{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T20:30:08Z","timestamp":1792873808120,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758585600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758585600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PJT178010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PJT178010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PJT165941"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PJT165941"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-2020-04592"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2020-04592"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004411","name":"Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G-22-0032035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G-22-0032035"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004411","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Cardiovasc. Transl. Res."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12265-025-10695-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T13:02:25Z","timestamp":1758632545000},"page":"1283-1297","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Fumarate Signaling in Cardiovascular Disease: Therapeutic Potential and Pathologic Pitfalls of DMF\/MMF and FH1 Deficiency"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0889-1827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xi-Long","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"10695_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61619-0","volume":"372","author":"L Kappos","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kappos L, Gold R, Miller DH, et al. Efficacy and safety of oral fumarate in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase IIb study. Lancet. 2008;372:1463\u201372.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10695_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1114287","volume":"367","author":"R Gold","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gold R, Kappos L, Arnold DL, et al. Placebo-controlled phase 3 study of oral BG-12 for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:1098\u2013107.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10695_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.540","volume":"7","author":"J Aubets","year":"2019","unstructured":"Aubets J, Jansat JM, Salva M, et al. No evidence for interactions of dimethylfumarate (DMF) and its main metabolite monomethylfumarate (MMF) with human cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes and the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) drug transporter. Pharmacol Res Perspect. 2019;7:e00540.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res Perspect"},{"key":"10695_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.14947","volume":"176","author":"U Mrowietz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mrowietz U, Szepietowski JC, Loewe R, et al. Efficacy and safety of LAS41008 (dimethyl fumarate) in adults with moderate-to-severe chronic plaque psoriasis: a randomized, double-blind, Fumaderm(\u00ae) - and placebo-controlled trial (BRIDGE). Br J Dermatol. 2017;176:615\u201323.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10695_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-43644-x","volume":"15","author":"PW Horby","year":"2024","unstructured":"Horby PW, Peto L, Staplin N, et al. Dimethyl fumarate in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial. Nat Commun. 2024;15:924.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10695_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1177\/23971983211016196","volume":"6","author":"K Kong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kong K, Koontz D, Morse C, et al. A pilot study of dimethyl fumarate in pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with systemic sclerosis. Journal of Scleroderma and Related Disorders. 2021;6:242\u20136.","journal-title":"Journal of Scleroderma and Related Disorders"},{"key":"10695_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585241299715","volume":"31","author":"E Framke","year":"2025","unstructured":"Framke E, Sellebjerg F, Kant M, et al. Risk of hypertension in patients with multiple sclerosis treated with teriflunomide compared to dimethyl fumarate: a nationwide cohort study in Denmark. Mult Scler. 2025;31:36\u201343.","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10695_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aan4665","volume":"360","author":"MD Kornberg","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kornberg MD, Bhargava P, Kim PM, et al. Dimethyl fumarate targets GAPDH and aerobic glycolysis to modulate immunity. Science. 2018;360:449\u201353.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10695_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15050497","author":"SD Thomas","year":"2022","unstructured":"Thomas SD, Jha NK, Sadek B, Ojha S. Repurposing dimethyl fumarate for cardiovascular diseases: pharmacological effects, molecular mechanisms, and therapeutic promise. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph15050497.","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel)"},{"key":"10695_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2011.09.006","volume":"20","author":"J Adam","year":"2011","unstructured":"Adam J, Hatipoglu E, O\u2019Flaherty L, et al. Renal cyst formation in Fh1-deficient mice is independent of the Hif\/Phd pathway: roles for fumarate in KEAP1 succination and Nrf2 signaling. Cancer Cell. 2011;20:524\u201337.","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"10695_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-023-02412-w","volume":"129","author":"L Valcarcel-Jimenez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Valcarcel-Jimenez L, Frezza C. Fumarate hydratase (FH) and cancer: a paradigm of oncometabolism. Br J Cancer. 