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On the other hand, their practical application is limited by instability outside the bacterial hosts, which compromises their efficacy. The incorporation of bacteriophages into polymeric materials has been explored as a strategy to protect the viruses from rapid environmental inactivation and, in some cases, to allow controlled release. In this review, association maps provide a broad overview of the main polymers and fabrication approaches used to improve the stability and functionality of bacteriophages for biotechnological applications. A systematic search was performed to identify studies evaluating polymer-bacteriophage composites focusing on polymer types, bacteriophage species and fabrication processes. The results highlight the broad application of alginate and chitosan, mainly associated with ionic gelation technique, targeting bacterial strains including\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica.<\/jats:italic>\n                    The oral delivery of bacteriophages, wound dressings and food packaging are among the main applications. Data revealed polymer and approaches selection are mainly associated with intended uses of delivery systems and the target bacteria.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-026-01599-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T07:51:34Z","timestamp":1790236294000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bacteriophages and polymeric delivery systems: a mapping review"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Paula","family":"Rogovski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00e9ssica Sueli","family":"dos Santos Batista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9 Luis Fachini","family":"de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilberto","family":"Melo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bianca","family":"da Costa Bernardo Port","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thiago","family":"Caon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felipe Gomes","family":"Dallepiane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariadne Cristiane","family":"Cabral Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gislaine","family":"Fongaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"1599_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-019-0810-9","volume":"9","author":"AS Abdelsattar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abdelsattar AS, Abdelrahman F, Dawoud A et al (2019) Encapsulation of E. coli phage ZCEC5 in chitosan\u2013alginate beads as a delivery system in phage therapy. 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