{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T04:34:14Z","timestamp":1788669254683,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":190,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759017600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759017600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Folia Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-025-01354-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T02:53:23Z","timestamp":1759028003000},"page":"1111-1133","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["hMPV co-infections: Distinct immunopathogenic mechanisms and clinical implications of viral and bacterial pathogenesis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"70","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5993-9876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed Sib Tul Hassan","family":"Shah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iqra","family":"Naeem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nabeel Khalid","family":"Bhutta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gao","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatima","family":"Noor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"1354_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60327-353-4_7","volume":"943","author":"GM Abdeldaim","year":"2013","unstructured":"Abdeldaim GM, Herrmann B (2013) PCR detection of Haemophilus influenzae from respiratory specimens. Methods Mol Biol 943:115\u2013123","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"1354_CR2","first-page":"170","volume":"15","author":"M Abu-Helalah","year":"2025","unstructured":"Abu-Helalah M, Abu Lubad M, Al-Hanaktah M, Al Tibi A, Alhousani M, Drysdale SB (2025) The epidemiology and clinical burdens of human parainfluenza virus infections amongst hospitalized children under 5 years of age in Jordan: a national multi-center cross-sectional study. J Epidemiol Glob Health 15:170\u2013177","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Glob Health"},{"key":"1354_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/1372494","volume":"2020","author":"PL Acosta","year":"2020","unstructured":"Acosta PL, Byrne AB, Hijano DR, Talarico LB (2020) Human type I interferon antiviral effects in respiratory and reemerging viral infections. J Immunol Res 2020:1372494","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"1354_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adam EG, Teoh Z, Conrey SC, Burke RM, Cline AR, Killerby ME, Lu X, Mattison C, McNeal M, Morrow AL, Payne DC, Staat MA (2022) Incidence of adenovirus respiratory infection and coinfection in a longitudinal birth cohort. Open Forum Infect Dis 9(Suppl 2):ofac492.017","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofac492.017"},{"key":"1354_CR5","first-page":"95","volume":"10","author":"KMS Adivitiya","year":"2021","unstructured":"Adivitiya KMS, Chakraborty S, Veleri S, Kateriya S (2021) Mucociliary respiratory epithelium integrity in molecular defense and susceptibility to pulmonary viral infections. Biology (Basel) 10:95\u2013111","journal-title":"Biology (Basel)"},{"key":"1354_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1080\/23744235.2025.2453824","volume":"57","author":"A Akingbola","year":"2025","unstructured":"Akingbola A, Adegbesan A, TundeAlao S, Adewole O, Ayikoru C, Benson AE, Chuku J (2025) Human metapneumovirus: an emerging respiratory pathogen and the urgent need for improved diagnostics, surveillance, and vaccine development. Infect Dis 57:304\u2013310","journal-title":"Infect Dis"},{"key":"1354_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trim.2021.101495","volume":"70","author":"E Aleebrahim-Dehkordi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Aleebrahim-Dehkordi E, Molavi B, Mokhtari M, Deravi N, Fathi M, Fazel T, Hasanpour-Dehkordi A (2022) T helper type (Th1\/Th2) responses to SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A (H1N1) virus: from cytokines produced to immune responses. Transpl Immunol 70:101495","journal-title":"Transpl Immunol"},{"key":"1354_CR8","first-page":"23","volume":"103","author":"A Alharthy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alharthy A, Faqihi F, Karakitsos D (2020) SARS-CoV-2 complicated by sinusitis and co-infection with human metapneumovirus. R I Med J (2013) 103:23\u201324","journal-title":"R I Med J (2013)"},{"key":"1354_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14003","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.24.14003-14011.2004","volume":"78","author":"R Alvarez","year":"2004","unstructured":"Alvarez R, Harrod KS, Shieh WJ, Zaki S, Tripp RA (2004) Human metapneumovirus persists in BALB\/c mice despite the presence of neutralizing antibodies. J Virol 78:14003\u201314011","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"1354_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.3390\/v12060637","volume":"12","author":"CA Andrade","year":"2020","unstructured":"Andrade CA, Pacheco GA, G\u00e1lvez NM, Soto JA, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM (2020) Innate immune components that regulate the pathogenesis and resolution of hRSV and hMPV infections. Viruses 12:637\u2013656","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"1354_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01232","volume":"8","author":"E Andreakos","year":"2017","unstructured":"Andreakos E, Salagianni M, Galani IE, Koltsida O (2017) Interferon-\u03bbs: front-line guardians of immunity and homeostasis in the respiratory tract. Front Immunol 8:1232","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"1354_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017818","volume":"6","author":"A Bagnaud-Baule","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bagnaud-Baule A, Reynard O, Perret M, Berland JL, Maache M, Peyrefitte C, Vernet G, Volchkov V, Paranhos-Baccala G (2011) The human metapneumovirus matrix protein stimulates the inflammatory immune response in vitro. PLoS ONE 6:e17818","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1354_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.3390\/v12050542","volume":"12","author":"M Ballegeer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ballegeer M, Saelens X (2020) Cell-mediated responses to human metapneumovirus infection. Viruses 12:542\u2013557","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"1354_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000077","volume":"4","author":"X Bao","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bao X, Liu T, Shan Y, Li K, Garofalo RP, Casola A (2008) Human metapneumovirus glycoprotein G inhibits innate immune responses. PLoS Pathog 4:e1000077","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"1354_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0062568","volume":"8","author":"X Bao","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bao X, Kolli D, Ren J, Liu T, Garofalo RP, Casola A (2013) Human metapneumovirus glycoprotein G disrupts mitochondrial signaling in airway epithelial cells. PLoS ONE 8:e62568","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1354_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.011","volume":"13","author":"M Bchetnia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bchetnia M, Girard C, Duchaine C, Laprise C (2020) The outbreak of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): a review of the current global status. J Infect Public Health 13:1601\u20131610","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"key":"1354_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/B:VIRU.0000012260.32578.72","volume":"28","author":"Y Becker","year":"2004","unstructured":"Becker Y (2004a) The changes in the T helper 1 (Th1) and T helper 2 (Th2) cytokine balance during HIV-1 infection are indicative of an allergic response to viral proteins that may be reversed by Th2 cytokine inhibitors and immune response modifiers\u2014a review and hypothesis. Virus Genes 28:5\u201318","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"1354_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1023\/B:VIRU.0000025778.56507.61","volume":"28","author":"Y Becker","year":"2004","unstructured":"Becker Y (2004b) HIV-1 induced AIDS is an allergy and the allergen is the shed gp120\u2014a review, hypothesis, and implications. Virus Genes 28:319\u2013331","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"1354_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3733","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.6.3733","volume":"181","author":"M Benoit","year":"2008","unstructured":"Benoit M, Desnues B, Mege JL (2008) Macrophage polarization in bacterial infections. J Immunol 181:3733\u20133739","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"1354_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2025.01.029","volume":"168","author":"SP Bhatt","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bhatt SP, Rabe KF, Hanania NA, Vogelmeier CF, Bafadhel M, Christenson SA, Papi A, Singh D, Laws E, Dakin P, Maloney J, Lu X, Bauer D, Bansal A, Abdulai R, Robinson LB (2025) Effect of dupilumab on health-related quality of life and respiratory symptoms in patients with COPD and type 2 inflammation: boreas and NOTUS. Chest 168:56\u201366","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"1354_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20243","volume":"75","author":"S Bosis","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bosis S, Esposito S, Niesters HGM, Crovari P, Osterhaus ADME, Principi N (2005) Impact of human metapneumovirus in childhood: comparison with respiratory syncytial virus and influenza viruses. J Med Virol 75:101\u2013104","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"1354_CR23","first-page":"232","volume":"16","author":"PM Brown","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brown PM, Schneeberger DL, Piedimonte G (2015) Biomarkers of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection: specific neutrophil and cytokine levels provide increased accuracy in predicting disease severity. Pediatr Respir Rev 16:232\u2013240","journal-title":"Pediatr Respir Rev"},{"key":"1354_CR24","unstructured":"Brynes A (2025) Human metapneumovirus small hydrophobic protein degrades JAKs to block immune signals. University of Pittsburgh."