{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T07:08:44Z","timestamp":1789110524849,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Folia Microbiol"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-026-01583-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T07:02:00Z","timestamp":1789110120000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gut microecology and cardiovascular disease: core pathogenic mechanisms and clinical intervention strategies"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Dian","family":"Yuan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuang","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Ning","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan-Tong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming-Xia","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Heng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ye-Hong","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya-Lu","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"1583_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahjo.2025.100633","volume":"59","author":"A Albulushi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Albulushi A, Taha T (2025) Gut microbiome dysbiosis in heart failure: updated evidence, mechanisms, and therapeutic directions. American heart journal plus\u202f: cardiology research and practice 59:100633. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ahjo.2025.100633","journal-title":"American heart journal plus : cardiology research and practice"},{"key":"1583_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humic.2019.100059","volume":"13","author":"T Alhmoud","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alhmoud T, Kumar A, Lo CC, Al-Sadi R, Clegg S, Alomari I et al (2019) Investigating intestinal permeability and gut microbiota roles in acute coronary syndrome patients. Human Microbiome Journal 13:100059. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.humic.2019.100059","journal-title":"Human Microbiome Journal"},{"key":"1583_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001495","volume":"50","author":"JM Allen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Allen JM, Mailing LJ, Niemiro GM, Moore R, Cook MD, White BA et al (2018) Exercise Alters Gut Microbiota Composition and Function in Lean and Obese Humans. Med Sci Sports Exerc 50:747\u2013757. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001495","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"1583_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1671-6450.2024.10.009","volume":"23","author":"R An","year":"2024","unstructured":"An R, Han J, Zhang Q et al (2024) Study on the correlation between cardiac function and blood uric acid, intestinal flora and miR-25 level in elderly patients with chronic heart failure. Chin J Difficult Complicated Cases 23:1198\u20131202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3969\/j.issn.1671-6450.2024.10.009","journal-title":"Chin J Difficult Complicated Cases"},{"issue":"1","key":"1583_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2297864","volume":"16","author":"T Aziz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Aziz T, Hussain N, Hameed Z, Lin L (2024) Elucidating the role of diet in maintaining gut health to reduce the risk of obesity, cardiovascular and other age-related inflammatory diseases: recent challenges and future recommendations. Gut Microbes 16(1):2297864. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19490976.2023.2297864","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"1583_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.036652","volume":"139","author":"H Bartolomaeus","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bartolomaeus H, Balogh A, Yakoub M, Homann S, Mark\u00f3 L, H\u00f6ges S et al (2019) Short-chain fatty acid propionate protects from hypertensive cardiovascular damage. Circulation 139:1407\u20131421. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.036652","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"1583_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1159\/000484623","volume":"44","author":"KM Boini","year":"2017","unstructured":"Boini KM, Hussain T, Li PL, Koka S (2017) Trimethylamine-N-Oxide Instigates NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation and Endothelial Dysfunction. Cell Physiol Biochem 44:152\u2013162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000484623","journal-title":"Cell Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"1583_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.16895","volume":"78","author":"VE Brunt","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brunt VE, Casso AG, Gioscia-Ryan RA, Sapinsley ZJ, Ziemba BP, Clayton ZS et al (2021) Gut Microbiome-Derived Metabolite Trimethylamine N-Oxide Induces Aortic Stiffening and Increases Systolic Blood Pressure With Aging in Mice and Humans. Hypertension 78:499\u2013511. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.16895","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"1","key":"1583_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-05903-3","volume":"15","author":"MJ Budoff","year":"2025","unstructured":"Budoff MJ, de Oliveira Otto MC, Li XS, Lee Y, Wang M, Lai HTM et al (2025) Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) and risk of incident cardiovascular events in the multi ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Sci Rep 15(1):23362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-05903-3","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1583_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-020-0549-5","volume":"38","author":"PB Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen PB, Black AS, Sobel AL, Zhao YN, Mukherjee P, Molparia B et al (2020) Directed remodeling of the mouse gut microbiome inhibits the development of