{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T10:43:35Z","timestamp":1792579415335,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744329600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurosci. Bull."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Transcranial temporal interference stimulation (tTIS) is a novel non-invasive neuromodulation technique with the potential to precisely target deep brain structures. This study explores the neural and behavioral effects of tTIS on the superior colliculus (SC), a region involved in eye movement control, in mice. Computational modeling revealed that tTIS delivers more focused stimulation to the SC than traditional transcranial alternating current stimulation. <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic> experiments, including Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> signal recordings and eye movement tracking, showed that tTIS effectively modulates SC neural activity and induces eye movements. A significant correlation was found between stimulation frequency and saccade frequency, suggesting direct tTIS-induced modulation of SC activity. These results demonstrate the precision of tTIS in targeting deep brain regions and regulating eye movements, highlighting its potential for neuroscientific research and therapeutic applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-025-01387-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T04:23:27Z","timestamp":1744345407000},"page":"1390-1402","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Transcranial temporal interference stimulation precisely targets deep brain regions to regulate eye movements"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7737-8986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mo","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7521-6186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sixian","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangchao","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiajia","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2501-7656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quanying","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1155-6085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pengfei","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"1387_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14850","volume":"1515","author":"WS Yu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yu WS, Aquili L, Wong KH, Lo ACY, Chan LLH, Chan YS. Transcorneal electrical stimulation enhances cognitive functions in aged and 5XFAD mouse models. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2022, 1515: 249\u2013265.","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"1387_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1440","DOI":"10.31661\/gmj.v8i0.1440","volume":"8","author":"AH Zarifkar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zarifkar AH, Zarifkar A, Nami M, Rafati A, Aligholi H, Vafaee F. Ameliorative effects of different transcranial electrical stimulation paradigms on the novel object recognition task in a rat model of Alzheimer disease. Galen Med J 2019, 8: e1440.","journal-title":"Galen Med J"},{"key":"1387_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.01.005","volume":"14","author":"A Van Schuerbeek","year":"2021","unstructured":"Van Schuerbeek A, Vanderhasselt MA, Baeken C, Pierre A, Smolders I, Van Waes V, et al. Effects of repeated anodal transcranial direct current stimulation on auditory fear extinction in C57BL\/6J mice. Brain Stimul 2021, 14: 250\u2013260.","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"1387_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2014.09.015","volume":"57","author":"MA Vanderhasselt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vanderhasselt MA, De Raedt R, Namur V, Lotufo PA, Bensenor IM, Boggio PS, et al. Transcranial electric stimulation and neurocognitive training in clinically depressed patients: A pilot study of the effects on rumination. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2015, 57: 93\u201399.","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1387_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2009.202556","volume":"81","author":"DH Benninger","year":"2010","unstructured":"Benninger DH, Lomarev M, Lopez G, Wassermann EM, Li X, Considine E, et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation for the treatment of Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2010, 81: 1105\u20131111.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"1387_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.258057","volume":"67","author":"CD Solomons","year":"2019","unstructured":"Solomons CD, Shanmugasundaram V. A review of transcranial electrical stimulation methods in stroke rehabilitation. Neurol India 2019, 67: 417\u2013423.","journal-title":"Neurol India"},{"key":"1387_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.3171\/2013.10.JNS131225","volume":"120","author":"AJ Fenoy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fenoy AJ, Simpson RK Jr. Risks of common complications in deep brain stimulation surgery: Management and avoidance. J Neurosurg 2014, 120: 132\u2013139.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"1387_CR8","first-page":"187","volume":"7","author":"E Rezayat","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rezayat E, Toostani IG. A review on brain stimulation using low intensity focused ultrasound. Basic Clin Neurosci 2016, 7: 187\u2013194.","journal-title":"Basic Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"1387_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.11.015","volume":"87","author":"S Bai","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bai S, Dokos S, Ho KA, Loo C. A computational modelling study of transcranial direct current stimulation montages used in depression. Neuroimage 2014, 87: 332\u2013344.","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1387_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-02928-3","volume":"9","author":"M V\u00f6r\u00f6slakos","year":"2018","unstructured":"V\u00f6r\u00f6slakos M, Takeuchi Y, Brinyiczki K, Zombori T, Oliva A, Fern\u00e1ndez-Ruiz A, et al. Direct effects of transcranial electric stimulation on brain circuits in rats and humans. Nat Commun 2018, 9: 483.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"1387_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-08183-w","volume":"10","author":"B Asamoah","year":"2019","unstructured":"Asamoah B, Khatoun A, Laughlin MM. tACS motor system effects can be caused by transcutaneous stimulation of peripheral nerves. Nat Commun 2019, 10: 266.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"1387_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.05.024","volume":"169","author":"N Grossman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Grossman N, Bono D, Dedic N, Kodandaramaiah SB, Rudenko A, Suk HJ, et al. Noninvasive deep brain stimulation via temporally interfering electric fields. Cell 2017, 169: 1029-1041.e16.