},{"key":"1354_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e318162a164","volume":"27","author":"S Caracciolo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Caracciolo S, Minini C, Colombrita D, Rossi D, Miglietti N, Vettore E, Caruso A, Fiorentini S (2008) Human metapneumovirus infection in young children hospitalized with acute respiratory tract disease: virologic and clinical features. Pediatr Infect Dis J 27:406\u2013412","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"1354_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8562","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27238562","volume":"27","author":"J Ceramella","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ceramella J, Iacopetta D, Sinicropi MS, Andreu I, Mariconda A, Saturnino C, Giuzio F, Longo P, Aquaro S, Catalano A (2022) Drugs for COVID-19: an update. Molecules 27:8562","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"1354_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12083","volume":"139","author":"PF C\u00e9spedes","year":"2013","unstructured":"C\u00e9spedes PF, Gonzalez PA, Kalergis AM (2013) Human metapneumovirus keeps dendritic cells from priming antigen-specific naive T cells. Immunology 139:366\u2013376","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"1354_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E3214","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1400760111","volume":"111","author":"PF C\u00e9spedes","year":"2014","unstructured":"C\u00e9spedes PF, Bueno SM, Ram\u00edrez BA, Gomez RS, Riquelme SA, Palavecino CE, Mackern-Oberti JP, Mora JE, Depoil D, Sacrist\u00e1n C, Cammer M, Creneguy A, Nguyen TH, Riedel CA, Dustin ML, Kalergis AM (2014) Surface expression of the hRSV nucleoprotein impairs immunological synapse formation with T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111:E3214\u2013E3223","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"1354_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00081-15","volume":"29","author":"PF C\u00e9spedes","year":"2016","unstructured":"C\u00e9spedes PF, Palavecino CE, Kalergis AM, Bueno SM (2016) Modulation of host immunity by the human metapneumovirus. Clin Microbiol Rev 29:795\u2013818","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"1354_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.3390\/v9100310","volume":"9","author":"NR Cheemarla","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cheemarla NR, Guerrero-Plata A (2017) Human metapneumovirus attachment protein contributes to neutrophil recruitment into the airways of infected mice. Viruses 9:310","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"1354_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2543","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.000218","volume":"96","author":"T Chirkova","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chirkova T, Lin S, Oomens AGP, Gaston KA, Boyoglu-Barnum S, Meng J, Stobart CC, Cotton CU, Hatert TV, Moore ML, Ziady AG, Anderson LJ (2015) CX3CR1 is an important surface molecule for respiratory syncytial virus infection in human airway epithelial cells. J Gen Virol 96:2543\u20132556","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"1354_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piu099","volume":"5","author":"HY Chu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chu HY, Englund JA, Strelitz B, Lacombe K, Jones C, Follmer K, Martin EK, Bradford M, Qin X, Kuypers J, Klein EJ (2016) Rhinovirus disease in children seeking care in a tertiary pediatric emergency department. J Pediatr Infect Dis Soc 5:29\u201338","journal-title":"J Pediatr Infect Dis Soc"},{"key":"1354_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01282-17","volume":"91","author":"N Cifuentes-Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cifuentes-Mu\u00f1oz N, Branttie J, Slaughter KB, Dutch RE (2017) Human metapneumovirus induces formation of inclusion bodies for efficient genome replication and transcription. J Virol 91:e01282\u201317","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"1354_CR34","first-page":"659","volume":"36","author":"LR Clayville","year":"2011","unstructured":"Clayville LR (2011) Influenza update: a review of currently available vaccines. Pharm Ther 36:659\u2013684","journal-title":"Pharm Ther"},{"key":"1354_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2022.105386","volume":"106","author":"S Cong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cong S, Wang C, Wei T, Xie Z, Huang Y, Tan J, Chen A, Ma F, Zheng L (2022) Human metapneumovirus in hospitalized children with acute respiratory tract infections in Beijing, China. Infect Genet Evol 106:105386","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"1354_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2005.04.027","volume":"23","author":"M Darniot","year":"2005","unstructured":"Darniot M, Petrella T, Aho S, Pothier P, Manoha C (2005) Immune response and alteration of pulmonary function after primary human metapneumovirus (hMPV) infection of BALB\/c mice. Vaccine 23:4473\u20134480","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"1354_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2104","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.000178","volume":"96","author":"J Deng","year":"2015","unstructured":"Deng J, Chen Y, Liu G, Ren J, Go C, Ivanciuc T, Deepthi K, Casola A, Garofalo RP, Bao X (2015) Mitochondrial antiviral-signalling protein plays an essential role in host immunity against human metapneumovirus. J Gen Virol 96:2104\u20132113","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"1354_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Cataldo I, Proietto A, Coppolino I, Cannav\u00f2 MF, Cotroneo A, Bello FL, Ruggeri P, Adcock IM, Caramori G (2020) Bacterial infections in the lungs of patients with systemic autoimmune diseases. In: Handbook of systemic autoimmune diseases. Vol 16. Elsevier, pp 1\u201311.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-64217-2.00001-4"},{"key":"1354_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.3390\/v12070781","volume":"12","author":"M Diab","year":"2020","unstructured":"Diab M, Schmiedel D, Seidel E, Bacharach E, Mandelboim O (2020) Human metapneumovirus escapes NK cell recognition through the downregulation of stress-induced ligands for NKG2D. Viruses 12:781","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"1354_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s44197-025-00380-3","volume":"15","author":"Y Ding","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ding Y, Zhang L, Wang X, Wu R, Zhang A, Zhao B, Ye C (2025) Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of human metapneumovirus-associated acute respiratory tract infection cases in the Pudong New Area, Shanghai, from 2014 to 2023. J Epidemiol Glob Health 15:38","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Glob Health"},{"key":"1354_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2007-0285OC","volume":"38","author":"DL Dinwiddie","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dinwiddie DL, Harrod KS (2008) Human metapneumovirus inhibits IFN-alpha signaling through inhibition of STAT1 phosphorylation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 38:661\u2013670","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"1354_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.2353\/jmoldx.2010.090071","volume":"12","author":"DH Do","year":"2010","unstructured":"Do DH, Laus S, Leber A, Marcon MJ, Jordan JA, Martin JM, Wadowsky RM (2010) A one-step, real-time PCR assay for rapid detection of rhinovirus. J Mol Diagn 12:102\u2013108","journal-title":"J Mol Diagn"},{"key":"1354_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v14122645","volume":"14","author":"Y Du","year":"2022","unstructured":"Du Y, Wang C, Zhang Y (2022) Viral coinfections. Viruses 14:2645","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"1354_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1204630","volume":"368","author":"KM Edwards","year":"2013","unstructured":"Edwards KM, Zhu Y, Griffin MR, Weinberg GA, Hall CB, Szilagyi PG, Staat MA, Iwane M, Prill MM, Williams JV (2013) Burden of human metapneumovirus infection in young children. N Engl J Med 368:633\u2013643","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1354_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005922","volume":"12","author":"F El Najjar","year":"2016","unstructured":"El Najjar F, Cifuentes-Mu\u00f1oz N, Chen J, Zhu H, Buchholz UJ, Moncman CL, Dutch RE (2016) Human metapneumovirus induces reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton for direct cell-to-cell spread. PLoS Pathog 12:e1005922","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"1354_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01589-23","volume":"14","author":"F El Najjar","year":"2023","unstructured":"El Najjar F, Castillo SR, Moncman CL, Wu CY, Isla E, Velez Ortega AC, Frolenkov GI, Cifuentes-Munoz N, Dutch RE (2023) Imaging analysis reveals budding of filamentous human metapneumovirus virions and direct transfer of inclusion bodies through intercellular extensions. Mbio 14:e01589\u201323","journal-title":"Mbio"},{"key":"1354_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2016.58928","volume":"13","author":"MS Ellulu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ellulu MS, Patimah I, Khaza\u2019ai H, Rahmat A, Abed Y (2017) Obesity and inflammation: the linking mechanism and the complications. Arch Med Sci 13:851\u2013863","journal-title":"Arch Med Sci"},{"key":"1354_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1584800","volume":"37","author":"S Esposito","year":"2016","unstructured":"Esposito S, Mastrolia MV (2016) Metapneumovirus infections and respiratory complications. