{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T05:52:35Z","timestamp":1781502755548,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781481600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research at Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University","award":["IMSIU-DDRSP2601"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IMSIU-DDRSP2601"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Folia Microbiol"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-026-01531-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T05:05:14Z","timestamp":1781499914000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Synthesis and characterization of Ag-loaded zirconia nanoparticles for enhanced antimicrobial and antibiofilm applications"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5410-7936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gharieb S.","family":"El-Sayyad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nawal E.","family":"Al-Hazmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.I.A.","family":"Abdel Maksoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samar S.","family":"Mabrouk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"1531_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2021.08.166","volume":"607","author":"MIA Abdel Maksoud","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abdel Maksoud MIA, Sami NM, Hassan HS, Bekhit M, Ashour AH (2022) Novel adsorbent based on carbon-modified zirconia\/spinel ferrite nanostructures: Evaluation for the removal of cobalt and europium radionuclides from aqueous solutions. J Colloid Interface Sci 607:111\u2013124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcis.2021.08.166","journal-title":"J Colloid Interface Sci"},{"key":"1531_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2024.133701","volume":"689","author":"DR Abdullah","year":"2024","unstructured":"Abdullah DR, Vasanthakumar MMS, Ranjith V, Suganya R, Meena S, Murugesan R S (2024) Ulva lactuca L. extract bio-templated fabrication of CuO\/ZnFe2O4 nanocomposites for photodegradation organic dye pollutants and in vitro biological activities. Colloids Surf A: Physicochem Eng Asp 689:133701. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2024.133701","journal-title":"Colloids Surf A: Physicochem Eng Asp"},{"key":"1531_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2024.130176","volume":"332","author":"F Ali","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ali F, Yasir HM, Younas U, Saleem A, Hussain E, Mohammed OA, Iqbal M, Imtiaz F, Abdel-Reheim MA, Pervaiz M (2025) Rhodamine-B degradation, chromium removal and bactericidal potential of Cu\u2013ZnO@ ZrO2 nanoneedles fabricated via green route. Mater Chem Phys 332:130176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2024.130176","journal-title":"Mater Chem Phys"},{"key":"1531_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1007\/s13204-013-0266-1","volume":"4","author":"MA Ansari","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ansari MA, Khan HM, Khan AA, Cameotra SS, Pal R (2014) Antibiofilm efficacy of silver nanoparticles against biofilm of extended spectrum \u03b2-lactamase isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Appl Nanosci 4:859\u2013868. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13204-013-0266-1","journal-title":"Appl Nanosci"},{"key":"1531_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2025.05.276","volume":"51","author":"S Atasoy","year":"2025","unstructured":"Atasoy S, Yavuz A, Ozcan K, Ocal MT, Kovaci H, Bozkurt YB, Ocal M, Aktas S, Durdu S (2025) The fabrication of silver\/zirconia coatings: characterization, corrosion and antibacterial properties. Ceram Int 51:35541\u201335555. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ceramint.2025.05.276","journal-title":"Ceram Int"},{"key":"1531_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2005.02.007","volume":"79","author":"AM Brown","year":"2005","unstructured":"Brown AM (2005) A new software for carrying out one-way ANOVA post hoc tests. Comput Methods Programs Biomed 79:89\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmpb.2005.02.007","journal-title":"Comput Methods Programs Biomed"},{"key":"1531_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.22.6.996-1006.1985","volume":"22","author":"GD Christensen","year":"1985","unstructured":"Christensen GD, Simpson WA, Younger J, Baddour L, Barrett F, Melton D, Beachey E (1985) Adherence of coagulase-negative staphylococci to plastic tissue culture plates: a quantitative model for the adherence of staphylococci to medical devices. J Clin microbiol 22:996\u20131006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.22.6.996-1006.1985","journal-title":"J Clin microbiol"},{"key":"1531_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2015.11.027","volume":"59","author":"K Dhanalekshmi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dhanalekshmi K, Meena K (2016) DNA intercalation studies and antimicrobial activity of Ag@ ZrO2 core\u2013shell nanoparticles in vitro. Mater Sci Eng C 59:1063\u20131068. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msec.2015.11.027","journal-title":"Mater Sci Eng C"},{"key":"1531_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotochem.2019.112105","volume":"386","author":"N Doufar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Doufar N, Benamira M, Lahmar H, Trari M, Avramova I, Caldes M (2020) Structural and photochemical properties of Fe-doped ZrO2 and their application as photocatalysts with TiO2 for chromate reduction. J Photochem Photobiol A: Chem 386:112105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jphotochem.2019.112105","journal-title":"J Photochem Photobiol A: Chem"},{"key":"1531_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.12693\/APhysPolA.131.1554","volume":"131","author":"W El Hotaby","year":"2017","unstructured":"El Hotaby W, Sherif H, Hemdan B, Khalil W, Khalil S (2017) Assessment of in situ-prepared polyvinylpyrrolidone-silver nanocomposite for antimicrobial applications. Acta Phys Pol A 131:1554\u20131560. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12693\/APhysPolA.131.1554","journal-title":"Acta Phys Pol A"},{"key":"1531_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3641173","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/3641173","volume":"202","author":"OAA El-Shamy","year":"2023","unstructured":"El-Shamy OAA, El-Adawy MM, Abdelsalam M (2023) Chemical synthesis of a polyvinylpyrrolidone-capped silver nanoparticle and its antimicrobial activity against two multidrug-resistant aeromonas species. Aquac Res 2023:3641173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2023\/3641173","journal-title":"Aquac Res"},{"key":"1531_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.120985","volume":"359","author":"P Halder","year":"2024","unstructured":"Halder P, Mondal I, Mukherjee A, Biswas S, Sau S, Mitra S, Paul BK, Mondal D, Chattopadhyay B, Das S (2024) Te4+ and Er3+ doped ZrO2 nanoparticles with enhanced photocatalytic, antibacterial activity and dielectric properties: A next generation of multifunctional material. J Environ Manag 359:120985. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.120985","journal-title":"J Environ Manag"},{"key":"1531_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2011.145","volume":"6","author":"U Holzwarth","year":"2011","unstructured":"Holzwarth U, Gibson N (2011) The Scherrer equation versus the \u2018Debye-Scherrer equation\u2019. Nat Nanotechnol 6:534\u2013534. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nnano.2011.145","journal-title":"Nat Nanotechnol"},{"key":"1531_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjtm.2017.07.006","volume":"10","author":"W Huang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Huang W, Wang J-Q, Song H-Y, Zhang Q, Liu G-F (2017) Chemical analysis and in vitro antimicrobial effects and mechanism of action of Trachyspermum copticum essential oil against Escherichia coli. Asian Pac J Trop Med 10:663\u2013669. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apjtm.2017.07.006","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Med"},{"key":"1531_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis600","volume":"55","author":"RM Humphries","year":"2012","unstructured":"Humphries RM, Fang FC, Aarestrup FM, Hindler JA (2012) In vitro susceptibility testing of fluoroquinolone activity against Salmonella: recent changes to CLSI standards. Clin Infect Dis 55:1107\u20131113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/cis600","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"1531_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2019.02.057","volume":"45","author":"M Imran","year":"2019","unstructured":"Imran M, Riaz S, Sanaullah I, Khan U, Sabri AN, Naseem S (2019) Microwave assisted synthesis and antimicrobial activity of Fe3O4-doped ZrO2 nanoparticles. Ceram Int 45:10106\u201310113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ceramint.2019.02.057","journal-title":"Ceram Int"},{"key":"1531_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jssc.2018.08.003","volume":"267","author":"A Joe","year":"2018","unstructured":"Joe A, Park S-H, Kim D-J, Lee Y-J, Jhee K-H, Sohn Y, Jang E-S (2018) Antimicrobial activity of ZnO nanoplates and its Ag nanocomposites: Insight into an ROS-mediated antibacterial mechanism under UV light. J Solid State Chem 267:124\u2013133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jssc.2018.08.003","journal-title":"J Solid State Chem"},{"key":"1531_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2016.03.044","volume":"37","author":"R Karthik","year":"2016","unstructured":"Karthik R, Hou Y-S, Chen S-M, Elangovan A, Ganesan M, Muthukrishnan P (2016) Eco-friendly synthesis of Ag-NPs using Cerasus serrulata plant extract\u2013Its catalytic, electrochemical reduction of 4-NPh and antibacterial activity. J Ind Eng Chem 37:330\u2013339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jiec.2016.03.044","journal-title":"J Ind Eng Chem"},{"key":"1531_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s10876-018-1484-1","volume":"30","author":"K Karthik","year":"2019","unstructured":"Karthik K, Madhukara Naik M, Shashank M, Vinuth M, Revathi V (2019) Microwave-assisted ZrO2 nanoparticles and its photocatalytic and antibacterial studies. J Clust Sci 30:311\u2013318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10876-018-1484-1","journal-title":"J Clust Sci"},{"key":"1531_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27441","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854-021-07120-w","volume":"32","author":"P Khajuria","year":"2021","unstructured":"Khajuria P, Mahajan R, Prakash R (2021) Synthesis and luminescent properties of ZrO2 and Dy3+-activated ZrO2 powders. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 32:27441\u201327448. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10854-021-07120-w","journal-title":"J Mater Sci: Mater Electron"},{"key":"1531_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2017.05.023","volume":"39","author":"A Khataee","year":"2017","unstructured":"Khataee A, Kayan B, Gholami P, Kalderis D, Akay S, Dinpazhoh L (2017) Sonocatalytic degradation of reactive yellow 39 using synthesized ZrO2 nanoparticles on biochar. Ultrason Sonochemistry 39:540\u2013549. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2017.05.023","journal-title":"Ultrason Sonochemistry"},{"key":"1531_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2017.03.005","volume":"166","author":"H Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li H, He Y, Liu Z, Jiang B, Huang Y (2017) Rapid synthesis of broadband Ag@TiO2 core\u2013shell nanoparticles for solar energy conversion. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 166:52\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.solmat.2017.03.005","journal-title":"Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells"},{"key":"1531_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2024.135985","volume":"708","author":"B-J Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li B-J, Ruan J-J, Zhang H-M, Wang F, Shi Y, Huang L-J (2025) Long-term superhydrophobicity-synergized antibacterial Ag\/Cu\/ZrO2 composite surfaces with multilevel hierarchical structures. Colloids Surf A: Physicochem Eng Asp 708:135985. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2024.135985","journal-title":"Colloids Surf A: Physicochem Eng Asp"},{"key":"1531_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings10030282","volume":"10","author":"Z Liang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liang Z, Zhou S, Cai W, Fu X, Ning H, Chen J, Yuan W, Zhu Z, Yao R, Peng J (2020) Zirconium-aluminum-oxide dielectric layer with high dielectric and relatively low leakage prepared by spin-coating and the application in thin-film transistor. Coatings 10:282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/coatings10030282","journal-title":"Coatings"},{"key":"1531_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2021.2019950","volume":"13","author":"JP Lopes","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lopes JP, Lionakis MS (2022) Pathogenesis and virulence of Candida albicans. Virulence 13:89\u2013121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21505594.2021.2019950","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"1531_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2015.06.079","volume":"41","author":"J Ma","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ma J, Guo S, Guo X, Ge H (2015) ZrO2@Ag composite catalyst for hydrogenation reduction of organic dye: Preparation and characterization as well as catalytic performance evaluation. Ceram Int 41:12453\u201312458. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ceramint.2015.06.079","journal-title":"Ceram Int"},{"key":"1531_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ram.2022.08.003","volume":"55","author":"IU Macias-Paz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Macias-Paz IU, P\u00e9rez-Hern\u00e1ndez S, Tavera-Tapia A, Luna-Arias JP, Guerra-C\u00e1rdenas JE, Reyna-Beltr\u00e1n E (2023) Candida albicans the main opportunistic pathogenic fungus in humans. Rev Argent Microbiol 55:189\u2013198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ram.2022.08.003","journal-title":"Rev Argent Microbiol"},{"key":"1531_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2020.107783","volume":"185","author":"M Maham","year":"2020","unstructured":"Maham M, Nasrollahzadeh M, Mohammad Sajadi S (2020) Facile synthesis of Ag\/ZrO2 nanocomposite as a recyclable catalyst for the treatment of environmental pollutants. Compos B: Eng 185:107783. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compositesb.2020.107783","journal-title":"Compos B: Eng"},{"key":"1531_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2014.10.004","volume":"23","author":"D Manoharan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Manoharan D, Loganathan A, Kurapati V, Nesamony VJ (2015) Unique sharp photoluminescence of size-controlled sonochemically synthesized zirconia nanoparticles. Ultrason Sonochemistry 23:174\u2013184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2014.10.004","journal-title":"Ultrason Sonochemistry"},{"key":"1531_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0255-0857(21)02466-X","volume":"24","author":"T Mathur","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mathur T, Singhal S, Khan S, Upadhyay D, Fatma T, Rattan A (2006) Detection of biofilm formation among the clinical isolates of staphylococci: an evaluation of three different screening methods. Indian J Med Microbiol 24:25\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0255-0857(21)02466-X","journal-title":"Indian J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"1531_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3390\/bacteria4010016","volume":"4","author":"N Naidoo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Naidoo N, Zishiri OT (2025) Presence, pathogenicity, antibiotic resistance, and virulence factors of Escherichia coli: a review. Bacteria 4:16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bacteria4010016","journal-title":"Bacteria"},{"key":"1531_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2019.02.059","volume":"146","author":"MM Naik","year":"2019","unstructured":"Naik MM, Naik HB, Nagaraju G, Vinuth M, Naika HR, Vinu K (2019) Green synthesis of zinc ferrite nanoparticles in Limonia acidissima juice: characterization and their application as photocatalytic and antibacterial activities. Microchem J 146:1227\u20131235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.microc.2019.02.059","journal-title":"Microchem J"},{"key":"1531_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crgsc.2021.100219","volume":"4","author":"OM Olabemiwo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Olabemiwo OM, Akintelu SA, Waheed AA, Okunlola DS, Akinwale DR, Adeyinka GC, Adeniji TW, Adebisi SA (2021) Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using stem bark extract of Annona senegalensis: characterization and its antibacterial potency. Curr Res Green Sustain Chem 4:100219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.crgsc.2021.100219","journal-title":"Curr Res Green Sustain Chem"},{"key":"1531_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70027","DOI":"10.1002\/bip.70027","volume":"116","author":"V Pandey","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pandey V, Pandey T (2025) A mechanistic understanding of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive bio\u2010polymeric nanoparticles: current state, challenges and future toward precision therapeutics. Biopolymers 116:e70027. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bip.70027","journal-title":"Biopolymers"},{"key":"1531_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2025.127347","volume":"427","author":"D Ravichandran","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ravichandran D, Meena R, Arasangam B, Sivakumar S, Gatasheh MK, Ahamed A, Murugesan S (2025) Phytogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Ecbolium ligustrinum (Vahl) Volleson leaf extract for investigation of its in vitro biological applications and photocatalytic activity for the reduction of methylene blue. J Mol Liq 427:127347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molliq.2025.127347","journal-title":"J Mol Liq"},{"key":"1531_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1166\/mex.2016.1338","volume":"6","author":"A Samavati","year":"2016","unstructured":"Samavati A, Mustafa M, Ismail A, Othman M, Rahman M (2016) Copper-substituted cobalt ferrite nanoparticles: structural, optical and antibacterial properties. Mater Express 6:473\u2013482. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1166\/mex.2016.1338","journal-title":"Mater Express"},{"key":"1531_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2018.11.022","volume":"145","author":"G Sharmila","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sharmila G, Thirumarimurugan M, Muthukumaran C (2019) Green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using Tecoma castanifolia leaf extract: characterization and evaluation of its antioxidant, bactericidal and anticancer activities. Microchem J 145:578\u2013587. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.microc.2018.11.022","journal-title":"Microchem J"},{"key":"1531_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14235","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854-021-05983-7","volume":"32","author":"HM Shinde","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shinde HM, Kite SV, Shirke BS, Garadkar KM (2021) Eco-friendly synthesis of Ag-ZrO2 nanocomposites for degradation of methylene blue. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 32:14235\u201314247. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10854-021-05983-7","journal-title":"J Mater Sci: Mater Electron"},{"key":"1531_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.3390\/life13051126","volume":"13","author":"V Siciliano","year":"2023","unstructured":"Siciliano V, Passerotto RA, Chiuchiarelli M, Leanza GM, Ojetti V (2023) Difficult-to-treat pathogens: a review on the management of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis. Life 13:1126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life13051126","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"1531_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s40712-019-0102-9","volume":"14","author":"R Sigwadi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sigwadi R, Dhlamini M, Mokrani T, Nemavhola F (2019) Preparation of a high surface area zirconium oxide for fuel cell application. Int J Mech Mater Eng 14:5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40712-019-0102-9","journal-title":"Int J Mech Mater Eng"},{"key":"1531_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jics.2024.101392","volume":"101","author":"M Silambarasan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Silambarasan M, Suresh P, Boopathiraja R, Subalakshmi K, Kavishna RS, Shanmugam M, Ramu S, Gnanendra TS (2024) Facile two step approach of Chitosan\/Nickel\/ZrO2 bio-nanocomposite and investigation of their antimicrobial activities against Escherichia coli. J Indian Chem Soc 101:101392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jics.2024.101392","journal-title":"J Indian Chem Soc"},{"key":"1531_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11080985","volume":"11","author":"MP Silverio","year":"2022","unstructured":"Silverio MP, Kraychete GB, Rosado AS, Bonelli RR (2022) Pseudomonas fluorescens complex and its intrinsic, adaptive, and acquired antimicrobial resistance mechanisms in pristine and human-impacted sites. Antibiotics 11:985. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics11080985","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"1531_CR43","first-page":"9","volume":"1","author":"J Singh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Singh J, Kaur G, Rawat M (2016) A brief review on synthesis and characterization of copper oxide nanoparticles and its applications. J Bioelectron Nanotechnol 1:9","journal-title":"J Bioelectron Nanotechnol"},{"key":"1531_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2011.593261","volume":"27","author":"C Sousa","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sousa C, Henriques M, Oliveira R (2011) Mini-review: antimicrobial central venous catheters\u2013recent advances and strategies. Biofouling 27:609\u2013620. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08927014.2011.593261","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"1531_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inoche.2022.109262","volume":"138","author":"S Srinivasan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Srinivasan S, Vivek C, Sakthivel P, Chamundeeswari G, Prasanna Bharathi S, Amuthameena S, Balraj B (2022) Synthesis of Ag incorporated ZrO2 nanomaterials for enhanced electrochemical energy storage applications. Inorg Chem Commun 138:109262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.inoche.2022.109262","journal-title":"Inorg Chem Commun"},{"key":"1531_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2017.02.074","volume":"113","author":"A Sultan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sultan A, Mohammad F (2017) Chemical sensing, thermal stability, electrochemistry and electrical conductivity of silver nanoparticles decorated and polypyrrole enwrapped boron nitride nanocomposite. Polymer 113:221\u2013232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.polymer.2017.02.074","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"1531_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2021.102156","volume":"26","author":"N Tabassum","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tabassum N, Kumar D, Verma D, Bohara RA, Singh M (2021) Zirconium oxide (ZrO2) nanoparticles from antibacterial activity to cytotoxicity: A next-generation of multifunctional nanoparticles. Mater Today Commun 26:102156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2021.102156","journal-title":"Mater Today Commun"},{"key":"1531_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2016.08.014","volume":"483","author":"MT Taghizadeh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Taghizadeh MT, Vatanparast M (2016) Ultrasonic-assisted synthesis of ZrO2 nanoparticles and their application to improve the chemical stability of Nafion membrane in proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells. J Colloid Interface Sci 483:1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcis.2016.08.014","journal-title":"J Colloid Interface Sci"},{"key":"1531_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/s10876-019-01649-x","volume":"31","author":"S Vijayakumar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vijayakumar S, Malaikozhundan B, Parthasarathy A, Saravanakumar K, Wang M-H, Vaseeharan B (2020) Nano biomedical potential of biopolymer chitosan-capped silver nanoparticles with special reference to antibacterial, antibiofilm, anticoagulant and wound dressing material. J Clust Sci 31:355\u2013366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10876-019-01649-x","journal-title":"J Clust Sci"},{"key":"1531_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14071","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.8b02617","volume":"6","author":"Y Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang Y, Wang Y, Li X, Li J, Su L, Zhang X, Du X (2018) Dendritic silica particles with well-dispersed Ag nanoparticles for robust antireflective and antibacterial nanocoatings on polymeric glass. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 6:14071\u201314081. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acssuschemeng.8b02617","journal-title":"ACS Sustain Chem Eng"},{"key":"1531_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.200400130","volume":"1","author":"GM Whitesides","year":"2005","unstructured":"Whitesides GM (2005) Nanoscience, nanotechnology, and chemistry. Small 1:172\u2013179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smll.200400130","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"1531_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2111698","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202111698","volume":"32","author":"C Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang C, Dawulieti J, Zhang K, Cheng C, Zhao Y, Hu H, Li M, Zhang M, Chen L, Leong KW (2022) An injectable antibiotic hydrogel that scavenges proinflammatory factors for the treatment of severe abdominal trauma. Adv Funct Mater 32:2111698. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/adfm.202111698","journal-title":"Adv Funct Mater"},{"key":"1531_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1565965","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1565965","volume":"16","author":"A Yehya","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yehya A, Ezzeddine Z, Chakkour M, Dhaini Z, Bou Saba MS, Bou Saba AS, Nohra L, Nassar NB, Yassine M, Bahmad HF (2025) The intricacies of Acinetobacter baumannii: a multifaceted comprehensive review of a multidrug-resistant pathogen and its clinical significance and implications. Front Microbio 16:1565965. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1565965","journal-title":"Front Microbio"}],"container-title":["Folia Microbiologica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12223-026-01531-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12223-026-01531-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12223-026-01531-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T05:05:15Z","timestamp":1781499915000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12223-026-01531-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["1531"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12223-026-01531-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0015-5632","1874-9356"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0015-5632","type":"print"},{"value":"1874-9356","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}