2023;129:1546\u201357.","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"10695_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-05770-w","volume":"615","author":"V Zecchini","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zecchini V, Paupe V, Herranz-Montoya I, et al. Fumarate induces vesicular release of mtDNA to drive innate immunity. Nature. 2023;615:499\u2013506.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10695_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-05720-6","volume":"615","author":"A Hooftman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hooftman A, Peace CG, Ryan DG, et al. Macrophage fumarate hydratase restrains mtRNA-mediated interferon production. Nature. 2023;615:490\u20138.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10695_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6001","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7001","volume":"6","author":"L Zheng","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zheng L, Cardaci S, Jerby L, et al. Fumarate induces redox-dependent senescence by modifying glutathione metabolism. Nat Commun. 2015;6:6001.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10695_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2024.105447","volume":"109","author":"T Eroglu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Eroglu T, Capone F, Schiattarella GG. The evolving landscape of cardiometabolic diseases. EBioMedicine. 2024;109:105447.","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"10695_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1385683","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2024.1385683","volume":"11","author":"ML Barcena","year":"2024","unstructured":"Barcena ML, Aslam M, Ladilov Y. Editorial: cardiovascular inflammaging: basic and translational aspects. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2024;11:1385683.","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"10695_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.313591","volume":"124","author":"D Wolf","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wolf D, Ley K. Immunity and inflammation in atherosclerosis. Circ Res. 2019;124:315\u201327.","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10695_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17651","DOI":"10.1021\/bi9821521","volume":"37","author":"IA Rose","year":"1998","unstructured":"Rose IA. How fumarase recycles after the malate -> fumarate reaction. Insights into the reaction mechanism. Biochemistry. 1998;37:17651\u20138.","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"10695_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2012.00085","volume":"2","author":"M Yang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yang M, Soga T, Pollard PJ, Adam J. The emerging role of fumarate as an oncometabolite. Front Oncol. 2012;2:85.","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"10695_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2011.10.005","volume":"20","author":"L Kinch","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kinch L, Grishin NV, Brugarolas J. Succination of Keap1 and activation of Nrf2-dependent antioxidant pathways in FH-deficient papillary renal cell carcinoma type 2. Cancer Cell. 2011;20:418\u201320.","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"10695_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2005.06.017","volume":"8","author":"JS Isaacs","year":"2005","unstructured":"Isaacs JS, Jung YJ, Mole DR, et al. HIF overexpression correlates with biallelic loss of fumarate hydratase in renal cancer: novel role of fumarate in regulation of HIF stability. Cancer Cell. 2005;8:143\u201353.","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"10695_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2188","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI72151","volume":"124","author":"H Chen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chen H, Assmann JC, Krenz A, et al. Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 mediates dimethyl fumarate\u2019s protective effect in EAE. J Clin Invest. 2014;124:2188\u201392.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10695_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2012.01.017","volume":"15","author":"H Ashrafian","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ashrafian H, Czibik G, Bellahcene M, et al. Fumarate is cardioprotective via activation of the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway. Cell Metab. 2012;15:361\u201371.","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"10695_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.98970","author":"J Kosinska","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kosinska J, Assmann JC, Inderhees J, et al. Diet modulates the therapeutic effects of dimethyl fumarate mediated by the immunometabolic neutrophil receptor HCAR2. Elife. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.98970.","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"10695_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10363","volume":"477","author":"C Frezza","year":"2011","unstructured":"Frezza C, Zheng L, Folger O, et al. Haem oxygenase is synthetically lethal with the tumour suppressor fumarate hydratase. Nature. 2011;477:225\u20138.