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1387_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(00)01547-2","volume":"23","author":"B Hutcheon","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hutcheon B, Yarom Y. Resonance, oscillation and the intrinsic frequency preferences of neurons. Trends Neurosci 2000, 23: 216\u2013222.","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"1387_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120331","volume":"280","author":"M Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang M, Lou K, Liu Z, Wei P, Liu Q. Multi-objective optimization via evolutionary algorithm (MOVEA) for high-definition transcranial electrical stimulation of the human brain. Neuroimage 2023, 280: 120331.","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1387_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2018.09.010","volume":"12","author":"Y Huang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Huang Y, Parra LC. Can transcranial electric stimulation with multiple electrodes reach deep targets? Brain Stimul 2019, 12: 30\u201340.","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"1387_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"036003","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/abd2c9","volume":"18","author":"X Song","year":"2021","unstructured":"Song X, Zhao X, Li X, Liu S, Ming D. Multi-channel transcranial temporally interfering stimulation (tTIS): Application to living mice brain. J Neural Eng 2021, 18: 036003.","journal-title":"J Neural Eng"},{"key":"1387_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633988","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.633988","volume":"15","author":"F Missey","year":"2021","unstructured":"Missey F, Rusina E, Acerbo E, Botzanowski B, Tr\u00e9buchon A, Bartolomei F, et al. Orientation of temporal interference for non-invasive deep brain stimulation in epilepsy. Front Neurosci 2021, 15: 633988.","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"1387_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.11.007","volume":"14","author":"Z Esmaeilpour","year":"2021","unstructured":"Esmaeilpour Z, Kronberg G, Reato D, Parra LC, Bikson M. Temporal interference stimulation targets deep brain regions by modulating neural oscillations. Brain Stimul 2021, 14: 55\u201365.","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"1387_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2022.105337","volume":"143","author":"S Lee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lee S, Park J, Choi DS, Lee C, Im CH. Multipair transcranial temporal interference stimulation for improved focalized stimulation of deep brain regions: A simulation study. Comput Biol Med 2022, 143: 105337.","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"key":"1387_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116124","volume":"202","author":"S Rampersad","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rampersad S, Roig-Solvas B, Yarossi M, Kulkarni PP, Santarnecchi E, Dorval AD, et al. Prospects for transcranial temporal interference stimulation in humans: A computational study. Neuroimage 2019, 202: 116124.","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1387_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20357","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-99749-0","volume":"11","author":"J von Conta","year":"2021","unstructured":"von Conta J, Kasten FH, \u0106ur\u010di\u0107-Blake B, Aleman A, Thielscher A, Herrmann CS. Interindividual variability of electric fields during transcranial temporal interference stimulation (tTIS). Sci Rep 2021, 11: 20357.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1387_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau4915","volume":"361","author":"N Grossman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Grossman N. Modulation without surgical intervention. Science 2018, 361: 461\u2013462.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1387_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12281","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0117-15.2015","volume":"35","author":"L Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang L, Liu M, Segraves MA, Cang J. Visual experience is required for the development of eye movement maps in the mouse superior Colliculus. J Neurosci 2015, 35: 12281\u201312286.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"1387_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1269","volume":"7","author":"RM McPeek","year":"2004","unstructured":"McPeek RM, Keller EL. Deficits in saccade target selection after inactivation of superior Colliculus. Nat Neurosci 2004, 7: 757\u2013763.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"1387_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E8987","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1806215115","volume":"115","author":"Y Kojima","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kojima Y, Soetedjo R. Elimination of the error signal in the superior Colliculus impairs saccade motor learning. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2018, 115: E8987\u2013E8995.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"1387_CR26","first-page":"6231","volume":"2021","author":"S Song","year":"2021","unstructured":"Song S, Zhang J, Tian Y, Wang L, Wei P. Temporal interference stimulation regulates eye movements and neural activity in the mice superior Colliculus. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2021, 2021: 6231\u20136234.","journal-title":"Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc"},{"key":"1387_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/52\/3\/003","volume":"52","author":"B Dogdas","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dogdas B, Stout D, Chatziioannou AF, Leahy RM. Digimouse: A 3D whole body mouse atlas from CT and cryosection data. Phys Med Biol 2007, 52: 577\u2013587.","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"key":"1387_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.03.044","volume":"194","author":"I Alekseichuk","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alekseichuk I, Mantell K, Shirinpour S, Opitz A. Comparative modeling of transcranial magnetic and electric stimulation in mouse, monkey, and human. Neuroimage 2019, 194: 136\u2013148.","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1387_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116183","volume":"203","author":"GB Saturnino","year":"2019","unstructured":"Saturnino GB, Siebner HR, Thielscher A, Madsen KH. Accessibility of cortical regions to focal TES: Dependence on spatial position, safety, and practical constraints. Neuroimage 2019, 203: 116183.","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1387_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yushkevich PA, Gao Y, Gerig G. ITK-SNAP: An interactive tool for semi-automatic segmentation of multi-modality biomedical images. In: 2016 38th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC). August 16-20, 2016, Orlando, FL, USA. IEEE, 2016: 3342\u20133345.