{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T07:19:31Z","timestamp":1792826371388,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764633600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurosci. Bull."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Effective use of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) requires the ability to suppress a planned action (volitional inhibition) for adaptable control in real-world scenarios, but their mechanisms are unclear. Here, we used fiber photometry to monitor external globus pallidus (GPe) and subthalamic nucleus (STN) neurons' activity in mice during a volitional stop-signal task (67% GO, 33% NO-GO). GPe\/STN neurons (receiving M2 projections) responded to auditory cues, feedback, and rewards in both trials. Importantly, chemogenetic activation of the M2-GPe pathway enhanced volitional inhibition by modulating auditory feedback response, yet inhibited GPe neurons\u2019 feedback response. Furthermore, time-locked optogenetic inhibition of M2-projecting GPe neurons at auditory feedback also enhanced volitional inhibition via prolonged GO trial response times. Collectively, these findings identified the M2-GPe pathway for auditory biofeedback to improve volitional control, offering novel avenues for the advancement of neural interfaces for biofeedback and enhancement of BCI efficacy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-025-01538-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T08:17:34Z","timestamp":1764663454000},"page":"1218-1234","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Secondary Motor Cortex-External Globus Pallidus Pathway Regulates Auditory Feedback of Volitional Control"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Shengtao","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuchen","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feiyang","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaopeng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hang","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0446-3956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiang-Fan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5694-4874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liping","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"1538_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00027.2016","volume":"97","author":"MA Lebedev","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lebedev MA, Nicolelis MAL. Brain-machine interfaces: From basic science to neuroprostheses and neurorehabilitation. Physiol Rev 2017, 97: 767\u2013837.","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"1538_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2017.10.004","volume":"160","author":"G Taccola","year":"2018","unstructured":"Taccola G, Sayenko D, Gad P, Gerasimenko Y, Edgerton VR. And yet it moves: Recovery of volitional control after spinal cord injury. Prog Neurobiol 2018, 160: 64\u201381.","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"1538_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.07.004","volume":"29","author":"MA Lebedev","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lebedev MA, Nicolelis MAL. Brain-machine interfaces: Past, present and future. Trends Neurosci 2006, 29: 536\u2013546.","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"1538_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-008-1127-6","volume":"199","author":"DM Eagle","year":"2008","unstructured":"Eagle DM, Bari A, Robbins TW. The neuropsychopharmacology of action inhibition: Cross-species translation of the stop-signal and go\/no-go tasks. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2008, 199: 439\u2013456.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"1538_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-016-1257-6","volume":"79","author":"M Janczyk","year":"2017","unstructured":"Janczyk M, Huestegge L. Effects of a no-go task 2 on task 1 performance in dual - tasking: From benefits to costs. Atten Percept Psychophys 2017, 79: 796\u2013806.","journal-title":"Atten Percept Psychophys"},{"key":"1538_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-022-02606-z","volume":"85","author":"M Sasi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sasi M, Friedman S, Lamy D. The go no-go reviewing paradigm: A reliable method for measuring perceptual object-file updating. Atten Percept Psychophys 2023, 85: 140\u2013151.","journal-title":"Atten Percept Psychophys"},{"key":"1538_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14050414","volume":"14","author":"N Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang N, An W, Yu Y, Wu J, Yang J. Go\/No-go ratios modulate inhibition-related brain activity: An event-related potential study. Brain Sci 2024, 14: 414.","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"1538_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0264354","volume":"17","author":"HL Halme","year":"2022","unstructured":"Halme HL, Parkkonen L. The effect of visual and proprioceptive feedback on sensorimotor rhythms during BCI training. PLoS One 2022, 17: e0264354.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"1538_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1449208","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2024.1449208","volume":"18","author":"Y Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen Y, Wang F, Li T, Zhao L, Gong A, Nan W. Considerations and discussions on the clear definition and definite scope of brain-computer interfaces. Front Neurosci 2024, 18: 1449208.","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"1538_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2016.164","volume":"18","author":"R Sitaram","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sitaram R, Ros T, Stoeckel L, Haller S, Scharnowski F, Lewis-Peacock J, et al. Closed-loop brain training: The science of neurofeedback. Nat Rev Neurosci 2017, 18: 86\u2013100.