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10695_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.191056.112","volume":"26","author":"M Xiao","year":"2012","unstructured":"Xiao M, Yang H, Xu W, et al. Inhibition of \u03b1-KG-dependent histone and DNA demethylases by fumarate and succinate that are accumulated in mutations of FH and SDH tumor suppressors. Genes Dev. 2012;26:1326\u201338.","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"key":"10695_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aag1381","volume":"355","author":"JJ Fuster","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fuster JJ, MacLauchlan S, Zuriaga MA, et al. Clonal hematopoiesis associated with TET2 deficiency accelerates atherosclerosis development in mice. Science. 2017;355:842\u20137.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10695_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.69281","volume":"18","author":"K Qu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Qu K, Wang C, Huang L, et al. TET1s deficiency exacerbates oscillatory shear flow-induced atherosclerosis. Int J Biol Sci. 2022;18:2163\u201380.","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"10695_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.12.037","volume":"71","author":"S Sano","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sano S, Oshima K, Wang Y, et al. Tet2-mediated clonal hematopoiesis accelerates heart failure through a mechanism involving the IL-1\u03b2\/NLRP3 inflammasome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71:875\u201386.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10695_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa845","volume":"42","author":"B Assmus","year":"2021","unstructured":"Assmus B, Cremer S, Kirschbaum K, et al. Clonal haematopoiesis in chronic ischaemic heart failure: prognostic role of clone size for DNMT3A- and TET2-driver gene mutations. Eur Heart J. 2021;42:257\u201365.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10695_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70237","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.70237","volume":"28","author":"L Wu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wu L, Jiang S, Zhou X, et al. Endothelial KDM5B regulated by Piezo1 contributes to disturbed flow induced atherosclerotic plaque formation. J Cell Mol Med. 2024;28:e70237.","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"10695_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2780","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.102675","volume":"21","author":"Y Xue","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xue Y, Peng Y, Jin L, et al. Macrophage KDM2A promotes atherosclerosis via regulating FYN and inducing inflammatory response. Int J Biol Sci. 2025;21:2780\u2013805.","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"10695_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-025-07525-z","volume":"16","author":"J Ouyang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ouyang J, Wu D, Gan Y, Tang Y, Wang H, Huang J. Unraveling the metabolic-epigenetic nexus: a new frontier in cardiovascular disease treatment. Cell Death Dis. 2025;16:183.","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"10695_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01055-2","volume":"7","author":"Y Shi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shi Y, Zhang H, Huang S, et al. Epigenetic regulation in cardiovascular disease: mechanisms and advances in clinical trials. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2022;7:200.","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"10695_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-023-01468-y","volume":"15","author":"M Krolevets","year":"2023","unstructured":"Krolevets M, Cate VT, Prochaska JH, et al. DNA methylation and cardiovascular disease in humans: a systematic review and database of known CpG methylation sites. Clin Epigenetics. 2023;15:56.","journal-title":"Clin Epigenetics"},{"key":"10695_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1080\/15384101.2022.2155016","volume":"22","author":"D Qi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Qi D, Chen P, Bao H, et al. Dimethyl fumarate protects against hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury by alleviating ferroptosis via the NRF2\/SLC7A11\/HO-1 axis. Cell Cycle. 2023;22:818\u201328.","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"10695_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2025.03.004","volume":"37","author":"EM P\u00e5lsson-McDermott","year":"2025","unstructured":"P\u00e5lsson-McDermott EM, O\u2019Neill LAJ. Gang of 3: how the Krebs cycle-linked metabolites itaconate, succinate, and fumarate regulate macrophages and inflammation. Cell Metab. 2025;37:1049\u201359.","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"10695_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9153","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-10-1949","volume":"70","author":"H Ashrafian","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ashrafian H, O\u2019Flaherty L, Adam J, et al. Expression profiling in progressive stages of fumarate-hydratase deficiency: the contribution of metabolic changes to tumorigenesis. Cancer Res. 2010;70:9153\u201365.","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"10695_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2014.06.003","volume":"2","author":"CJ Oh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Oh CJ, Park S, Kim JY, et al. Dimethylfumarate attenuates restenosis after acute vascular injury by cell-specific and Nrf2-dependent mechanisms. Redox Biol. 2014;2:855\u201364.","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"key":"10695_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pathol.2024.08.013","volume":"57","author":"S Lee","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lee S, Kim B, Park JH, Moon KC. Fumarate hydratase-deficient renal cell carcinoma: a single institution-based study of 29 patients by clinicopathological, immunohistochemical and genetic approaches. Pathology. 