atherosclerosis. Nat Biotechnol 38:1288\u20131297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41587-020-0549-5","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"1583_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab188","volume":"114","author":"G Costabile","year":"2021","unstructured":"Costabile G, Vetrani C, Bozzetto L, Giacco R, Bresciani L, Del Rio D et al (2021) Plasma TMAO increase after healthy diets: results from 2 randomized controlled trials with dietary fish, polyphenols, and whole-grain cereals. Am J Clin Nutr 114:1342\u20131350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab188","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"1583_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-18756-2","volume":"8","author":"X Cui","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cui X, Ye L, Li J, Jin L, Wang W, Li S et al (2018) Metagenomic and metabolomic analyses unveil dysbiosis of gut microbiota in chronic heart failure patients. Sci Rep 8(1):635. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-18756-2","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1583_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2200444","volume":"210","author":"W Cypryk","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cypryk W, Czernek L, Horodecka K, Chrzanowski J, Sta\u0144czak M, Nurmi K et al (2023) Lipopolysaccharide Primes Human Macrophages for Noncanonical Inflammasome-Induced Extracellular Vesicle Secretion. J Immunol 210:322\u2013334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.2200444","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"11","key":"1583_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-309957","volume":"65","author":"F De Filippis","year":"2016","unstructured":"De Filippis F, Pellegrini N, Vannini L, Jeffery IB, La Storia A, Laghi L et al (2016) High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome. Gut 65(11):1812\u20131821. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-309957","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"21","key":"1583_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1910437","volume":"381","author":"Z DeFilipp","year":"2019","unstructured":"DeFilipp Z, Bloom PP, Soto MT, Mansour MK, Sater MRA, Huntley MH et al (2019) Drug-resistant E. coli bacteremia transmitted by fecal microbiota transplant. N Engl J Med 381(21):2043\u20132050. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1910437","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"1583_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.122.19350","volume":"79","author":"E Dinakis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dinakis E, Nakai M, Gill P, Ribeiro R, Yiallourou S, Sata Y et al (2022) Association between the gut microbiome and their metabolites with human blood pressure variability. Hypertension 79(8):1690\u20131701. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.122.19350","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"1583_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S129","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ085","volume":"60","author":"S Doron","year":"2015","unstructured":"Doron S, Snydman DR (2015) Risk and Safety of Probiotics. Clin Infect Dis 60:S129\u2013S134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/civ085","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"13","key":"1583_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25137379","volume":"25","author":"Y Du","year":"2024","unstructured":"Du Y, He C, An Y, Huang Y, Zhang H, Fu W et al (2024) The role of short chain fatty acids in inflammation and body health. Int J Mol Sci 25(13):7379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25137379","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"1583_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13040274","author":"I Filipska","year":"2021","unstructured":"Filipska I, Winiarska A, Knysak M, Stomp\u00f3r T (2021) Contribution of gut microbiota-derived uremic toxins to the cardiovascular system mineralization. Toxins. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxins13040274","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"issue":"6","key":"1583_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab644","volume":"43","author":"A Haghikia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Haghikia A, Zimmermann F, Schumann P, Jasina A, Roessler J, Schmidt D et al (2022) Propionate attenuates atherosclerosis by immune-dependent regulation of intestinal cholesterol metabolism. Eur Heart J 43(6):518\u2013533. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab644","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"12","key":"1583_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5778","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.55946","volume":"11","author":"X Hu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hu X, Li H, Zhao X, Zhou R, Liu H, Sun Y et al (2021) Multi-omics study reveals that statin therapy is associated with restoration of gut microbiota homeostasis and improvement in outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Theranostics 11(12):5778\u20135793. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7150\/thno.55946","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"issue":"8","key":"1583_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2025.102260","volume":"6","author":"X Huang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Huang X, Tang X, He Q, Tadese DA, Cao K, Gao J et al (2025) High-fat diet increases circulating palmitic acid produced by gut Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron to promote thrombosis. Cell Rep Med 6(8):102260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xcrm.2025.102260","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1583_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00900-1","volume":"8","author":"Z Jie","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jie Z, Xia H, Zhong SL, Feng Q, Li S, Liang S et al (2017) The gut microbiome in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Nat Commun 8(1):845. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-017-00900-1","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"1583_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.864600","volume":"9","author":"L Jing","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jing L, Zhang H, Xiang Q, Shen L, Guo X, Zhai C et al (2022) Targeting trimethylamine N-oxide: a new therapeutic strategy for alleviating atherosclerosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 9:864600. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcvm.2022.864600","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"1583_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0174099","volume":"12","author":"T Kamo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kamo T, Akazawa H, Suda W, Saga-Kamo A, Shimizu Y, Yagi H et al (2017) Dysbiosis and compositional alterations with aging in the gut microbiota of patients with heart failure. PLoS One 12(3):e0174099. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0174099","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"1583_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20180087","volume":"132","author":"S Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim S, Goel R, Kumar A, Qi Y, Lobaton G, Hosaka K et al (2018) Imbalance of gut microbiome and intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction in patients with high blood pressure. Clin Sci 132(6):701\u2013718. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/CS20180087","journal-title":"Clin Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"1583_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3145","volume":"19","author":"RA Koeth","year":"2013","unstructured":"Koeth RA, Wang ZE, Levison BS, Buffa JA, Org E, Sheehy BT et al (2013) Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis. Nat Med 19(5):576\u2013585. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nm.3145","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"1583_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70024","DOI":"10.1002\/cph4.70024","volume":"15","author":"N Kondapalli","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kondapalli N, Katari V, Dalal KK, Paruchuri S, Thodeti CK (2025) Microbiota in Gut-Heart Axis: Metabolites and Mechanisms in Cardiovascular Disease. Compr Physiol 15(3):e70024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cph4.70024","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"1583_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.12.057","volume":"71","author":"M Kummen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kummen M, Mayerhofer CCK, Vestad B, Broch K, Awoyemi A, Storm-Larsen C et al (2018) Gut Microbiota Signature in Heart Failure Defined From Profiling of 2 Independent Cohorts. J Am Coll Cardiol 71(10):1184\u20131186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.12.057","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"1583_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2019.00021","volume":"6","author":"V Lazar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lazar V, Ditu LM, Pircalabioru GG, Picu A, Petcu L, Cucu N et al (2019) Gut microbiota, host organism, and diet trialogue in diabetes and obesity. Front Nutr 6:21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2019.00021","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"1583_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104663","volume":"153","author":"AM Lewis-Mikhael","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lewis-Mikhael AM, Davoodvandi A, Jafarnejad S (2020) Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum containing probiotics on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pharmacol Res 153:104663. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104663","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"issue":"24","key":"1583_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2434","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.019645","volume":"133","author":"J Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li J, Lin S, Vanhoutte PM, Woo CW, Xu A (2016) Akkermansia muciniphila Protects Against Atherosclerosis by Preventing Metabolic Endotoxemia-Induced Inflammation in ApoE\u2013\/\u2013 Mice. Circulation 133(24):2434\u20132446. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.019645","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"1583_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-016-0222-x","author":"J Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li J, Zhao FQ, Wang YD, Chen JR, Tao JE, Tian G et al (2017) Gut microbiota dysbiosis contributes to the development of hypertension. Microbiome. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40168-016-0222-x","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"issue":"1","key":"1583_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.13200\/j.cnki.cjb.003525","volume":"35","author":"HX Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li HX, Wei J, Ha XQ (2022) Advances in the study of intestinal microbial metabolites involved in atherosclerosis. Chin J Biol 35(1):112\u2013118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13200\/j.cnki.cjb.003525","journal-title":"Chin J Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1583_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.13376\/j.cbls\/2024075","volume":"36","author":"X Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li X, Li SW, Yang J (2024) Trained immunity induced by gut microbiota dysbiosis promotes atherosclerosis. Chin Bull Life Sci 36(6):733\u2013740. