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This is especially important for clinically relevant pathogens, as it allows treatment to begin as quickly as possible, enables more effective targeted therapies to be chosen, helps preserve the effectiveness of current antibacterial agents, and prevents infections from water- and foodborne bacterial pathogens. Currently, many methods can accurately identify bacteria at the species or strain level and determine their antibiotic resistance. However, most of these techniques require sample preparation and cell culture beforehand, which can be time-consuming and labor-intensive. This review aims to highlight approaches that focus on identifying bacterial cells\u2014especially pathogenic groups\u2014based on their surface properties. This includes agents such as antibodies, whole phage particles, phage receptor binding proteins, cell wall-binding domains of peptidoglycan hydrolases, and functionalized magnetic nanoparticles. These agents can bind to and recognize peptidoglycan, parts of it, and other cell wall components. Developing detection kits based on these agents could enable the rapid detection of pathogenic bacteria from genera such as\n                    <jats:italic>Acinetobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Clostridium<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Enterococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Listeria<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Vibrio<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Yersinia<\/jats:italic>\n                    . These methods also offer the potential to distinguish these infectious pathogens from each other and from bacteria of the natural microbiota. Detection typically takes from a few minutes to several hours, with a broad detection range depending on the pathogen species, the detecting agent, and the technique used.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-025-01379-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T04:48:13Z","timestamp":1765428493000},"page":"267-280","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Detection and identification of pathogens using agents targeting the bacterial cell wall"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7312-1132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aliaksandr","family":"Zhydzetski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0298-2637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zuzanna","family":"G\u0142owacka-Grzyb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0443-9558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kinga","family":"Chlebicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9075-3529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benedykt","family":"W\u0142adyka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1379_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-022-01606-3","volume":"20","author":"AT Abafogi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abafogi AT, Wu T, Lee D, Lee J, Cho G, Lee LP, Park S (2022) Vancomycin-conjugated polydopamine-coated magnetic nanoparticles for molecular diagnostics of Gram-positive bacteria in whole blood. 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