2025;57:10\u20136.","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"10695_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2022.01.029","volume":"82","author":"X Ge","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ge X, Li M, Yin J, et al. Fumarate inhibits PTEN to promote tumorigenesis and therapeutic resistance of type2 papillary renal cell carcinoma. Mol Cell. 2022;82:1249-1260.e1247.","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"10695_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.067587","volume":"149","author":"H Pan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pan H, Ho SE, Xue C, et al. Atherosclerosis is a smooth muscle cell-driven tumor-like disease. Circulation. 2024;149:1885\u201398.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10695_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7966","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.918951","volume":"25","author":"M Luo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Luo M, Sun Q, Zhao H, Tao J, Yan D. The effects of dimethyl fumarate on atherosclerosis in the apolipoprotein E-deficient mouse model with streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemia mediated by the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2\/antioxidant response element (Nrf2\/ARE) signaling pathway. Med Sci Monit. 2019;25:7966\u201375.","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"10695_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.12892","volume":"25","author":"AC Hund","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hund AC, Lockmann A, Sch\u00f6n MP. Mutually enhancing anti-inflammatory activities of dimethyl fumarate and NF-\u03baB inhibitors\u2013implications for dose-sparing combination therapies. Exp Dermatol. 2016;25:124\u201330.","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"10695_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4781","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.9.4781","volume":"168","author":"R Loewe","year":"2002","unstructured":"Loewe R, Holnthoner W, Gr\u00f6ger M, et al. Dimethylfumarate inhibits TNF-induced nuclear entry of NF-kappa B\/p65 in human endothelial cells. J Immunol. 2002;168:4781\u20137.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10695_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1997.6570","volume":"234","author":"M Van der meeren","year":"1997","unstructured":"Van der meeren M, Janssens S, Borgers M, Geysen J. Dimethylfumarate is an inhibitor of cytokine-induced E-selectin, VCAM-1, and ICAM-1 expression in human endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1997;234:19\u201323.","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"10695_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11101924","author":"F Manai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Manai F, Amadio M. Dimethyl fumarate triggers the antioxidant defense system in human retinal endothelial cells through Nrf2 activation. Antioxidants. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox11101924.","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"10695_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2015.02.022","volume":"266","author":"R Kunze","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kunze R, Urrutia A, Hoffmann A, et al. Dimethyl fumarate attenuates cerebral edema formation by protecting the blood-brain barrier integrity. Exp Neurol. 2015;266:99\u2013111.","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"10695_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-03447-7","volume":"19","author":"NK Mita-Mendoza","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mita-Mendoza NK, Magallon-Tejada A, Parmar P, et al. Dimethyl fumarate reduces TNF and Plasmodium falciparum induced brain endothelium activation in vitro. Malar J. 2020;19:376.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"10695_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4508","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v23.i25.4508","volume":"23","author":"C Takasu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Takasu C, Vaziri ND, Li S, et al. Treatment with dimethyl fumarate ameliorates liver ischemia\/reperfusion injury. World J Gastroenterol. 2017;23:4508\u201316.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10695_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2910","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI42273","volume":"120","author":"J Hanson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hanson J, Gille A, Zwykiel S, et al. Nicotinic acid- and monomethyl fumarate-induced flushing involves GPR109A expressed by keratinocytes and COX-2-dependent prostanoid formation in mice. J Clin Invest. 2010;120:2910\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10695_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI41651","volume":"121","author":"M Lukasova","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lukasova M, Malaval C, Gille A, Kero J, Offermanns S. Nicotinic acid inhibits progression of atherosclerosis in mice through its receptor GPR109A expressed by immune cells. J Clin Invest. 2011;121:1163\u201373.