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 37:512\u2013521","journal-title":"Semin Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"1354_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.1097\/MS9.0000000000000679","volume":"85","author":"SS Faraj","year":"2023","unstructured":"Faraj SS, Jalal PJ (2023) IL1\u03b2, IL-6, and TNF-\u03b1 cytokines cooperate to modulate a complicated medical condition among COVID-19 patients: case-control study. Ann Med Surg 85:2291\u20132297","journal-title":"Ann Med Surg"},{"key":"1354_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000207480.55201.f6","volume":"25","author":"V Foulongne","year":"2006","unstructured":"Foulongne V, Guyon G, Rodi\u00e8re M, Segondy M (2006) Human metapneumovirus infection in young children hospitalized with respiratory tract disease. Pediatr Infect Dis J 25:354\u2013359","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"1354_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.46234\/ccdcw2024.047","volume":"6","author":"Y Gao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gao Y, Ma Y, Feng D, Zhang F, Wang B, Liu X, Zhu B, Xie H, Zhao L, Long X, Chen Y (2024) Epidemiological characteristics of human parainfluenza viruses infections\u2014China, 2019\u20132023. China CDC Wkly 6:235","journal-title":"China CDC Wkly"},{"key":"1354_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2904.230046","volume":"29","author":"ML Garc\u00eda-Garc\u00eda","year":"2023","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Garc\u00eda ML, P\u00e9rez-Arenas E, P\u00e9rez-Hernandez P, Falces-Romero I, Ruiz S, Pozo F, Casas I, Calvo C (2023) Human metapneumovirus infections during COVID-19 pandemic, Spain. Emerg Infect Dis 29:850","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"1354_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2011.10.017","volume":"162","author":"A Garc\u00eda-Sastre","year":"2011","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Sastre A (2011) Induction and evasion of type I interferon responses by influenza viruses. Virus Res 162:12\u201318","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"1354_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.3390\/v13010139","volume":"13","author":"J Geiser","year":"2021","unstructured":"Geiser J, Boivin G, Huang S, Constant S, Kaiser L, Tapparel C, Essaidi-Laziosi M (2021) RSV and HMPV infections in 3D tissue cultures: mechanisms involved in virus-host and virus-virus interactions. Viruses 13:139","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"1354_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98600","DOI":"10.5501\/wjv.v13.i4.98600","volume":"13","author":"VE Georgakopoulou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Georgakopoulou VE (2024) Insights from respiratory virus co-infections. World J Virol 13:98600","journal-title":"World J Virol"},{"key":"1354_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.15.09.19499-en","volume":"15","author":"G Gioula","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gioula G, Chatzidimitriou D, Melidou A, Exindari M, Kyriazopoulou-Dalaina V (2010) Contribution of human metapneumovirus to influenza-like infections in North Greece, 2005\u20132008. Euro Surveill 15:19499","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"1354_CR58","volume":"16","author":"S Gligorevic","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gligorevic S, Brezic N, Petcu A, Sviggum E, Dumic I (2024) Pulmonary blastomycosis in two immunocompetent patients: the role of obesity and vitamin D deficiency. Cureus 16:e70366","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"1354_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0903.020289","volume":"9","author":"J Greensill","year":"2003","unstructured":"Greensill J, McNamara PS, Dove W, Flanagan B, Smyth RL, Hart CA (2003) Human metapneumovirus in severe respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. Emerg Infect Dis 9:372\u2013375","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"1354_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10190","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.16.10190-10199.2005","volume":"79","author":"A Guerrero-Plata","year":"2005","unstructured":"Guerrero-Plata A, Baron S, Poast JS, Adegboyega PA, Casola A, Garofalo RP (2005) Activity and regulation of alpha interferon in respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus experimental infections. J Virol 79:10190\u201310199","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"1354_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00070-23","volume":"8","author":"M Guo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guo M, Lu M, Chen K, Xu R, Xia Y, Liu X, Liu Z, Liu Q (2023) Akkermansia muciniphila and Lactobacillus plantarum ameliorate systemic lupus erythematosus by possibly regulating immune response and remodeling gut microbiota. mSphere 8:e00070\u201323","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"1354_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3391","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.83250-0","volume":"88","author":"M\u00c8 Hamelin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hamelin M\u00c8, Couture C, Sackett MK, Boivin G (2007) Enhanced lung disease and Th2 response following human metapneumovirus infection in mice immunized with the inactivated virus. J Gen Virol 88:3391\u20133400","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"1354_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2010.07.001","volume":"88","author":"ME Hamelin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hamelin ME, Gagnon C, Prince GA, Kiener P, Suzich J, Ulbrandt N, Boivin G (2010) Prophylactic and therapeutic benefits of a monoclonal antibody against the fusion protein of human metapneumovirus in a mouse model. Antivir Res 88:31\u201337","journal-title":"Antivir Res"},{"key":"1354_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26401","volume":"93","author":"SA Hashemi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hashemi SA, Safamanesh S, Ghasemzadeh-Moghaddam H, Ghafouri M, Mohajerzadeh-Heydari MS, Namdar-Ahmadabad H, Azimian A (2021) Report of death in children with SARS-CoV-2 and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) coinfection: is hMPV the trigger? J Med Virol 93:579\u2013581","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"1354_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.255.315","volume":"255","author":"SST Hassan Shah","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hassan Shah SST, Naeem I, Wahid B (2021) Analyzing correlation of clinical severity of COVID-19 with other biochemical parameters: a retrospective study from Pakistan. Tohoku J Exp Med 255:315\u2013323","journal-title":"Tohoku J Exp Med"},{"key":"1354_CR66","unstructured":"Hastings AK (2015) Evasion of type I IFN signaling by the small hydrophobic protein of HMPV and the implications for viral replication and pathogenesis. Curr Opin Virol (in press)."},{"key":"1354_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4405","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03275-14","volume":"89","author":"AK Hastings","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hastings AK, Erickson JJ, Schuster JE, Boyd KL, Tollefson SJ, Johnson M, Gilchuk P, Joyce S, Williams JV (2015) Role of type I interferon signaling in human metapneumovirus pathogenesis and control of viral replication. J Virol 89:4405\u20134420","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"1354_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI22797","volume":"114","author":"XS He","year":"2004","unstructured":"He XS, Draghi M, Mahmood K, Holmes TH, Kemble GW, Dekker CL, Arvin AM, Parham P, Greenberg HB (2004) T cell\u2013dependent production of IFN-\u03b3 by NK cells in response to influenza A virus. J Clin Invest 114:1812\u20131819","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"1354_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v14071493","volume":"14","author":"FH Howard","year":"2022","unstructured":"Howard FH, Kwan A, Winder N, Mughal A, Collado-Rojas C, Muthana M (2022) Understanding immune responses to viruses\u2014do underlying Th1\/Th2 cell biases predict outcome? Viruses 14:1493","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"1354_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-021-00836-z","volume":"19","author":"J Hu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hu J, Peng P, Cao X, Wu K, Chen J, Wang K, Tang N, Huang AL (2022) Increased immune escape of the new SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern Omicron. Cell Mol Immunol 19:293\u2013295","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"1354_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.4266\/kjccm.2017.00038","volume":"32","author":"H Hwang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hwang H, Kim Y, Park JW, Jeong SH, Kyung SY (2017) A retrospective study investigating risks of acute respiratory distress syndrome and mortality following human metapneumovirus infection in hospitalized adults. Korean J Crit Care Med 32:182\u2013189","journal-title":"Korean J Crit Care Med"},{"key":"1354_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.3390\/v14040677","volume":"14","author":"ST Jesse","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jesse ST, Ludlow M, Osterhaus A (2022) Zoonotic origins of human metapneumovirus: a journey from birds to humans. Viruses 14:677","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"1354_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03488.x","volume":"17","author":"H Jeulin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jeulin H, Salmon A, Bordigoni P, Venard V (2011) Diagnostic value of quantitative PCR for adenovirus detection in stool samples as compared with antigen detection and cell culture in haematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Clin Microbiol Infect 17:1674\u20131680","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"1354_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0013927","volume":"5","author":"D Jia","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jia D, Rahbar R, Chan RW, Lee SM, Chan MC, Wang BX, Baker DP, Sun B, Peiris JM, Nicholls JM, Fish EN (2010) Influenza virus non-structural protein 1 (NS1) disrupts interferon signaling. PLoS ONE 5:e13927","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1354_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2020-0434","volume":"58","author":"S Jiang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jiang S, Liu P, Xiong G, Yang Z, Wang M, Li Y, Yu XJ (2020) Coinfection of SARS-CoV-2 and multiple respiratory pathogens in children. Clin Chem Lab Med 58:1160\u20131161","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"},{"key":"1354_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7411a1","volume":"74","author":"NB Jobe","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jobe NB, Rose E, Winn AK, Goldstein L, Schneider ZD, Silk BJ (2025) Human metapneumovirus seasonality and co-circulation with respiratory syncytial virus - United States, 2014\u20132024. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 74:182\u2013187","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"1354_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI39104","volume":"119","author":"R Kalluri","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kalluri R, Weinberg RA (2009) The basics of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. J Clin Invest 119:1420\u20131428","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"1354_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-023-01117-w","volume":"13","author":"N Kapandji","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kapandji N, Darmon M, Valade S, Salmona M, Legoff J, Zafrani L, Azoulay E, Lemiale V (2023) Clinical significance of human metapneumovirus detection in critically ill adults with lower respiratory tract infections. Ann Intensive Care 13:21","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"key":"1354_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2019.103992","volume":"345","author":"SR Keilich","year":"2019","unstructured":"Keilich SR, Bartley JM, Haynes L (2019) Diminished immune responses with aging predispose older adults to common and uncommon influenza complications. Cell Immunol 345:103992","journal-title":"Cell Immunol"},{"key":"1354_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14030290","volume":"14","author":"M Kilinc","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kilinc M (2025) Antibiotic resistance and mortality in ICU patients: a retrospective analysis of first culture growth results. Antibiotics 14:3","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"1354_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2017.0141","volume":"31","author":"H Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim H, Webster RG, Webby RJ (2018) Influenza virus: dealing with a drifting and shifting pathogen. Viral Immunol 31:174\u2013183","journal-title":"Viral Immunol"},{"key":"1354_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01068-20","volume":"94","author":"JT Kinder","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kinder JT, Moncman CL, Barrett C, Jin H, Kallewaard N, Dutch RE (2020) Respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus infections in three-dimensional human airway tissues expose an interesting dichotomy in viral replication, spread, and inhibition by neutralizing antibodies. J Virol 94:20","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"1354_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e311","DOI":"10.1097\/MPH.0b013e3182915d2d","volume":"35","author":"L Kitanovski","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kitanovski L, Kopriva S, Pokorn M, Dolnicar MB, Rajic V, Stefanovic M, Jazbec J (2013) Treatment of severe human metapneumovirus (hMPV) pneumonia in an immunocompromised child with oral ribavirin and IVIG. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 35:e311\u2013e313","journal-title":"J Pediatr Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"1354_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3551","DOI":"10.3390\/v4123551","volume":"4","author":"D Kolli","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kolli D, Bao X, Casola A (2012) Human metapneumovirus antagonism of innate immune responses. Viruses 4:3551\u20133571","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"1354_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2013-0414OC","volume":"51","author":"D Kolli","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kolli D, Gupta MR, Sbrana E, Velayutham TS, Chao H, Casola A, Garofalo RP (2014) Alveolar macrophages contribute to the pathogenesis of human metapneumovirus infection while protecting against respiratory syncytial virus infection. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 51:502\u2013515","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"1354_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.24411","volume":"88","author":"W Kong","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kong W, Wang Y, Zhu H, Lin X, Yu B, Hu Q, Yang X, Guo D, Peng J, Zhou D (2016) Circulation of human metapneumovirus among children with influenza-like illness in Wuhan, China. J Med Virol 88:774\u2013781","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"1354_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1435294","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1435294","volume":"14","author":"L Kuang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kuang L, Xu T, Wang C, Xie J, Zhang Y, Guo M, Liang Z, Zhu B (2024) Changes in the epidemiological patterns of respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus infection among pediatric patients and their correlation with severe cases: a long-term retrospective study. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 14:1435294","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"1354_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01123-08","volume":"83","author":"I Kukavica-Ibrulj","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kukavica-Ibrulj I, Hamelin M-\u00c8, Prince GA, Gagnon C, Bergeron Y, Bergeron MG, Boivin G (2009) Infection with human metapneumovirus predisposes mice to severe pneumococcal pneumonia. J Virol 83:1341\u20131349","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"1354_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5553","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.9.5553","volume":"172","author":"NL La Gruta","year":"2004","unstructured":"La Gruta NL, Turner SJ, Doherty PC (2004) Hierarchies in cytokine expression profiles for acute and resolving influenza virus-specific CD8+ T cell responses: correlation of cytokine profile and TCR avidity. J Immunol 172:5553\u20135560","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"1354_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665111003351","volume":"71","author":"I Laaksi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Laaksi I (2012) Vitamin D and respiratory infection in adults. Proc Nutr Soc 71:90\u201397","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc"},{"key":"1354_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.05.046","volume":"81","author":"L Lansbury","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lansbury L, Lim B, Baskaran V, Lim WS (2020) Co-infections in people with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Infect 81:266\u2013275","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"1354_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007689","volume":"15","author":"VB L\u00ea","year":"2019","unstructured":"L\u00ea VB, Dubois J, Couture C, Cavanagh MH, Uyar O, Pizzorno A, Rosa-Calatrava M, Hamelin M-\u00c8, Boivin G (2019) Human metapneumovirus activates NOD-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome via its small hydrophobic protein which plays a detrimental role during infection in mice. PLoS Pathog 15:e1007689","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"1354_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le Floc\u2019h A, Allinne J, Nagashima K, Scott G, Birchard D, Asrat S, Bai Y, Lim WK, Martin J, Huang T, Potocky TB (2020) Dual blockade of IL-4 and IL-13 with dupilumab, an IL-4R\u03b1 antibody, is required to broadly inhibit type 2 inflammation. Allergy 75:1188\u20131204.","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14151"},{"key":"1354_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.08.015","volume":"40","author":"N Lee","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lee N, Chan PK, Yu IT, Tsoi KK, Lui G, Sung JJ, Cockram CS (2007) Co-circulation of human metapneumovirus and SARS-associated coronavirus during a major nosocomial SARS outbreak in Hong Kong. J Clin Virol 40:333\u2013337","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"1354_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.3390\/v16020197","volume":"16","author":"RB Lefkowitz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lefkowitz RB, Miller CM, Martinez-Caballero JD, Ramos I (2024) Epigenetic control of innate immunity: consequences of acute respiratory virus infection. Viruses 16:197","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"1354_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.701443","volume":"12","author":"Y Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li Y, Tang XX (2021) Abnormal airway mucus secretion induced by virus infection. Front Immunol 12:701443","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"1354_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198074","volume":"286","author":"JY Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li JY, Liao CH, Wang Q, Tan YJ, Luo R, Qiu Y, Ge XY (2020a) The ORF6, ORF8 and nucleocapsid proteins of SARS-CoV-2 inhibit type i interferon signaling pathway. Virus Res 286:198074","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1354_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.10.010426","volume":"10","author":"Y Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li Y, Pillai P, Miyake F, Nair H (2020b) The role of viral co-infections in the severity of acute respiratory infections among children infected with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV): a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Glob Health 10(1):010426","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"key":"1354_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2024.155330","volume":"258","author":"W Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li W, Li Y, Zhao J, Liao J, Wen W, Chen Y, Cui H (2024) Release of damaged mitochondrial DNA: a novel factor in stimulating inflammatory response. Pathol Res