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"1538_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2016.11.006","volume":"40","author":"F Barthas","year":"2017","unstructured":"Barthas F, Kwan AC. Secondary motor cortex: Where \u2018sensory\u2019 meets \u2018motor\u2019 in the rodent frontal cortex. Trends Neurosci 2017, 40: 181\u2013193.","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"1538_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2020.11.008","volume":"158","author":"JH Yang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang JH, Kwan AC. Secondary motor cortex: Broadcasting and biasing animal\u2019s decisions through long-range circuits. Int Rev Neurobiol 2021, 158: 443\u2013470.","journal-title":"Int Rev Neurobiol"},{"key":"1538_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-022-00916-8","volume":"39","author":"L Zhou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhou L, Gu Y. Cortical mechanisms of multisensory linear self-motion perception. Neurosci Bull 2023, 39: 125\u2013137.","journal-title":"Neurosci Bull"},{"key":"1538_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.54474","volume":"9","author":"TY Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang TY, Liu J, Yao H. Control of adaptive action selection by secondary motor cortex during flexible visual categorization. Elife 2020, 9: e54474.","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"1538_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.05.022","volume":"86","author":"VY Cao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cao VY, Ye Y, Mastwal S, Ren M, Coon M, Liu Q, et al. Motor learning consolidates arc-expressing neuronal ensembles in secondary motor cortex. Neuron 2015, 86: 1385\u20131392.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"1538_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2881","volume":"14","author":"JH Sul","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sul JH, Jo S, Lee D, Jung MW. Role of rodent secondary motor cortex in value-based action selection. Nat Neurosci 2011, 14: 1202\u20131208.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"1538_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.49511","volume":"8","author":"F Karube","year":"2019","unstructured":"Karube F, Takahashi S, Kobayashi K, Fujiyama F. Motor cortex can directly drive the globus pallidus neurons in a projection neuron type-dependent manner in the rat. Elife 2019, 8: e49511.","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"1538_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.111952","volume":"42","author":"Y Johansson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Johansson Y, Ketzef M. Sensory processing in external globus pallidus neurons. Cell Rep 2023, 42: 111952.","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"1538_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0108697","volume":"9","author":"H Dana","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dana H, Chen TW, Hu A, Shields BC, Guo C, Looger LL, et al. Thy1-GCaMP6 transgenic mice for neuronal population imaging in vivo. PLoS One 2014, 9: e108697.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"1538_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108250","volume":"178","author":"L Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang L, Zhou Y, Liu C, Zheng W, Yao Z, Wang Q, et al. Adenosine A2A receptor blockade improves neuroprosthetic learning by volitional control of population calcium signal in M1 cortical neurons. Neuropharmacology 2020, 178: 108250.","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"1538_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1113\/JP283915","volume":"601","author":"L Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang L, Liu C, Zhou X, Zhou H, Luo S, Wang Q, et al. Neural representation and modulation of volitional motivation in response to escalating efforts. J Physiol 2023, 601: 631\u2013645.","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"1538_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3755","DOI":"10.1113\/JP286046","volume":"602","author":"S Luo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Luo S, Zhou X, Zhou H, Li T, He Y, Chen JF, et al. Volitional modulation of neuronal activity in the external globus pallidus by engagement of the cortical-basal Ganglia circuit. J Physiol 2024, 602: 3755\u20133768.","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"1538_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2008.07.005","volume":"12","author":"F Verbruggen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Verbruggen F, Logan GD. Response inhibition in the stop-signal paradigm. Trends Cogn Sci 2008, 12: 418\u2013424.","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"1538_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.12.001","volume":"109","author":"KB Clancy","year":"2021","unstructured":"Clancy KB, Mrsic-Flogel TD. The sensory representation of causally controlled objects. Neuron 2021, 109: 677-689.e4.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"1538_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/11\/5\/056024","volume":"11","author":"C Klaes","year":"2014","unstructured":"Klaes C, Shi Y, Kellis S, Minxha J, Revechkis B, Andersen RA. A cognitive neuroprosthetic that uses cortical stimulation for somatosensory feedback. J Neural Eng 2014, 11: 056024.","journal-title":"J Neural Eng"},{"key":"1538_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2014.00144","volume":"8","author":"E Astrand","year":"2014","unstructured":"Astrand E, Wardak C, Ben HS. Selective visual attention to drive cognitive brain-machine interfaces: From concepts to neurofeedback and rehabilitation applications. Front Syst Neurosci 2014, 8: 144.","journal-title":"Front Syst Neurosci"},{"key":"1538_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2015.12.005","volume":"37","author":"MD Golub","year":"2016","unstructured":"Golub MD, Chase SM, Batista AP, Yu BM. Brain-computer interfaces for dissecting cognitive processes underlying sensorimotor control. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2016, 37: 53\u201358.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"key":"1538_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphysparis.2013.05.005","volume":"108","author":"A Tankus","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tankus A, Fried I, Shoham S. Cognitive-motor brain-machine interfaces. J Physiol Paris 2014, 108: 38\u201344.","journal-title":"J Physiol Paris"},{"key":"1538_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/aa6317","volume":"14","author":"NW Prins","year":"2017","unstructured":"Prins NW, Sanchez JC, Prasad A. Feedback for reinforcement learning based brain-machine interfaces using confidence metrics. J Neural Eng 2017, 14: 036016.","journal-title":"J Neural Eng"},{"key":"1538_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.03.036","volume":"86","author":"KA Moxon","year":"2015","unstructured":"Moxon KA, Foffani G. Brain-machine interfaces beyond neuroprosthetics. Neuron 2015, 86: 55\u201367.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"1538_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10818","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1221127110","volume":"110","author":"JD Wander","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wander JD, Blakely T, Miller KJ, Weaver KE, Johnson LA, Olson JD, et al. Distributed cortical adaptation during learning of a brain-computer interface task. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2013, 110: 10818\u201310823.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"1538_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3712","volume":"17","author":"KB Clancy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Clancy KB, Koralek AC, Costa RM, Feldman DE, Carmena JM. Volitional modulation of optically recorded calcium signals during neuroprosthetic learning. Nat Neurosci 2014, 17: 807\u2013809.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"1538_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.06.047","volume":"79","author":"AC Koralek","year":"2013","unstructured":"Koralek AC, Costa RM, Carmena JM. Temporally precise cell-specific coherence develops in corticostriatal networks during learning. Neuron 2013, 79: 865\u2013872.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"1538_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10845","volume":"483","author":"AC Koralek","year":"2012","unstructured":"Koralek AC, Jin X, Long JD 2nd, Costa RM, Carmena JM. Corticostriatal plasticity is necessary for learning intentional neuroprosthetic skills. Nature 2012, 483: 331\u2013335.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1538_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCB.2009.2036931","volume":"40","author":"R H\u00e9liot","year":"2010","unstructured":"H\u00e9liot R, Ganguly K, Jimenez J, Carmena JM. Learning in closed-loop brain\u2013machine interfaces: Modeling and experimental validation. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern Part B Cybern 2010, 40: 1387\u20131397.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern Part B Cybern"},{"key":"1538_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1368115","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2024.1368115","volume":"18","author":"R Osuna-Orozco","year":"2024","unstructured":"Osuna-Orozco R, Zhao Y, Stealey HM, Lu HY, Contreras-Hernandez E, Santacruz SR. Adaptation and learning as strategies to maximize reward in neurofeedback tasks. Front Hum Neurosci 2024, 18: 1368115.","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"1538_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1000153","volume":"7","author":"K Ganguly","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ganguly K, Carmena JM. Emergence of a stable cortical map for neuroprosthetic control. PLoS Biol 2009, 7: e1000153.","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"1538_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2024.06.014","volume":"112","author":"RH Roth","year":"2024","unstructured":"Roth RH, Ding JB. Cortico-basal Ganglia plasticity in motor learning. Neuron 2024, 112: 2486\u20132502.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"1538_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2971","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23566","volume":"38","author":"S Marchesotti","year":"2017","unstructured":"Marchesotti S, Martuzzi R, Schurger A, Blefari ML, Del Mill\u00e1n JR, Bleuler H, et al. Cortical and subcortical mechanisms of brain-machine interfaces. Hum Brain Mapp 2017, 38: 2971\u20132989.","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"1538_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4681","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4088-04.2005","volume":"25","author":"MA Lebedev","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lebedev MA, Carmena JM, O\u2019Doherty JE, Zacksenhouse M, Henriquez CS, Principe JC, et al. Cortical ensemble adaptation to represent velocity of an artificial actuator controlled by a brain-machine interface. J Neurosci 2005, 25: 4681\u20134693.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"1538_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1070291","volume":"296","author":"DM Taylor","year":"2002","unstructured":"Taylor DM, Tillery SIH, Schwartz AB. Direct cortical control of 3D neuroprosthetic devices. Science 2002, 296: 1829\u20131832.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1538_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17810","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-44405-y","volume":"13","author":"EL Zippi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zippi EL, Shvartsman GF, Vendrell-Llopis N, Wallis JD, Carmena JM. Distinct neural representations during a brain-machine interface and manual reaching task in motor cortex, prefrontal cortex, and striatum. Sci Rep 2023, 13: 17810.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1538_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1427","volume":"5","author":"SH Scott","year":"2004","unstructured":"Scott SH. Optimal feedback control and the neural basis of volitional motor control. Nat Rev Neurosci 2004, 5: 532\u2013546.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"1538_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1995.73.2.820","volume":"73","author":"RL Sainburg","year":"1995","unstructured":"Sainburg RL, Ghilardi MF, Poizner H, Ghez C. Control of limb dynamics in normal subjects and patients without proprioception. J Neurophysiol 1995, 73: 820\u2013835.","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"1538_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(74)90972-X","volume":"71","author":"J Bossom","year":"1974","unstructured":"Bossom J. Movement without proprioception. Brain Res 1974, 71: 285\u2013296.","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"1538_CR46","first-page":"143","volume":"2","author":"AJ Horowitz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Horowitz AJ, Guger C, Korostenskaja M. What external variables affect sensorimotor rhythm brain-computer interface (SMR-BCI) performance? HCA Healthc J Med 2021, 2: 143\u2013162.","journal-title":"HCA Healthc J Med"}],"container-title":["Neuroscience Bulletin"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12264-025-01538-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12264-025-01538-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12264-025-01538-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T20:02:27Z","timestamp":1780084947000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12264-025-01538-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["1538"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12264-025-01538-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1673-7067","1995-8218"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1673-7067","type":"print"},{"value":"1995-8218","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}