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2016.7591443"},{"key":"1387_CR31","unstructured":"Fang Q, Boas DA. Tetrahedral mesh generation from volumetric binary and grayscale images. In: 2009 IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging: From Nano to Macro. June 28\u2013July 1, 2009, Boston, MA, USA. IEEE, 2009: 1142\u20131145."},{"key":"1387_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geuzaine C, Remacle JF. Gmsh: A three-dimensional finite element mesh generator with built-in pre- and post-processing facilities; 2009.","DOI":"10.1002\/nme.2579"},{"key":"1387_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"036023","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab92b3","volume":"17","author":"Y Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang Y, Datta A, Parra LC. Optimization of interferential stimulation of the human brain with electrode arrays. J Neural Eng 2020, 17: 036023.","journal-title":"J Neural Eng"},{"key":"1387_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1994","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-023-01456-8","volume":"26","author":"IR Violante","year":"2023","unstructured":"Violante IR, Alania K, Cassar\u00e0 AM, Neufeld E, Acerbo E, Carron R, et al. Non-invasive temporal interference electrical stimulation of the human hippocampus. Nat Neurosci 2023, 26: 1994\u20132004.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"1387_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Konsman JP. The mouse brain in stereotaxic coordinates Second Edition (Deluxe) By Paxinos G. and Franklin, K.B.J., Academic Press, New York, 2001, ISBN 0-12-547637-X. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2003, 28: 827\u2013828.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(03)00088-X"},{"key":"1387_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.14253\/acn.2023.25.1.10","volume":"25","author":"JJ Kang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kang JJ, Choi S, Na S, Oh SY. Recording and interpretation of ocular movements: Spontaneous and induced nystagmus. Ann Clin Neurophysiol 2023, 25: 10\u201318.","journal-title":"Ann Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"1387_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3770","volume":"13","author":"CK Kim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kim CK, Yang SJ, Pichamoorthy N, Young NP, Kauvar I, Jennings JH, et al. Simultaneous fast measurement of circuit dynamics at multiple sites across the mammalian brain. Nat Methods 2016, 13: 325\u2013328.","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"1387_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0209-y","volume":"21","author":"A Mathis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mathis A, Mamidanna P, Cury KM, Abe T, Murthy VN, Mathis MW, et al. DeepLabCut: Markerless pose estimation of user-defined body parts with deep learning. Nat Neurosci 2018, 21: 1281\u20131289.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"1387_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2004.03.011","volume":"44","author":"C Schmucker","year":"2004","unstructured":"Schmucker C, Schaeffel F. A paraxial schematic eye model for the growing C57BL\/6 mouse. Vision Res 2004, 44: 1857\u20131867.","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"1387_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2013.10.018","volume":"223","author":"L Barnett","year":"2014","unstructured":"Barnett L, Seth AK. The MVGC multivariate Granger causality toolbox: A new approach to Granger-causal inference. J Neurosci Methods 2014, 223: 50\u201368.","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"1387_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lima LF, Vieira AL, Mukai H, Andrade CMG, Fernandes PRG. Electric impedance of aqueous KCl and NaCl solutions: Salt concentration dependence on components of the equivalent electric circuit. J Mol Liq 2017; 241: 530\u20139. Available from: https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0167732217314009.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2017.06.069"},{"key":"1387_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.04.252","volume":"52","author":"A Datta","year":"2010","unstructured":"Datta A, Bikson M, Fregni F. Transcranial direct current stimulation in patients with skull defects and skull plates: High-resolution computational FEM study of factors altering cortical current flow. Neuroimage 2010, 52: 1268\u20131278.","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1387_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-023-01457-7","volume":"26","author":"MJ Wessel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wessel MJ, Beanato E, Popa T, Windel F, Vassiliadis P, Menoud P, et al. Noninvasive Theta-burst stimulation of the human striatum enhances striatal activity and motor skill learning. Nat Neurosci 2023, 26: 2005\u20132016.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"1387_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2017.00214","volume":"11","author":"AV Tavakoli","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tavakoli AV, Yun K. Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) mechanisms and protocols. Front Cell Neurosci 2017, 11: 214.","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"1387_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"046011","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/8\/4\/046011","volume":"8","author":"JP Dmochowski","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dmochowski JP, Datta A, Bikson M, Su Y, Parra LC. Optimized multi-electrode stimulation increases focality and intensity at target. J Neural Eng 2011, 8: 046011.","journal-title":"J Neural Eng"}],"container-title":["Neuroscience Bulletin"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12264-025-01387-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12264-025-01387-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12264-025-01387-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]],"date-time":"2025-09-06T10:47:44Z","timestamp":1757155664000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12264-025-01387-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["1387"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12264-025-01387-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1673-7067","1995-8218"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1673-7067","type":"print"},{"value":"1995-8218","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 July 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 November 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 April 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}