{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T08:16:44Z","timestamp":1788509804086,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783036800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurosci. Bull."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-026-01667-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T19:32:12Z","timestamp":1783107132000},"page":"2162-2166","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Rethinking Alzheimer\u2019s Origins: Antimicrobial Amyloid and Tau Point to Potential Upstream Immune Triggers"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Yingjie","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0761-8538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongshun","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1350-2961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1844-9178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiawei","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"1667_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.09.001","volume":"179","author":"JM Long","year":"2019","unstructured":"Long JM, Holtzman DM. Alzheimer Disease: An Update on Pathobiology and Treatment Strategies. Cell 2019, 179: 312\u2013339.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1667_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.4103\/NRR.NRR-D-24-00846","volume":"21","author":"S Sha","year":"2026","unstructured":"Sha S, Ren L, Xing X, Guo W, Wang Y, Li Y. Recent advances in immunotherapy targeting amyloid-beta and tauopathies in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Neural Regen Res 2026, 21: 577\u2013587.","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"1667_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340ra372","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaf1059","volume":"8","author":"DK Kumar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kumar DK, Choi SH, Washicosky KJ, Eimer WA, Tucker S, Ghofrani J, et al. Amyloid-\u03b2 peptide protects against microbial infection in mouse and worm models of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Sci Transl Med 2016, 8: 340ra372.","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"1667_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-024-03139-y","volume":"21","author":"P Kettunen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kettunen P, Koistinaho J, Rolova T. Contribution of CNS and extra-CNS infections to neurodegeneration: a narrative review. J Neuroinflammation 2024, 21: 152.","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"1667_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70490","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.70490","volume":"21","author":"DK Vijaya Kumar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Vijaya Kumar DK, Mitchell TA, Tailor BA, Moir AP, Navalpur Shanmugam NK, Eimer WA, et al. Human amylin is a potent antimicrobial peptide that exhibits antimicrobial synergism with the amyloid beta protein. Alzheimers Dement 2025, 21: e70490.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"1667_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4150","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-48309-x","volume":"15","author":"A Fern\u00e1ndez-Calvet","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Calvet A, Matilla-Cuenca L, Izco M, Navarro S, Serrano M, Ventura S, et al. Gut microbiota produces biofilm-associated amyloids with potential for neurodegeneration. Nat Commun 2024, 15: 4150.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"1667_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-025-02157-0","volume":"29","author":"WA Eimer","year":"2026","unstructured":"Eimer WA, Rodriguez AS, DeFao MT, Ehricke S, Park J, Vijaya Kumar DK, et al. Phosphorylated tau exhibits antimicrobial activity capable of neutralizing herpes simplex virus 1 infectivity in human neurons. Nat Neurosci 2026, 29: 604\u2013616.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"1667_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.115109","volume":"44","author":"VR Hyde","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hyde VR, Zhou C, Fernandez JR, Chatterjee K, Ramakrishna P, Lin A, et al. Anti-herpetic tau preserves neurons via the cGAS-STING-TBK1 pathway in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Cell Rep 2025, 44: 115109.","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"1667_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Guerrero JA, de la Nuez C, Praena B, S\u00e1nchez-Le\u00f3n E, Krummenacher C, Bello-Morales R. Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Spread in Oligodendrocytic Cells Is Highly Dependent on MAL Proteolipid. J Virol 2020, 94. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JVI.01739-19.","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01739-19"},{"key":"1667_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100988","volume":"38","author":"A Sturchio","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sturchio A, Dwivedi AK, Young CB, Malm T, Marsili L, Sharma JS, et al. High cerebrospinal amyloid-\u03b2 42 is associated with normal cognition in individuals with brain amyloidosis. EClinicalMedicine 2021, 38: 100988.","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"1667_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2025.21738","volume":"335","author":"DP Devanand","year":"2026","unstructured":"Devanand DP, Wisniewski T, Razlighi Q, Qian M, Wei R, Andrews HF, et al. Valacyclovir Treatment of Early Symptomatic Alzheimer Disease: The VALAD Randomized Clinical Trial. Jama 2026, 335: 511\u2013522.","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"1667_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26891","volume":"95","author":"Y Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li Y, Yen D, Hendrix RD, Gordon BA, Dlamini S, Barth\u00e9lemy NR, et al. Timing of Biomarker Changes in Sporadic Alzheimer\u2019s Disease in Estimated Years from Symptom Onset. Ann Neurol 2024, 95: 951\u2013965.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"1667_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.188","volume":"14","author":"MD Sweeney","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sweeney MD, Sagare AP, Zlokovic BV. Blood-brain barrier breakdown in Alzheimer disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. Nat Rev Neurol 2018, 14: 133\u2013150.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"1667_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0297-y","volume":"25","author":"DA Nation","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nation DA, Sweeney MD, Montagne A, Sagare AP, D\u2019Orazio LM, Pachicano M, et al. Blood-brain barrier breakdown is an early biomarker of human cognitive dysfunction. Nat Med 2019, 25: 270\u2013276.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"1667_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.12.017","volume":"186","author":"X Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu X, Liu Z, Wu Z, Ren J, Fan Y, Sun L, et al. Resurrection of endogenous retroviruses during aging reinforces senescence. Cell 2023, 186: 287-304.e226.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1667_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.14283\/jpad.2022.68","volume":"9","author":"M Tatar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tatar M. The role of A\u03b2 in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease as an Evolutionary Outcome of Optimized Innate Immune Defense. J Prev Alzheimers Dis 2022, 9: 580\u2013588.","journal-title":"J Prev Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"1667_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-025-01162-y","volume":"22","author":"GC Brown","year":"2026","unstructured":"Brown GC, St George-Hyslop P, Paolicelli RC, Lemke G. Microglial phagocytosis in Alzheimer disease. Nat Rev Neurol 2026, 22: 54\u201369.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"1667_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-023-01627-6","volume":"24","author":"Z Yin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yin Z, Rosenzweig N, Kleemann KL, Zhang X, Brand\u00e3o W, Margeta MA, et al. APOE4 impairs the microglial response in Alzheimer\u2019s disease by inducing TGF\u03b2-mediated checkpoints. Nat Immunol 2023, 24: 1839\u20131853.","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"1667_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09987-9","volume":"650","author":"IH Guldner","year":"2026","unstructured":"Guldner IH, Wagner VP, Moran-Losada P, Shi SM, Golub SW, Hevler JF, et al. Ageing promotes microglial accumulation of slow-degrading synaptic proteins. Nature 2026, 650: 930\u2013941.","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Neuroscience Bulletin"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12264-026-01667-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12264-026-01667-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12264-026-01667-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T07:47:38Z","timestamp":1788508058000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12264-026-01667-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["1667"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12264-026-01667-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1673-7067","1995-8218"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1673-7067","type":"print"},{"value":"1995-8218","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}]}}