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In this study, three auxin-producing\n                    <jats:italic>Streptomyces<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates (CLV45, CLV104, and CLV194) were characterized, and auxin biosynthesis was evaluated under different cultivation conditions. Isolates were cultivated in ISP2 broth, and auxin-related compounds were quantified using the Salkowski assay and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Isolates were assigned to the genus\n                    <jats:italic>Streptomyces<\/jats:italic>\n                    based on morphological characteristics and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. All isolates produced auxin, albeit with distinct metabolic responses. A One Factor at a Time (OFAT) approach was used to identify favorable culture conditions for each isolate. CLV45 achieved maximal production (day 7, 182.3\u00a0\u00b5g\u00a0mL\u207b\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) with 0.05\u00a0g L\u207b\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    L-tryptophan, 1% dextrose, and 0.5% peptone under 6\u00a0h of oxygen restriction; CLV104 showed the highest synthesis (day 7, 958.9\u00a0\u00b5g\u00a0mL\u207b\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) with 0.1\u00a0g L\u207b\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    L-tryptophan, 0.5% glycerol, and 1% ammonium sulfate. For CLV194, no individual factor enhanced auxin production; its highest concentration (577\u00a0\u00b5g\u00a0mL\u207b\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) coincided with its natural production peak at day 5, rather than with any specific treatment. All auxin-containing supernatants promoted soybean root growth, enhancing root elongation by up to 136.3% relative to untreated control following treatment with CLV194 supernatant at 10\u00a0\u00b5g\u00a0mL\u207b\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    , with no significant effect on shoot elongation. These findings demonstrate the capacity of\n                    <jats:italic>Streptomyces<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates to produce high concentrations of auxin-like compounds under controlled cultivation and show that cell-free supernatants (CFS) can promote soybean seedling growth.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-026-01579-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T05:25:39Z","timestamp":1788153939000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Streptomyces as microbial biofactories: optimization of auxin production and growth-promoting activity of cell-free supernatants in soybean (Glycine max (L.) 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