Pract 258:155330","journal-title":"Pathol Res Pract"},{"key":"1354_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3027","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31593-8","volume":"388","author":"L Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu L, Oza S, Hogan D, Chu Y, Perin J, Zhu J, Lawn JE, Cousens S, Mathers C, Black RE (2016a) Global, regional, and national causes of under-5 mortality in 2000\u201315: an updated systematic analysis with implications for the sustainable development goals. Lancet 388:3027\u20133035","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1354_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2015.74","volume":"13","author":"Q Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu Q, Zhou YH, Yang ZQ (2016b) The cytokine storm of severe influenza and development of immunomodulatory therapy. Cell Mol Immunol 13:3\u201310","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"1354_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100955","volume":"37","author":"Y Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu Y, Ling L, Wong SH, Wang MH, Fitzgerald JR, Zou X, Fang S, Liu X, Wang X, Hu W, Chan H (2021) Outcomes of respiratory viral-bacterial co-infection in adult hospitalized patients. EClinicalMedicine 37:100945","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"1354_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9315","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.14.9315-9319.2005","volume":"79","author":"MS Lo","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lo MS, Brazas RM, Holtzman MJ (2005) Respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural proteins NS1 and NS2 mediate inhibition of Stat2 expression and alpha\/beta interferon responsiveness. J Virol 79:9315\u20139319","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"1354_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173605","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1173605","volume":"14","author":"S Loevenich","year":"2023","unstructured":"Loevenich S, Montaldo NP, Wickenhagen A, Sherstova T, van Loon B, Boyartchuk V, Anthonsen MW (2023) Human metapneumovirus driven IFN-\u03b2 production antagonizes macrophage transcriptional induction of IL1-\u03b2 in response to bacterial pathogens. Front Immunol 14:1173605","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"1354_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loke MF, Yadav I, Lim TK, van der Maarel JRC, Sham LT, Chow VT (2022) SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and mouse coronavirus inhibit biofilm formation by Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus. 23:3291.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23063291"},{"key":"1354_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chaos.2023.113344","volume":"170","author":"J L\u00f3pez-Pedrares","year":"2023","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Pedrares J, V\u00e1zquez-Cend\u00f3n ME, Mu\u00f1uzuri AP (2023) Interactions between hosts affect virus competition mechanism within an infectious strain. Chaos Solitons Fractals 170:113344","journal-title":"Chaos Solitons Fractals"},{"key":"1354_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/jjm-135823","volume":"16","author":"D Lu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lu D, Cheng Y, Hu H (2023) Parainfluenza virus type 3 co-infection with other respiratory pathogens among hospitalized children with acute respiratory infections in Wuhan, China. Jundishapur J Microbiol 16:135823","journal-title":"Jundishapur J Microbiol"},{"key":"1354_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2965","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02436-06","volume":"45","author":"J Mahony","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mahony J, Chong S, Merante F, Yaghoubian S, Sinha T, Lisle C, Janeczko R (2007) Development of a respiratory virus panel test for detection of twenty human respiratory viruses by use of multiplex PCR and a fluid microbead-based assay. J Clin Microbiol 45:2965\u20132970","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"1354_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.3390\/v15040865","volume":"15","author":"HC Maltezou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Maltezou HC, Papanikolopoulou A, Vassiliu S, Theodoridou K, Nikolopoulou G, Sipsas NV (2023) COVID-19 and respiratory virus co-infections: a systematic review of the literature. Viruses 15:865","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"1354_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2023.11.009","volume":"52","author":"A Mangas-Moro","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mangas-Moro A, Zamarr\u00f3n E, Carpio C, \u00c1lvarez-Sala R, Arribas-L\u00f3pez JR, Prados C (2024) Influenza vaccination mitigates severe complications in hospitalized patients: a ten-year observational study, Spain, 2009\u20132019. Am J Infect Control 52:563\u2013569","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"1354_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.003","volume":"13","author":"S Manna","year":"2020","unstructured":"Manna S, Baindara P, Mandal SM (2020) Molecular pathogenesis of secondary bacterial infection associated to viral infections including SARS-CoV-2. J Infect Public Health 13:1397\u20131404","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"key":"1354_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-2659.2011.00265.x","volume":"6","author":"ET Martin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Martin ET, Kuypers J, Wald A, Englund JA (2012) Multiple versus single virus respiratory infections: viral load and clinical disease severity in hospitalized children. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 6:71\u201377","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir Viruses"},{"key":"1354_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.4049\/immunohorizons.2200010","volume":"7","author":"I Mart\u00ednez-Espinoza","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Espinoza I, Guerrero-Plata A (2023) Current landscape of IFN-\u03bb: induction, inhibition, and potential clinical applications to treat respiratory viral infections. ImmunoHorizons 7:265\u2013272","journal-title":"ImmunoHorizons"},{"key":"1354_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v15112272","volume":"15","author":"I Mart\u00ednez-Espinoza","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Espinoza I, Bungwon AD, Guerrero-Plata A (2023) Human metapneumovirus-induced host microrna expression impairs the interferon response in macrophages and epithelial cells. Viruses 15:2272","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"1354_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-016-4578-y","volume":"43","author":"I Martin-Loeches","year":"2017","unstructured":"Martin-Loeches I, Schultz MJ, Vincent JL, Alvarez-Lerma F, Bos LD, Sol\u00e9-Viol\u00e1n J, Torres A, Rodriguez A (2017) Increased incidence of co-infection in critically ill patients with influenza. Intensive Care Med 43:48\u201358","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"1354_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2007.11.051","volume":"38","author":"JP Mazzoncini Jr","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mazzoncini JP Jr, Crowell CB, Kang CS (2010) Human metapneumovirus: an emerging respiratory pathogen. J Emerg Med 38:456\u2013459","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"key":"1354_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9090726","volume":"9","author":"K McBride","year":"2020","unstructured":"McBride K, Banos-Lara MDR, Cheemarla NR, Guerrero-Plata A (2020) Human metapneumovirus induces mucin 19 which contributes to viral pathogenesis. Pathogens 9:726","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"1354_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2207.151319","volume":"22","author":"JS McDanel","year":"2016","unstructured":"McDanel JS, Perencevich EN, Storm J, Diekema DJ, Herwaldt L, Johnson JK, Winokur PL, Schweizer ML (2016) Increased mortality rates associated with Staphylococcus aureus and influenza co-infection, Maryland and Iowa, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 22:1253","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"1354_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e410","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-3283","volume":"120","author":"GA Melendi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Melendi GA, Laham FR, Monsalvo AC, Casellas JM, Israele V, Polack NR, Kleeberger SR, Polack FP (2007) Cytokine profiles in the respiratory tract during primary infection with human metapneumovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, or influenza virus in infants. Pediatrics 120:e410\u2013e415","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"1354_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merritt TN, Pei J, Leung DW (2023) Pathogenicity and virulence of human respiratory syncytial virus: multifunctional nonstructural proteins NS1 and NS2. Virulence 2283897.","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2023.2283897"},{"key":"1354_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.66.140","volume":"66","author":"K Mizuta","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mizuta K, Abiko C, Aoki Y, Ikeda T, Matsuzaki Y, Itagaki T, Katsushima F, Katsushima Y, Noda M, Kimura H, Ahiko T (2013) Seasonal patterns of respiratory syncytial virus, influenza A virus, human metapneumovirus, and parainfluenza virus type 3 infections on the basis of virus isolation data between 2004 and 2011 in Yamagata, Japan. Jpn J Infect Dis 66:140\u2013145","journal-title":"Jpn J Infect Dis"},{"key":"1354_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfad003","volume":"192","author":"A Monoson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Monoson A, Schott E, Ard K, Kilburg-Basnyat B, Tighe RM, Pannu S, Gowdy KM (2023) Air pollution and respiratory infections: the past, present, and future. Toxicol Sci 192:3\u201314","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"key":"1354_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.med.59.061506.213121","volume":"59","author":"A Moscona","year":"2008","unstructured":"Moscona A (2008) Medical management of influenza infection. Annu Rev Med 59:397\u2013413","journal-title":"Annu Rev Med"},{"key":"1354_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.1.63-66.2003","volume":"41","author":"DR Murdoch","year":"2003","unstructured":"Murdoch DR, Anderson TP, Beynon KA, Chua A, Fleming AM, Laing RT, Town GI, Mills GD, Chambers ST, Jennings LC (2003) Evaluation of a PCR assay for detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae in respiratory and nonrespiratory samples from adults with community-acquired pneumonia. J Clin Microbiol 41:63\u201366","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"1354_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27142","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1911083116","volume":"116","author":"S Nickbakhsh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nickbakhsh S, Mair C, Matthews L, Reeve R, Johnson PC, Thorburn F, Von Wissmann B, Reynolds A, McMenamin J, Gunson RN, Murcia PR (2019) Virus\u2013virus interactions impact the population dynamics of influenza and the common cold. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 116:27142\u201327150","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"1354_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.67.213","volume":"67","author":"T Niizuma","year":"2014","unstructured":"Niizuma T, Okumura A, Kinoshita K, Shimizu T (2014) Acute encephalopathy associated with human metapneumovirus infection. Jpn J Infect Dis 67:213\u2013215","journal-title":"Jpn J Infect Dis"},{"key":"1354_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2918-0","volume":"590","author":"M O\u2019Driscoll","year":"2021","unstructured":"O\u2019Driscoll M, Ribeiro Dos Santos G, Wang L, Cummings DA, Azman AS, Paireau J, Salje H (2021) Age-specific mortality and immunity patterns of SARS-CoV-2. Nature 590:140\u2013145","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1354_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008088","volume":"4","author":"R Ochola","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ochola R, Sande C, Fegan G, Scott PD, Medley GF, Cane PA, Nokes DJ (2009) The level and duration of RSV-specific maternal IgG in infants in Kilifi Kenya. PLoS ONE 4:e8088","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1354_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1515\/BC.2004.130","volume":"385","author":"T Okamoto","year":"2004","unstructured":"Okamoto T, Akuta T, Tamura F, van Der Vliet A, Akaike T (2004) Molecular mechanism for activation and regulation of matrix metalloproteinases during bacterial infections and respiratory inflammation. Biol Chem 385:997\u20131006","journal-title":"Biol Chem"},{"key":"1354_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2092","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21920","volume":"82","author":"M Okamoto","year":"2010","unstructured":"Okamoto M, Sugawara K, Takashita E, Muraki Y, Hongo S, Nishimura H, Matsuzaki Y (2010) Longitudinal course of human metapneumovirus antibody titers and reinfection in healthy adults. J Med Virol 82:2092\u20132096","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"1354_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.3390\/v13091725","volume":"13","author":"J Oliva","year":"2021","unstructured":"Oliva J, Terrier O (2021) Viral and bacterial co-infections in the lungs: dangerous liaisons. Viruses 13:1725","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"1354_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.24963","volume":"90","author":"H Oumei","year":"2018","unstructured":"Oumei H, Xuefeng W, Jianping L, Kunling S, Rong M, Zhenze C, Li D, Huimin Y, Lining W, Zhaolan L, Xinmin L (2018) Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in 1500 hospitalized children. J Med Virol 90:421\u2013428","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"1354_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1759-1","volume":"577","author":"J Pan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pan J, Qian X, Lattmann S, El Sahili A, Yeo TH, Jia H, Cressey T, Ludeke B, Noton S, Kalocsay M, Fearns R (2020) Structure of the human metapneumovirus polymerase phosphoprotein complex. Nature 577:275\u2013279","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1354_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2014.03.1394","volume":"25","author":"S Panda","year":"2014","unstructured":"Panda S, Mohakud NK, Pena L, Kumar S (2014) Human metapneumovirus: review of an important respiratory pathogen. Int J Infect Dis 25:45\u201352","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"1354_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1613386","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1613386","volume":"15","author":"MK Pastey","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pastey MK, Lupfer C (2025) Host cellular transcriptional response to respiratory syncytial virus infection in HEp-2 cells: insights from cDNA microarray and quantitative PCR analyses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 15:1613386","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"1354_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e33231","volume":"10","author":"Q Philippot","year":"2024","unstructured":"Philippot Q, Rammaert B, Dauriat G, Daubin C, Schlemmer F, Costantini A, Tandjaoui-Lambiotte Y, Neuville M, Desrochettes E, Ferr\u00e9 A, Contentin LB (2024) Human metapneumovirus infection is associated with a substantial morbidity and mortality burden in adult inpatients. Heliyon 10:13","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"1354_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0244126","volume":"15","author":"N Post","year":"2020","unstructured":"Post N, Eddy D, Huntley C, Van Schalkwyk MC, Shrotri M, Leeman D, Rigby S, Williams SV, Bermingham WH, Kellam P, Maher J (2020) Antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans: a systematic review. PLoS ONE 15:e0244126","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1354_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.17305\/bjbms.2022.7762","volume":"23","author":"AA Rabaan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rabaan AA, Smajlovi\u0107 S, Tombuloglu H, \u0106ordi\u0107 S, Hajdarevi\u0107 A, Kudi\u0107 N, Al Mutai A, Turkistani SA, Al-Ahmed SH, Al-Zaki NA, Al Marshood MJ (2023) SARS-CoV-2 infection and multi-organ system damage: a review. Biomol Biomed 23:37","journal-title":"Biomol Biomed"},{"key":"1354_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.940756","volume":"13","author":"F Rashid","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rashid F, Xie Z, Suleman M, Shah A, Khan S, Luo S (2022) Roles and functions of SARS-CoV-2 proteins in host immune evasion. Front Immunol 13:940756","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"1354_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reddinger RM, Luke-Marshall NR, Sauberan SL, Hakansson AP, Campagnari AA (2018) Streptococcus pneumoniae modulates Staphylococcus aureus biofilm dispersion and the transition from colonization to invasive disease. mBio 9:e02089\u201317.","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02089-17"},{"key":"1354_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024496","volume":"6","author":"J Ren","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ren J, Kolli D, Liu T, Xu R, Garofalo RP, Casola A, Bao X (2011) Human metapneumovirus inhibits IFN-\u03b2 signaling by downregulating Jak1 and Tyk2 cellular levels. PLoS ONE 6:e24496","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1354_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rib\u00f3-Molina P, van Nieuwkoop S, Mykytyn AZ, van Run P, Lamers MM, Haagmans BL, Fouchier RA, van den Hoogen BG (2024) Human metapneumovirus infection of organoid-derived human bronchial epithelium represents cell tropism and cytopathology as observed in in vivo models. mSphere 9:e00743\u201323.","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00743-23"},{"key":"1354_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2912","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000959","volume":"98","author":"Rima B, Collins P, Easton A, Fouchier R, Kurath G, Lamb RA, Lee B, Maisner A, Rota P, Wang L, ICTV Report Consortium","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rima B, Collins P, Easton A, Fouchier R, Kurath G, Lamb RA, Lee B, Maisner A, Rota P, Wang L, ICTV Report Consortium (2017) ICTV virus taxonomy profile: Pneumoviridae. J Gen Virol 98:2912\u20132913","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"1354_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-6-150","volume":"6","author":"G Rohde","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rohde G, Borg I, Arinir U, Kronsbein J, Rausse R, Bauer TT, Bufe A, Schultze-Werninghaus G (2005) Relevance of human metapneumovirus in exacerbations of COPD. Respir Res 6:150","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"1354_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1568828","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1568828","volume":"16","author":"VA Ruiz-Pozo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ruiz-Pozo VA, Cadena-Ullauri S, Tamayo-Trujillo R, Guevara-Ram\u00edrez P, Paz-Cruz E, Casta\u00f1eda Cata\u00f1a MA, Zambrano AK (2025) Interplay between endogenous hormones and immune systems in human metapneumovirus pathogenesis and management. Front Pharmacol 16:1568828","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"1354_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2569","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02569","volume":"9","author":"A Saeidi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Saeidi A, Zandi K, Cheok YY, Saeidi H, Wong WF, Lee CYQ, Cheong HC, Yong YK, Larsson M, Shankar EM (2018) T-cell exhaustion in chronic infections: reversing the state of exhaustion and reinvigorating optimal protective immune responses. Front Immunol 9:2569","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"1354_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10081952","volume":"10","author":"B Sarton","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sarton