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13376\/j.cbls\/2024075","journal-title":"Chin Bull Life Sci"},{"key":"1583_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7333","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5b01649","volume":"63","author":"YY Liu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Liu YY, Zeng SY, Leu YL, Tsai TY (2015) Antihypertensive Effect of a Combination of Uracil and Glycerol Derived from Lactobacillus plantarum strain TWK10-Fermented Soy Milk. J Agric Food Chem 63:7333\u20137342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jafc.5b01649","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"1583_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1080\/10641963.2018.1481420","volume":"41","author":"M Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu M, Han QH, Yang JL (2019) Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) increased aquaporin-2 expression in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Clin Exp Hypertens 41:312\u2013322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10641963.2018.1481420","journal-title":"Clin Exp Hypertens"},{"issue":"1","key":"1583_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn116031.2023.1000146","volume":"6","author":"YL Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu YL, Chang KL, Zhang C, Dai HL (2023) Research progress on the correlation between gut microbiota alterations and the occurrence and development of cardiovascular diseases. Chin J Cardiovasc Dis 6(1):1\u20137 (In Chinese). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3760\/cma.j.cn116031.2023.1000146","journal-title":"Chin J Cardiovasc Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"1583_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1007-5062.2025.09.001","volume":"44","author":"MB Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu MB, He XY, Yang XH, Wang ZW (2025) Interpretation of the key points of the Report on Cardiovascular Health and Diseases in China 2024. J Cardiovasc Pulm Dis 44(9):899\u2013917 (In Chinese). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3969\/j.issn.1007-5062.2025.09.001","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Pulm Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"1583_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.31083\/j.rcm2311365","volume":"23","author":"CR Longoria","year":"2022","unstructured":"Longoria CR, Guers JJ, Campbell SC (2022) The Interplay between Cardiovascular Disease, Exercise, and the Gut Microbiome. Rev Cardiovasc Med 23(11):165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31083\/j.rcm2311365","journal-title":"Rev Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"1583_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.12155","volume":"4","author":"M Luedde","year":"2017","unstructured":"Luedde M, Winkler T, Heinsen FA, R\u00fchlemann MC, Spehlmann ME, Bajrovic A et al (2017) Heart failure is associated with depletion of core intestinal microbiota. ESC Heart Fail 4:282\u2013290. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ehf2.12155","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail"},{"key":"1583_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25979","volume":"555","author":"L Maier","year":"2018","unstructured":"Maier L, Pruteanu M, Kuhn M, Zeller G, Telzerow A, Anderson EE et al (2018) Extensive impact of non-antibiotic drugs on human gut bacteria. Nature 555:623\u2013628. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature25979","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6","key":"1583_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.05.012","volume":"23","author":"K Makki","year":"2018","unstructured":"Makki K, Deehan EC, Walter J, B\u00e4ckhed F (2018) The Impact of Dietary Fiber on Gut Microbiota in Host Health and Disease. Cell Host Microbe 23(6):705\u2013715. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chom.2018.05.012","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"issue":"9","key":"1583_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.313565","volume":"123","author":"M Malik","year":"2018","unstructured":"Malik M, Suboc TM, Tyagi S, Salzman N, Wang JL, Ying R et al (2018) Lactobacillus plantarum 299v Supplementation Improves Vascular Endothelial Function and Reduces Inflammatory Biomarkers in Men With Stable Coronary Artery Disease. Circul Res 123(9):1091\u20131102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.313565","journal-title":"Circul Res"},{"key":"1583_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.116.024545","volume":"135","author":"FZ Marques","year":"2017","unstructured":"Marques FZ, Nelson E, Chu PY, Horlock D, Fiedler A, Ziemann M et al (2017) High-Fiber Diet and Acetate Supplementation Change the Gut Microbiota and Prevent the Development of Hypertension and Heart Failure in Hypertensive Mice. Circulation 135:964\u2013977. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/circulationaha.116.024545","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"1583_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09263-w","volume":"645","author":"A Mastrangelo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mastrangelo A, Robles-Vera I, Ma\u00f1anes D, Gal\u00e1n M, Femen\u00eda-Mui\u00f1a M, Redondo-Urzainqui A et al (2025) Imidazole propionate is a driver and therapeutic target in atherosclerosis. Nature 645:254\u2013261. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-025-09263-w","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6","key":"1583_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1008-0074.2024.06.18","volume":"33","author":"R Meng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Meng R, Li XN, Liu HM, Li L, Liu Y, Wang YH et al (2024) Characteristics of intestinal flora levels in hypertensive patients with different cardiovascular risk level and their correlation with metabolic indicators. Chin J Cardiovasc Rehabil Med 33(6):739\u2013743. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3969\/j.issn.1008-0074.2024.06.18","journal-title":"Chin J Cardiovasc Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"1583_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01399-2","volume":"27","author":"V Mocanu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mocanu V, Zhang ZX, Deehan EC, Kao DH, Hotte N, Karmali S et al (2021) Fecal microbial transplantation and fiber supplementation in patients with severe obesity and metabolic syndrome: a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial. Nat Med 27(7):1272\u20131279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-021-01399-2","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"1583_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-61047-y","author":"R Nieri","year":"2026","unstructured":"Nieri R, Severino A, Foglio E, De Maio F, Santoni D, Sardaro MLS et al (2026) Human gut microbiota from acute coronary syndrome patients promotes plaque vulnerability in a mouse model of atherosclerosis. Sci Rep. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-61047-y","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"1583_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-024-00494-9","volume":"10","author":"A Oren","year":"2024","unstructured":"Oren A (2024) On validly published names, correct names, and changes in the nomenclature of phyla and genera of prokaryotes: a guide for the perplexed. npj Biofilms Microbiomes 10(1):20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41522-024-00494-9","journal-title":"npj Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"issue":"10","key":"1583_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"005056","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.005056","volume":"71","author":"A Oren","year":"2021","unstructured":"Oren A, Garrity GM (2021) Valid publication of the names of forty-two phyla of prokaryotes. Int J Syst Evol MicroBiol 71(10):005056. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/ijsem.0.005056","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol MicroBiol"},{"key":"1583_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2015.10.009","volume":"4","author":"E Pasini","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pasini E, Aquilani R, Testa C, Baiardi P, Angioletti S, Boschi F et al (2016) Pathogenic Gut Flora in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure. JACC: Heart Fail 4:220\u2013227. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jchf.2015.10.009","journal-title":"JACC: Heart Fail"},{"issue":"2","key":"1583_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.09.010","volume":"76","author":"VC Patel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Patel VC, Lee S, McPhail MJW, Da Silva K, Guilly S, Zamalloa A et al (2022) Rifaximin-\u03b1 reduces gut-derived inflammation and mucin degradation in cirrhosis and encephalopathy: RIFSYS randomised controlled trial. J Hepatol 76(2):332\u2013342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.09.010","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"1583_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2018.10.063","volume":"214","author":"J Peng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Peng J, Xiao X, Hu M, Zhang X (2018) Interaction between gut microbiome and cardiovascular disease. Life Sci 214:153\u2013157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lfs.2018.10.063","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"1583_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-41867-y","author":"E Pisano","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pisano E, Bugli F, Severino A, Pedicino D, Sterbini FP, Martini C et al (2023) Microbial signature of plaque and gut in acute coronary syndrome. Sci Rep. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-41867-y","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1583_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1038\/s44161-025-00637-x","volume":"4","author":"Z Qi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Qi Z, Zhang W, Zhang P, Qu Y, Zhong H, Zhou L et al (2025) The gut microbiota\u2013bile acid\u2013TGR5 axis orchestrates platelet activation and atherothrombosis. Nat Cardiovasc Res 4:584\u2013601. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s44161-025-00637-x","journal-title":"Nat Cardiovasc Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"1583_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-025-09971-8","volume":"26","author":"X Qian","year":"2025","unstructured":"Qian X, Guo Y, Sun P (2025) Mechanisms of exercise in preventing cardiovascular diseases: Insights from gut microbiota characteristics in pathological states of cardiovascular diseases. Reviews Endocr Metabolic Disorders 26(4):693\u2013718. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11154-025-09971-8","journal-title":"Reviews Endocr Metabolic Disorders"},{"issue":"9","key":"1583_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0128-1","volume":"24","author":"AB Roberts","year":"2018","unstructured":"Roberts AB, Gu X, Buffa JA, Hurd AG, Wang Z, Zhu W et al (2018) Development of a gut microbe-targeted nonlethal therapeutic to inhibit thrombosis potential. Nat Med 24(9):1407\u20131417. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-018-0128-1","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"1583_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.115.002767","author":"MM Seldin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Seldin MM, Meng Y, Qi H, Zhu W, Wang Z, Hazen SL et al (2016) Trimethylamine N-oxide promotes vascular inflammation through signaling of mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-\u03baB. J Am Heart Assoc. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/jaha.115.002767","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"10","key":"1583_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.70877","volume":"16","author":"A Singh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Singh A, Kishore PS, Khan S (2024) From microbes to myocardium: a comprehensive review of the impact of the gut-brain axis on cardiovascular disease. Cureus 16(10):e70877. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.70877","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"7","key":"1583_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.117.008342","volume":"7","author":"LP Smits","year":"2018","unstructured":"Smits LP, Kootte RS, Levin E, Prodan A, Fuentes S, Zoetendal EG et al (2018) Effect of vegan fecal microbiota transplantation on carnitine- and choline-derived trimethylamine-N-oxide production and vascular inflammation in patients with metabolic syndrome. J Am Heart Assoc 7(7):e008342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/JAHA.117.008342","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"1583_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11152296","author":"X Su","year":"2022","unstructured":"Su X, Gao Y, Yang R (2022) Gut microbiota-derived tryptophan metabolites maintain gut and systemic homeostasis. Cells. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells11152296","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"1583_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2016.11.017","volume":"481","author":"X Sun","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sun X, Jiao X, Ma Y, Liu Y, Zhang L, He Y et al (2016) Trimethylamine N-oxide induces inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in human umbilical vein endothelial cells via activating ROS-TXNIP-NLRP3 inflammasome. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 481:63\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbrc.2016.11.017","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"issue":"2","key":"1583_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00100","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00100-22","volume":"7","author":"BQ Sun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sun BQ, Ma T, Li YL, Yang N, Li BH, Zhou XF et al (2022) Bifidobacterium lactis Probio-M8 Adjuvant Treatment Confers Added Benefits to Patients with Coronary Artery Disease via Target Modulation of the Gut-Heart\/-Brain Axes. mSystems 7(2):e00100\u2013e00122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/msystems.00100-22","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"1583_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-41837-3","volume":"9","author":"D Tandon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tandon D, Haque MM, Gote M, Jain M, Bhaduri A, Dubey AK et al (2019) A prospective randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response relationship study to investigate efficacy of fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) on human gut microflora. Sci Rep 9:5473. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-41837-3","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1583_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.03.024","volume":"73","author":"WHW Tang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tang WHW, B\u00e4ckhed F, Landmesser U, Hazen SL (2019) Intestinal Microbiota in Cardiovascular Health and Disease: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. J Am Coll Cardiol 73:2089\u20132105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.03.024","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"26","key":"1583_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2497","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1912388","volume":"381","author":"JC Tardif","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tardif JC, Kouz S, Waters DD, Bertrand OF, Diaz R, Maggioni AP et al (2019) Efficacy and Safety of Low-Dose Colchicine after Myocardial Infarction. N Engl J Med 381(26):2497\u20132505. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1912388","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1583_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021377","author":"J Tokarek","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tokarek J, Budny E, Saar M, Ku\u0107mierz J, M\u0142ynarska E, Rysz J et al (2023) Does the composition of gut microbiota affect hypertension? Molecular mechanisms involved in increasing blood pressure. Int J Mol Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24021377","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1583_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-14177-z","volume":"11","author":"AV Vila","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vila AV, Collij V, Sanna S, Sinha T, Imhann F, Bourgonje AR et al (2020) Impact of commonly used drugs on the composition and metabolic function of the gut microbiota. Nat Commun 11(1):362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-019-14177-z","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"4","key":"1583_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.06.031","volume":"143","author":"A Vrieze","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vrieze A, Van Nood E, Holleman F, Saloj\u00e4rvi J, Kootte RS, Bartelsman J et al (2012) Transfer of intestinal microbiota from lean donors increases insulin sensitivity in individuals with metabolic syndrome. Gastroenterology 143(4):913-916.e7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.06.031","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"7341","key":"1583_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09922","volume":"472","author":"Z Wang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wang Z, Klipfell E, Bennett BJ, Koeth R, Levison BS, Dugar B et al (2011) Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature 472(7341):57\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature09922","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7","key":"1583_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.11.055","volume":"163","author":"ZN Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang ZN, Roberts AB, Buffa JA, Levison BS, Zhu WF, Org E et al (2015) Non-lethal Inhibition of Gut Microbial Trimethylamine Production for the Treatment of Atherosclerosis. Cell 163(7):1585\u20131595. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2015.11.055","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"7","key":"1583_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy799","volume":"40","author":"ZN Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang ZN, Bergeron N, Levison BS, Li XMS, Chiu S, Jia X et al (2019) Impact of chronic dietary red meat, white meat, or non-meat protein on trimethylamine N-oxide metabolism and renal excretion in healthy men and women. Eur Heart J 40(7):583\u2013594. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy799","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"1583_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11172549","author":"Z Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang Z, Wu J, Tian Z, Si Y, Chen H, Gan J (2022a) The mechanisms of the potential probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum against cardiovascular disease and the recent developments in its fermented foods. Foods. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods11172549","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"1583_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang CM, Han GH, Ma SX (2022b) Effects of short-chain fatty acids on intestinal mucosal barrier. Chin J Microecol. 2022; 34(12): 1471\u20131475. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13381\/j.cnki.cjm.202212020","DOI":"10.13381\/j.cnki.cjm.202212020"},{"key":"1583_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1305375","author":"J Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang J, Hu Z, Xu Q, Shi Y, Cao X, Ma Y et al (2024a) Gut microbiome-based noninvasive diagnostic model to predict acute coronary syndromes. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1305375","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"1583_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang J, Zuo LL, Gao CC (2024b) Influence of Qili Qiangxin capsule on intestinal flora, plasma TNF-\u03b1, IL-I\u03b2, H-FABP and TMAO levels and cardiac function in patients with chronic heart failure. J Mol Diagn Ther. 2024; 16(12): 2329\u20132332, 2337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.19930\/j.cnki.jmdt.2024.12.009","DOI":"10.19930\/j.cnki.jmdt.2024.12.009"},{"issue":"8","key":"1583_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-320204","volume":"69","author":"RK Weersma","year":"2020","unstructured":"Weersma RK, Zhernakova A, Fu JY (2020) Interaction between drugs and the gut microbiome. Gut 69(8):1510\u20131519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-320204","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"1583_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1161\/circresaha.120.316242","volume":"127","author":"M Witkowski","year":"2020","unstructured":"Witkowski M, Weeks TL, Hazen SL (2020) Gut Microbiota and Cardiovascular Disease. Circul Res 127:553\u2013570. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/circresaha.120.316242","journal-title":"Circul Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"1583_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13375","volume":"64","author":"E Wombwell","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wombwell E, Bransteitter B, Gillen LR (2021) Incidence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fungemia in hospitalised patients administered Saccharomyces boulardii probiotic. Mycoses 64(12):1521\u20131526. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/myc.13375","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"1583_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2025.1608658","author":"Q Xu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xu Q, Liu X, Wang Z, Li X, Jiang Q, Xu M (2025) Recent advancements and comprehensive analyses of butyric acid in cardiovascular diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcvm.2025.1608658","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"1583_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2025.05.002","volume":"86","author":"T Yamashita","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yamashita T (2025) The role of gut microbiota in cardiovascular diseases and their potential as novel therapeutic targets. J Cardiol 86:141\u2013147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jjcc.2025.05.002","journal-title":"J Cardiol"},{"key":"1583_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yan JC, Sun XD (2024) Research progress on the interaction between trimethylamine N- oxide and the renin-angiotensin system in cardiovascular diseases. Hebei Med J. 2024; 46(19): 2996\u20133002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3969\/j.issn.1002-7386.2024.19.026","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1002-7386.2024.19.026"},{"key":"1583_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0048224","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00482-24","volume":"13","author":"L Yang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yang L, Yang J, Zhang T, Xie X, Wu Q (2025) Gut microbiota: a novel strategy affecting atherosclerosis. Microbiol Spectr 13:e0048224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.00482-24","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"issue":"11","key":"1583_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0626-9","volume":"25","author":"I Yelin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yelin I, Flett KB, Merakou C, Mehrotra P, Stam J, Snesrud E et al (2019) Genomic and epidemiological evidence of bacterial transmission from probiotic capsule to blood in ICU patients. Nat Med 25(11):1728\u20131732. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-019-0626-9","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"1583_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yin T, Bao L (2022) Research progress of physiological function of short-chain fatty acids in the intestine. Advances in Clinical Medicine. 2022; 12: 939\u2013945. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12677\/acm.2022.122137","DOI":"10.12677\/acm.2022.122137"},{"issue":"1","key":"1583_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000000773","volume":"34","author":"HH Yoo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yoo HH, Kim IS, Yoo DH, Kim DH (2016) Effects of orally administered antibiotics on the bioavailability of amlodipine: gut microbiota-mediated drug interaction. J Hypertens 34(1):156\u2013162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/HJH.0000000000000773","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"1583_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhai JC, Wang T, Liu FQ, Wang JK (2023) Research progress of the effect of intestinal flora on the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Chin J Arterioscler. 2023; 31(11): 995\u20131000. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20039\/j.cnki.1007-3949.2023.11.010","DOI":"10.20039\/j.cnki.1007-3949.2023.11.010"},{"key":"1583_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang WF, Wang YH, Su H (2024) Inter-individual variations in the efficacy of antihypertensive drugs: a new perspective based on gut microbiota. Chin J Hypertens. 2024; 32(10): 929\u2013933. (In Chinese). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.16439\/j.issn.1673-7245.2024.10.006","DOI":"10.16439\/j.issn.1673-7245.2024.10.006"},{"key":"1583_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202413296","volume":"12","author":"YY Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang YY, Chen ST, Chen G, Zhou L, Zhou GL, Yu XY et al (2025a) The type III secretion system (T3SS) of Escherichia coli promotes atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Adv Sci 12:e2413296. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/advs.202413296","journal-title":"Adv Sci"},{"key":"1583_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang LL, Liu C, Ma XY, Wang J, Wen XL (2025b) Investigate the effect of gut microbiota on heart failure and its future clinical applications potential based on gut-heart axis. China Med Herald. 2025; 22(10): 69\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20047\/j.issn1673-7210.2025.10.13","DOI":"10.20047\/j.issn1673-7210.2025.10.13"},{"key":"1583_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1161\/hypertensionaha.122.19609","volume":"79","author":"T Zheng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zheng T, Marques FZ (2022) Gut Microbiota: Friends or Foes for Blood Pressure-Lowering Drugs. Hypertension 79:1602\u20131604. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/hypertensionaha.122.19609","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"1583_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-025-04151-9","volume":"25","author":"A Zhou","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhou A, Peng N, Yang L, Yang S, Wang J (2025) Tanshinone regulated gut microbiota and TMAO to improve high-fat diet induced atherosclerosis in ApoE\u2212\/\u2212 mice. BMC Microbiol 25:432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12866-025-04151-9","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1583_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.02.011","volume":"165","author":"W Zhu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhu W, Gregory JC, Org E, Buffa JA, Gupta N, Wang Z et al (2016) Gut Microbial Metabolite TMAO Enhances Platelet Hyperreactivity and Thrombosis Risk. Cell 165(1):111\u2013124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2016.02.011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"7762","key":"1583_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1291-3","volume":"570","author":"M Zimmermann","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zimmermann M, Zimmermann-Kogadeeva M, Wegmann R, Goodman AL (2019) Mapping human microbiome drug metabolism by gut bacteria and their genes. Nature 570(7762):462\u2013467. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-019-1291-3","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"1583_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10030365","volume":"10","author":"MK Zin\u00f6cker","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zin\u00f6cker MK, Lindseth IA (2018) The Western Diet-Microbiome-Host Interaction and Its Role in Metabolic Disease. Nutrients 10(3):365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu10030365","journal-title":"Nutrients"}],"container-title":["Folia Microbiologica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12223-026-01583-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12223-026-01583-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12223-026-01583-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T07:02:10Z","timestamp":1789110130000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12223-026-01583-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"references-count":96,"alternative-id":["1583"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12223-026-01583-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0015-5632","1874-9356"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0015-5632","type":"print"},{"value":"1874-9356","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 June 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Clinical trial number","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}