin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bolotin HH. DXA in vivo BMD methodology: An erroneous and misleading research and clinical gauge of bone mineral status, bone fragility, and bone remodelling. Bone. 2007;41:138\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bone.2007.02.022.","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"1059_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.506","volume":"27","author":"EW Yu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yu EW, Thomas BJ, Brown JK, Finkelstein JS. Simulated increases in body fat and errors in bone mineral density measurements by DXA and QCT. J Bone Miner Res. 2012;27:119\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jbmr.506.","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"1059_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(76)90008-8","volume":"308","author":"I Isherwood","year":"1976","unstructured":"Isherwood I, Rutherford RA, Pullan BR, Adams PH. Bone-mineral estimation by computer-assisted transverse axial tomography. Lancet. 1976;308:712\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(76)90008-8.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1059_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1097\/00004424-197711000-00015","volume":"12","author":"HK Genant","year":"1977","unstructured":"Genant HK, Boyd D. Quantitative bone mineral analysis using dual energy computed tomography. Invest Radiol. 1977;12:545\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00004424-197711000-00015.","journal-title":"Invest Radiol"},{"key":"1059_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2009.04.074","volume":"71","author":"JE Adams","year":"2009","unstructured":"Adams JE. Quantitative computed tomography. Eur J Radiol. 2009;71:415\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejrad.2009.04.074.","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"1059_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.03.002","volume":"18","author":"PJ Pickhardt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pickhardt PJ, Bodeen G, Brett A, Brown JK, Binkley N. Comparison of femoral neck BMD evaluation obtained using lunar DXA and QCT With asynchronous calibration From CT colonography. J Clin Densitometry. 2015;18:5\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.03.002.","journal-title":"J Clin Densitometry"},{"key":"1059_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-158-8-201304160-00003","volume":"158","author":"PJ Pickhardt","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pickhardt PJ, Pooler BD, Lauder T, del Rio AM, Bruce RJ, Binkley N. Opportunistic screening for osteoporosis using abdominal computed tomography scans obtained for other indications. Ann Intern Med. 2013;158:588\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/0003-4819-158-8-201304160-00003.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"1059_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jot.2015.08.006","volume":"3","author":"AD Brett","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brett AD, Brown JK. Quantitative computed tomography and opportunistic bone density screening by dual use of computed tomography scans. J Orthop Translat. 2015;3:178\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jot.2015.08.006.","journal-title":"J Orthop Translat"},{"key":"1059_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2018.01.013","volume":"110","author":"KL Troy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Troy KL, Edwards WB. Practical considerations for obtaining high quality quantitative computed tomography data of the skeletal system. Bone. 2018;110:58\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bone.2018.01.013.","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"1059_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1118\/1.595951","volume":"13","author":"JR Vetter","year":"1986","unstructured":"Vetter JR, Perman WH, Kalender WA, Mazess RB, Holden JE. Evaluation of a prototype dual-energy computed tomographic apparatus. II. Determination of vertebral bone mineral content. Med Phys. 1986;13:340\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1118\/1.595951.","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"1059_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1111\/1754-9485.13537","volume":"67","author":"M Lin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lin M, Ridley L, Seibel MJ. Prediction of low DEXA T -scores by routine computed tomography body scans at different kilovoltage peaks. J Med Imag Rad Onc. 2023;67:602\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1754-9485.13537.","journal-title":"J Med Imag Rad Onc"},{"key":"1059_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114502","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4031572","volume":"137","author":"H Giambini","year":"2015","unstructured":"Giambini H, Dragomir-Daescu D, Huddleston PM, Camp JJ, An K-N, Nassr A. The effect of quantitative computed tomography acquisition protocols on bone mineral density estimation. J Biomech Eng. 2015;137:114502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.4031572.","journal-title":"J Biomech Eng"},{"key":"1059_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2010.08.034","volume":"80","author":"T Baum","year":"2011","unstructured":"Baum T, M\u00fcller D, Dobritz M, Rummeny EJ, Link TM, Bauer JS. BMD measurements of the spine derived from sagittal reformations of contrast-enhanced MDCT without dedicated software. Eur J Radiol. 