B, Grare M, Vardon-Bounes F, Gaubert A, Silva S, Crognier L, Riu B, Seguin T, Georges B, Minville V, Ruiz S (2022) Co-infection and ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically ill COVID-19 patients requiring mechanical ventilation: a retrospective cohort study. Biomedicines 10:1952","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"1354_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000180984.61778.1e","volume":"24","author":"A Sasaki","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sasaki A, Suzuki H, Saito R, Sato M, Sato I, Sano Y, Uchiyama M (2005) Prevalence of human metapneumovirus and influenza virus infections among Japanese children during two successive winters. Pediatr Infect Dis J 24:905\u2013908","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"1354_CR149","volume":"15","author":"T Satapathy","year":"2025","unstructured":"Satapathy T, Satapathy A, Satapathy A, Yadav N, Chandrakar M, Chandrakar K (2025) Recent outbreaks of human metapneumovirus (HMPV): prevention, diagnosis and therapeutic insights. J Drug Deliv Ther 15:2","journal-title":"J Drug Deliv Ther"},{"key":"1354_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/ANNALS-24-03197-JC","volume":"177","author":"SJ Scherger","year":"2024","unstructured":"Scherger SJ, Kalil AC (2024) In persons exposed to influenza, zanamivir, oseltamivir, laninamivir, and baloxavir reduce symptomatic seasonal influenza. Ann Intern Med 177:JC134","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"1354_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2016.04.019","volume":"80","author":"MC Scotta","year":"2016","unstructured":"Scotta MC, Chakr VCBG, de Moura A, Becker RG, de Souza APD, Jones MH, Pinto LA, Sarria EE, Pitrez PM, Stein RT, Mattiello R (2016) Respiratory viral coinfection and disease severity in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Virol 80:45\u201356","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"1354_CR152","first-page":"13","volume":"12","author":"M Seki","year":"2014","unstructured":"Seki M, Yoshida H, Gotoh K, Hamada N, Motooka D, Nakamura S, Yamamoto N, Hamaguchi S, Akeda Y, Watanabe H, Iida T (2014) Severe respiratory failure due to co-infection with human metapneumovirus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Respir Med Case Rep 12:13\u201315","journal-title":"Respir Med Case Rep"},{"key":"1354_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1086\/426457","volume":"191","author":"MG Semple","year":"2005","unstructured":"Semple MG, Cowell A, Dove W, Greensill J, McNamara PS, Halfhide C, Shears P, Smyth RL, Hart CA (2005) Dual infection of infants by human metapneumovirus and human respiratory syncytial virus is strongly associated with severe bronchiolitis. J Infect Dis 191:382\u2013386","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"1354_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.643326","volume":"11","author":"V Sender","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sender V, Hentrich K, Henriques-Normark B (2021) Virus-induced changes of the respiratory tract environment promote secondary infections with Streptococcus pneumoniae. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 11:643326","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"1354_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05670-8","volume":"20","author":"Y Sharma","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sharma Y, Horwood C, Hakendorf P, Thompson C (2020) Clinical characteristics and outcomes of influenza A and B virus infection in adult Australian hospitalised patients. BMC Infect Dis 20:913","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"1354_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.21037\/tp-24-79","volume":"14","author":"YR Shi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shi YR, Yuan K, Yue L, Liu T, Liu JX, Dai LZ, Qi YJ (2025) Clinical characteristics of single human rhinovirus infection and co-infection in the respiratory tract of children. Transl Pediatr 14:373\u2013381","journal-title":"Transl Pediatr"},{"key":"1354_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2023.10.017","volume":"30","author":"C Shiraishi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shiraishi C, Kato H, Hagihara M, Asai N, Iwamoto T, Mikamo H (2024) Comparison of clinical efficacy and safety of baloxavir marboxil versus oseltamivir as the treatment for influenza virus infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Infect Chemother 30:242\u2013249","journal-title":"J Infect Chemother"},{"key":"1354_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0245532","volume":"16","author":"M Shrotri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shrotri M, Van Schalkwyk MC, Post N, Eddy D, Huntley C, Leeman D, Rigby S, Williams SV, Bermingham WH, Kellam P, Maher J (2021) T cell response to SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans: a systematic review. PLoS ONE 16:e0245532","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1354_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2466","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02466","volume":"9","author":"JA Soto","year":"2018","unstructured":"Soto JA, G\u00e1lvez NM, Benavente FM, Pizarro-Ortega MS, Lay MK, Riedel C, Bueno SM, Gonzalez PA, Kalergis AM (2018) Human metapneumovirus: mechanisms and molecular targets used by the virus to avoid the immune system. Front Immunol 9:2466","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"1354_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-020-00162-6","volume":"26","author":"JA Soto","year":"2020","unstructured":"Soto JA, G\u00e1lvez NMS, Pacheco GA, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM (2020) Antibody development for preventing the human respiratory syncytial virus pathology. Mol Med 26:35","journal-title":"Mol Med"},{"key":"1354_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1086\/589748","volume":"47","author":"N Sugaya","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sugaya N, Tamura D, Yamazaki M, Ichikawa M, Kawakami C, Kawaoka Y, Mitamura K (2008) Comparison of the clinical effectiveness of oseltamivir and zanamivir against influenza virus infection in children. Clin Infect Dis 47:339\u2013345","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"1354_CR162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2006.08.004","volume":"357","author":"MC Tan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tan MC, Battini L, Tuyama AC, Macip S, Melendi GA, Horga MA, Luca Gusella G (2007) Characterization of human metapneumovirus infection of myeloid dendritic cells. Virology 357:1\u20139","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"1354_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2016.03.38","volume":"8","author":"D Tan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tan D, Fu Y, Xu J, Wang Z, Cao J, Walline J, Zhu H, Yu X (2016) Severe adenovirus community-acquired pneumonia in immunocompetent adults: chest radiographic and CT findings. J Thorac Dis 8:848","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"key":"1354_CR164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.3390\/v3060920","volume":"3","author":"MR Thompson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Thompson MR, Kaminski JJ, Kurt-Jones EA, Fitzgerald KA (2011) Pattern recognition receptors and the innate immune response to viral infection. Viruses 3:920\u2013940","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"1354_CR165","first-page":"75","volume":"103","author":"F Touzard-Romo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Touzard-Romo F, Tap\u00e9 C, Lonks JR (2020) Co-infection with SARS-CoV-2 and human metapneumovirus. R I Med J (2013) 103:75\u201376","journal-title":"R I Med J (2013)"},{"key":"1354_CR166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20010646","volume":"20","author":"QL Tran","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tran QL, Benitez G, Shehadeh F, Kaczynski M, Mylonakis E (2022) Clinical outcomes associated with SARS-CoV-2 co-infection with rhinovirus and adenovirus in adults-a retrospective matched cohort study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 20:1","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"1354_CR167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v10090505","volume":"10","author":"IK Uche","year":"2018","unstructured":"Uche IK, Guerrero-Plata A (2018) Interferon-mediated response to human metapneumovirus infection. Viruses 10:905","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"1354_CR168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-019-00644-3","volume":"209","author":"DJ Vaca","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vaca DJ, Thibau A, Sch\u00fctz M, Kraiczy P, Happonen L, Malmstr\u00f6m J, Kempf VAJ (2020) Interaction with the host: the role of fibronectin and extracellular matrix proteins in the adhesion of gram-negative bacteria. Med Microbiol Immunol 209:277\u2013299","journal-title":"Med Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"1354_CR169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1086\/379200","volume":"188","author":"BG van den Hoogen","year":"2003","unstructured":"van den Hoogen BG, van Doornum GJ, Fockens JC, Cornelissen JJ, Beyer WE, Groot RD, Fouchier RA (2003) Prevalence and clinical symptoms of human metapneumovirus infection in hospitalized patients. J Infect Dis 188:1571\u20131577","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"1354_CR170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12085","volume":"255","author":"T Veiga-Parga","year":"2013","unstructured":"Veiga-Parga T, Sehrawat S, Rouse BT (2013) Role of regulatory T cells during virus infection. Immunol Rev 255:182\u2013196","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"1354_CR171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1840","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03480.x","volume":"17","author":"NJ Verkaik","year":"2011","unstructured":"Verkaik NJ, Nguyen DT, De Vogel CP, Moll HA, Verbrugh HA, Jaddoe VWV, Hofman A, van Wamel WJB, Van den Hoogen BG, Buijs-Offerman RMGB, Ludlow M (2011) Streptococcus pneumoniae exposure is associated with human metapneumovirus seroconversion and increased susceptibility to in vitro HMPV infection. Clin Microbiol Infect 17:1840\u20131844","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"1354_CR172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viedma-Mart\u00ednez M, Gallo-Pineda G, Jim\u00e9nez-Gallo D (2022) for SARS-CoV-2 infection in dermatology patients being treated with common immunomodulators.