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Epicatechin proved inhibitory activity against both model bacterial strains and clinical or environmental isolates. Specifically, it was effective against\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains by inhibiting their growth, and against Gram-negative bacteria by preventing biofilm formation. Furthermore, epicatechin increased the susceptibility of MRSA (methicillin-resistant\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) to several antibiotics, including cefoxitin, gentamicin, and tetracycline. The in vivo experiments using\n                    <jats:italic>Galleria mellonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    larvae infected with MRSA and treated with high doses of epicatechin displayed an increase in larval survival during the initial 24\u00a0h post-infection. Epicatechin exhibited no inhibitory activity against pathogenic yeasts and most of tested filamentous fungi. However, its effect was well pronounced in\n                    <jats:italic>Neurospora crassa<\/jats:italic>\n                    . In this specific case, epicatechin enhanced the efficacy of echinocandins and azoles. The safety profile of epicatechin was confirmed by the Ames test and in vivo toxicity assessments using\n                    <jats:italic>Galleria mellonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    , both indicating that epicatechin is non-mutagenic and non-toxic. These findings highlight the potential of epicatechin, particularly in antimicrobial and antifungal applications.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-026-01463-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T06:49:58Z","timestamp":1774594198000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Unveiling multifaceted antimicrobial effect of epicatechin: from bacteria to filamentous fungi and beyond"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Katar\u00edna","family":"V\u00edgla\u0161","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00e1n","family":"V\u00edgla\u0161","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zuzana","family":"Ro\u0161\u0165\u00e1kov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"B\u00edro\u0161ov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Olejn\u00edkov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"1463_CR1","first-page":"426","volume":"14","author":"C Aguilar","year":"2004","unstructured":"Aguilar C, Cruz-Hern\u00e1ndez M, Rodriguez R, Gutierrez Sanchez G, Ramirez-Colonel A, Augur C (2004) Catechin degradation by several fungal strains isolated from Mexican desert. 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