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Zopf (\n                    <jats:italic>P. furfuracea<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) against\n                    <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) associated gastritis. The acetone extract inhibited\n                    <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    growth in vitro, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 15.625\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL, and modestly reduced pre-formed biofilms. In a rat model of indomethacin- and\n                    <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    induced gastritis, oral\n                    <jats:italic>P. furfuracea<\/jats:italic>\n                    treatment lowered gastric bacterial load and urease activity, shifted the cytokine profile toward an anti-inflammatory pattern (reduced interleukin-1\u03b2 [IL-1\u03b2] and restored interleukin-10 [IL-10]), improved oxidative status (decreased malondialdehyde [MDA] and total oxidant status [TOS], increased reduced glutathione [GSH] and total antioxidant status [TAS]), and downregulated hypoxia-inducible factor-1\u03b1 (HIF-1\u03b1) and transforming growth factor-\u03b2 (TGF-\u03b2) transcripts. These molecular and biochemical changes were accompanied by better preservation of gastric mucosal architecture and reduced inflammatory cell infiltration. Overall,\n                    <jats:italic>P. furfuracea<\/jats:italic>\n                    exhibited a dual profile, combining direct anti\n                    <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    activity with mucosa-protective, host-directed effects. These findings support further development of standardized\n                    <jats:italic>P. furfuracea<\/jats:italic>\n                    preparations, including mechanistic, phytochemical, and dose\u2013response studies, as potential adjuncts to conventional\n                    <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    therapies.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:bold>\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Thirty-six Wistar albino rats were equally divided into 6 groups. Group 1 was treated with NaCl (1). Rats in Groups 2-6 with GU were given indomethacin (5 mg\/kg) by gavage for 5 days (2). Rats in Groups 3, 5 and 6 with gastritis were given 1 mL of\n                    <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    suspension prepared as 10\u2078-10\n                    <jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\n                    CFU\/mL by gavage twice daily for 7 days (3). Rats in groups 4 and 5 received\n                    <jats:italic>P. furfuracea<\/jats:italic>\n                    (15 \u00b5g\/rat\/day) by gavage once daily (4). Group 6 received standard drugs (amoxicillin, 50 mg\/kg; clarithromycin, 25 mg\/kg; omeprazole, 20 mg\/kg) once daily (5). After treatment (6), all animals in the groups were euthanized and gastric tissues were removed (7).\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-026-01428-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T08:47:50Z","timestamp":1770281270000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) 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