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ad.2022.07.024"},{"key":"1354_CR173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/jjm-139106","volume":"16","author":"Q Wan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wan Q, Li YW, Cheng Y, Hu H (2023) The impact of bacterial co-infection on hospitalized children with human rhinovirus and human metapneumovirus infections: a retrospective analytical cross-sectional study. Jundishapur J Microbiol 16:9","journal-title":"Jundishapur J Microbiol"},{"key":"1354_CR174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-012-1492-7","volume":"158","author":"Y Wang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wang Y, Chen Z, Yan YD, Guo H, Chu C, Liu J, Ding Y, Shao X, Xu J, Ji W (2013) Seasonal distribution and epidemiological characteristics of human metapneumovirus infections in pediatric inpatients in Southeast China. Arch Virol 158:417\u2013424","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"1354_CR175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175346662199505","DOI":"10.1177\/1753466621995050","volume":"15","author":"A Watson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Watson A, Wilkinson TMA (2021) Respiratory viral infections in the elderly. Ther Adv Respir Dis 15:1753466621995050. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1753466621995050","journal-title":"Ther Adv Respir Dis"},{"key":"1354_CR177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4338","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03491-13","volume":"88","author":"Y Wei","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wei Y, Zhang Y, Cai H, Mirza AM, Iorio RM, Peeples ME, Niewiesk S, Li J (2014) Roles of the putative integrin-binding motif of the human metapneumovirus fusion (F) protein in cell-cell fusion, viral infectivity, and pathogenesis. J Virol 88:4338\u20134352","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"1354_CR178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8713","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00670-15","volume":"89","author":"SC Wen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wen SC, Schuster JE, Gilchuk P, Boyd KL, Joyce S, Williams JV (2015) Lung CD8+ T cell impairment occurs during human metapneumovirus infection despite virus-like particle induction of functional CD8+ T cells. J Virol 89:8713\u20138726. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jvi.00670-15","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"1354_CR179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2007.09.006","volume":"27","author":"EJ Wherry","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wherry EJ, Ha SJ, Kaech SM, Haining WN, Sarkar S, Kalia V, Subramaniam S, Blattman JN, Barber DL, Ahmed R (2007) Molecular signature of CD8+ T cell exhaustion during chronic viral infection. Immunity 27:670\u2013684","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"1354_CR180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1890","DOI":"10.1086\/652782","volume":"201","author":"JV Williams","year":"2010","unstructured":"Williams JV, Edwards KM, Weinberg GA, Griffin MR, Hall CB, Zhu Y, Szilagyi PG, Wang CK, Yang CF, Silva D, Ye D (2010) Population-based incidence of human metapneumovirus infection among hospitalized children. J Infect Dis 201:1890\u20131898","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"1354_CR181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000207395.80657.cf","volume":"25","author":"DG Wolf","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wolf DG, Greenberg D, Kalkstein D, Shemer-Avni Y, Givon-Lavi N, Saleh N, Goldberg MD, Dagan R (2006) Comparison of human metapneumovirus, respiratory syncytial virus and influenza A virus lower respiratory tract infections in hospitalized young children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 25:320\u2013324","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"1354_CR182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2017.06.015","volume":"429","author":"NC Wu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wu NC, Wilson IA (2017) A perspective on the structural and functional constraints for immune evasion: insights from influenza virus. J Mol Biol 429:2694\u20132709","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"1354_CR183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-3542(03)00153-0","volume":"60","author":"PR Wyde","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wyde PR, Chetty SN, Jewell AM, Boivin G, Piedra PA (2003) Comparison of the inhibition of human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus by ribavirin and immune serum globulin in vitro. Antivir Res 60:51\u201359","journal-title":"Antivir Res"},{"key":"1354_CR184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.108234","author":"H Xia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xia H, Cao Z, Xie X, Zhang X, Chen JYC, Wang H, Menachery VD, Rajsbaum R, Shi PY (2020) Evasion of type i interferon by SARS-CoV-2. Cell Rep. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.108234","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"1354_CR185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-022-01949-1","volume":"19","author":"WQ Xiang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xiang WQ, Li L, Wang BH, Ali AF, Li W (2022) Profiles and predictive value of cytokines in children with human metapneumovirus pneumonia. Virol J 19:214","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"1354_CR186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1177\/1060028019826565","volume":"53","author":"T Yang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang T (2019) Baloxavir marboxil: the first cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor for the treatment of influenza. Ann Pharmacother 53:754\u2013759","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"1354_CR187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-013-1622-x","volume":"158","author":"CF Yang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yang CF, Wang CK, Tollefson SJ, Lintao LD, Liem A, Chu M, Williams JV (2013) Human metapneumovirus G protein is highly conserved within but not between genetic lineages. Arch Virol 158:1245\u20131252. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00705-013-1622-x","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"1354_CR188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-04220-6_2","volume":"161","author":"TR Zembower","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zembower TR (2014) Epidemiology of infections in cancer patients. Cancer Treat Res 161:43\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-04220-6_2","journal-title":"Cancer Treat Res"},{"key":"1354_CR189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00852-5","volume":"6","author":"X Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang X, Wu S, Wu B, Yang Q, Chen A, Li Y, Zhang Y, Pan T, Zhang H, He X (2021) SARS-CoV-2 omicron strain exhibits potent capabilities for immune evasion and viral entrance. Signal Transduct Target Ther 6:430","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"1354_CR190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2021.2017757","volume":"11","author":"L Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang L, Li Q, Liang Z, Li T, Liu S, Cui Q, Nie J, Wu Q, Qu X, Huang W, Wang Y (2022a) The significant immune escape of pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2 variant Omicron. Emerg Microbes Infect 11:1\u20135","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"issue":"5","key":"1354_CR191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2022.0130","volume":"13","author":"S Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang S, Yang Z, Li ZN, Chen ZL, Yue SJ, Fu RJ, Xu DQ, Zhang S, Tang YP (2022b) Are older people really more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2? Aging Dis 13:1336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14336\/AD.2022.0130","journal-title":"Aging Dis"},{"key":"1354_CR192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-025-03363-0","volume":"22","author":"G Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang G, Wei H, Zhao A, Yan X, Zhang X, Gan J, Guo M, Wang J, Zhang F, Jiang Y, Liu X (2025) Mitochondrial DNA leakage: underlying mechanisms and therapeutic implications in neurological disorders. J Neuroinflammation 22:34","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"1354_CR193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2019.03.011","volume":"531","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhao Y, Chahar HS, Komaravelli N, Dossumbekova A, Casola A (2019) Human metapneumovirus infection of airway epithelial cells is associated with changes in core metabolic pathways. Virology 531:183\u2013191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virol.2019.03.011","journal-title":"Virology"}],"container-title":["Folia Microbiologica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12223-025-01354-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12223-025-01354-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12223-025-01354-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T06:02:43Z","timestamp":1767592963000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12223-025-01354-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]]},"references-count":190,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1354"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12223-025-01354-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0015-5632","1874-9356"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0015-5632","type":"print"},{"value":"1874-9356","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 September 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}