2011;80:e140\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejrad.2010.08.034.","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"1059_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.06.1006","volume":"188","author":"JS Bauer","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bauer JS, Henning TD, M\u00fceller D, Lu Y, Majumdar S, Link TM. Volumetric quantitative CT of the spine and hip derived from contrast-enhanced MDCT: Conversion factors. Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188:1294\u2013301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/AJR.06.1006.","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"1059_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2020.109321","volume":"132","author":"C Booz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Booz C, Noeske J, Albrecht MH, Lenga L, Martin SS, Yel I, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of quantitative dual-energy CT-based bone mineral density assessment in comparison to Hounsfield unit measurements using dual x-ray absorptiometry as standard of reference. Eur J Radiol. 2020;132:109321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejrad.2020.109321.","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"1059_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1118\/1.595025","volume":"8","author":"LA Lehmann","year":"1981","unstructured":"Lehmann LA, Alvarez RE, Macovski A, Brody WR, Pelc NJ, Riederer SJ, et al. Generalized image combinations in dual KVP digital radiography. Med Phys. 1981;8:659\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1118\/1.595025.","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"1059_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.168.1.3380964","volume":"168","author":"EL Nickoloff","year":"1988","unstructured":"Nickoloff EL, Feldman F, Atherton JV. Bone mineral assessment: new dual-energy CT approach. Radiology. 1988;168:223\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiology.168.1.3380964.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"1059_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6284","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-06608-y","volume":"7","author":"L Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang L, Su Y, Wang Q, Duanmu Y, Yang M, Yi C, et al. Validation of asynchronous quantitative bone densitometry of the spine: Accuracy, short-term reproducibility, and a comparison with conventional quantitative computed tomography. Sci Rep. 2017;7:6284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-06608-y.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1059_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/0720-048X(95)00631-Y","volume":"20","author":"WA Kalender","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kalender WA, Felsenberg D, Genant HK, Fischer M, Dequeker J, Reeve J. The European Spine Phantom \u2014 a tool for standardization and quality control in spinal bone mineral measurements by DXA and QCT. Eur J Radiol. 1995;20:83\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0720-048X(95)00631-Y.","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"1059_CR24","unstructured":"GAMMEX. Tissue Characterization Phantom Model 467 User\u2019s Guide. Middleton, WI.; 2004."},{"key":"1059_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1118\/1.596862","volume":"19","author":"C Constantinou","year":"1992","unstructured":"Constantinou C, Harrington JC, DeWerd LA. An Electron density calibration phantom for CT-based treatment planning computers. Med Phys. 1992;19:325\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1118\/1.596862.","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"1059_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Thompson EA, Jacobsen MC, Fuentes DT, Layman RR, Cressman ENK. Quantitative dual-energy computed tomography with cesium as a novel contrast agent for localization of thermochemical ablation in phantoms and ex vivo models. Medical Physics. 2023;mp.16558. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mp.16558","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.16558"},{"key":"1059_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2015142631","volume":"276","author":"CH McCollough","year":"2015","unstructured":"McCollough CH, Leng S, Yu L, Fletcher JG, Dual-, Multi-Energy CT. Principles, technical approaches, and clinical applications. Radiology. 2015;276:637\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiol.2015142631.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"1059_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3083567","volume":"36","author":"AN Primak","year":"2009","unstructured":"Primak AN, Ramirez Giraldo JC, Liu X, Yu L, McCollough CH. Improved dual-energy material discrimination for dual-source CT by means of additional spectral filtration. Med Phys. 2009;36:1359\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1118\/1.3083567.","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"1059_CR29","volume-title":"Biostatistical analysis","author":"JH Zar","year":"1999","unstructured":"Zar JH. Biostatistical analysis. 4 ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall; 1999.","edition":"4"},{"key":"1059_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2021200049","volume":"41","author":"A Parakh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Parakh A, An C, Lennartz S, Rajiah P, Yeh BM, Simeone FJ, et al. Recognizing and minimizing artifacts at dual-energy CT. Radiographics. 2021;41:509\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/rg.2021200049.","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"1059_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"McCollough CH, Boedeker K, Cody D, Duan X, Flohr T, Halliburton SS et al. Principles and applications of multienergy CT: Report of AAPM task Group 291. Med Phys [Internet]. 2020;47. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mp.14157","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.14157"},{"key":"1059_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.164.2.3602380","volume":"164","author":"WA Kalender","year":"1987","unstructured":"Kalender WA, Klotz E, Suess C. Vertebral bone mineral analysis: an integrated approach with CT. Radiology. 1987;164:419\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiology.164.2.3602380.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"1059_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02405022","volume":"35","author":"RB Mazess","year":"1983","unstructured":"Mazess RB. Errors in measuring trabecular bone by computed tomography due to marrow and bone composition. Calcif Tissue Int. 1983;35:148\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02405022.","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"1059_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1383(16)47003-8","volume":"47","author":"G Osterhoff","year":"2016","unstructured":"Osterhoff G, Morgan EF, Shefelbine SJ, Karim L, McNamara LM, Augat P. Bone mechanical properties and changes with osteoporosis. Injury. 2016;47:S11\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0020-1383(16)47003-8.","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"1059_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20729","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-24546-2","volume":"12","author":"S Skornitzke","year":"2022","unstructured":"Skornitzke S, Vats N, Kopytova T, Tong EWY, Hofbauer T, Weber TF, et al. Asynchronous calibration of quantitative computed tomography bone mineral density assessment for opportunistic osteoporosis screening: phantom-based validation and parameter influence evaluation. Sci Rep. 2022;12:20729. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-24546-2.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1059_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1148\/128.1.103","volume":"128","author":"JG Bradley","year":"1978","unstructured":"Bradley JG, Huang HK, Ledley RS. Evaluation of calcium concentration in bones from CT scans. Radiology. 1978;128:103\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/128.1.103.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"1059_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.12812","volume":"45","author":"JL Nute","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nute JL, Jacobsen MC, Stefan W, Wei W, Cody DD. Development of a dual-energy computed tomography quality control program: Characterization of scanner response and definition of relevant parameters for a fast\u2010kVp switching dual\u2010energy computed tomography system. Med Phys. 2018;45:1444\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mp.12812.","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"1059_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2017170896","volume":"287","author":"MC Jacobsen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jacobsen MC, Schellingerhout D, Wood CA, Tamm EP, Godoy MC, Sun J, et al. Intermanufacturer comparison of dual-energy CT iodine quantification and monochromatic attenuation: A phantom study. Radiology. 2018;287:224\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiol.2017170896.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"1059_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3752","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.14241","volume":"47","author":"MC Jacobsen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jacobsen MC, Thrower SL, Ger RB, Leng S, Court LE, Brock KK, et al. Multi-energy computed tomography and material quantification: Current barriers and opportunities for advancement. Med Phys. 2020;47:3752\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mp.14241.","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"1059_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.21037\/qims-20-1013","volume":"11","author":"M Woisetschl\u00e4ger","year":"2021","unstructured":"Woisetschl\u00e4ger M, H\u00e4gg M, Sp\u00e5ngeus A. Computed tomography-based opportunistic osteoporosis assessment: a comparison of two software applications for lumbar vertebral volumetric bone mineral density measurements. Quant Imaging Med Surg. 2021;11:1333\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21037\/qims-20-1013.","journal-title":"Quant Imaging Med Surg"}],"container-title":["Radiological Physics and Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12194-026-01059-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12194-026-01059-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12194-026-01059-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T06:17:25Z","timestamp":1781072245000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12194-026-01059-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["1059"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12194-026-01059-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1865-0333","1865-0341"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1865-0333","type":"print"},{"value":"1865-0341","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 March 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 April 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 May 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"RRL is supported by Siemens Healthineers Strategic Alliance Partnership (C00242266).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This retrospective study was approved by The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Institutional Review Board.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent is not applicable to this study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}]}}