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10695_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2013.06.008","volume":"25","author":"I Gaidarov","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gaidarov I, Chen X, Anthony T, Maciejewski-Lenoir D, Liaw C, Unett DJ. Differential tissue and ligand-dependent signaling of GPR109A receptor: implications for anti-atherosclerotic therapeutic potential. Cell Signal. 2013;25:2003\u201316.","journal-title":"Cell Signal"},{"key":"10695_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31159","DOI":"10.1038\/srep31159","volume":"6","author":"VA McGuire","year":"2016","unstructured":"McGuire VA, Ruiz-Zorrilla Diez T, Emmerich CH, et al. Dimethyl fumarate blocks pro-inflammatory cytokine production via inhibition of TLR induced M1 and K63 ubiquitin chain formation. Sci Rep. 2016;6:31159.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10695_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2020009404","volume":"138","author":"A Schmitt","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schmitt A, Xu W, Bucher P, et al. Dimethyl fumarate induces ferroptosis and impairs NF-\u03baB\/STAT3 signaling in DLBCL. Blood. 2021;138:871\u201384.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10695_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2025.2504633","volume":"47","author":"X An","year":"2025","unstructured":"An X, Yin M, Shen Y, et al. Dimethyl fumarate ameliorated pyroptosis in contrast-induced acute renal injury by regulating endoplasmic reticulum stress and JAK2-STAT3 pathway. Ren Fail. 2025;47:2504633.","journal-title":"Ren Fail"},{"key":"10695_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-015-1422-3","volume":"130","author":"B Parodi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Parodi B, Rossi S, Morando S, et al. Fumarates modulate microglia activation through a novel HCAR2 signaling pathway and rescue synaptic dysregulation in inflamed CNS. Acta Neuropathol. 2015;130:279\u201395.","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"10695_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14294","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.14294","volume":"23","author":"H Zhuang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhuang H, Ren X, Zhang Y, Li H, Zhou P. \u03b2-Hydroxybutyrate enhances chondrocyte mitophagy and reduces cartilage degeneration in osteoarthritis via the HCAR2\/AMPK\/PINK1\/Parkin pathway. Aging Cell. 2024;23:e14294.","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"10695_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117887","volume":"256","author":"FM Amin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Amin FM, Abdelaziz RR, Hamed MF, Nader MA, Shehatou GSG. Dimethyl fumarate ameliorates diabetes-associated vascular complications through ROS-TXNIP-NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. Life Sci. 2020;256:117887.","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"10695_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15160","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242015160","volume":"24","author":"LL Bu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bu LL, Yuan HH, Xie LL, Guo MH, Liao DF, Zheng XL. New dawn for atherosclerosis: vascular endothelial cell senescence and death. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24:15160.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"10695_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.111.261388","volume":"111","author":"JC Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang JC, Bennett M. Aging and atherosclerosis: mechanisms, functional consequences, and potential therapeutics for cellular senescence. Circ Res. 2012;111:245\u201359.","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10695_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvy007","volume":"114","author":"MOJ Grootaert","year":"2018","unstructured":"Grootaert MOJ, Moulis M, Roth L, et al. Vascular smooth muscle cell death, autophagy and senescence in atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Res. 2018;114:622\u201334.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"10695_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2021.05.008","volume":"158","author":"AJ Mouton","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mouton AJ, Flynn ER, Moak SP, et al. Dimethyl fumarate preserves left ventricular infarct integrity following myocardial infarction via modulation of cardiac macrophage and fibroblast oxidative metabolism. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2021;158:38\u201348.","journal-title":"J Mol Cell Cardiol"},{"key":"10695_CR64","first-page":"2783","volume":"22","author":"Y Kuang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kuang Y, Zhang Y, Xiao Z, Xu L, Wang P, Ma Q. Protective effect of dimethyl fumarate on oxidative damage and signaling in cardiomyocytes. Mol Med Rep. 2020;22:2783\u201390.","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"10695_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.106733","volume":"86","author":"J Zhao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhao J, Cheng Z, Quan X, Xie Z, Zhang L, Ding Z. Dimethyl fumarate protects cardiomyocytes against oxygen-glucose deprivation\/reperfusion (OGD\/R)-induced inflammatory response and damages via inhibition of Egr-1. Int Immunopharmacol. 2020;86:106733.","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"10695_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parodi B, Sanna A, Cedola A, Uccelli A, Kerlero de Rosbo N. Hydroxycarboxylic Acid receptor 2, a pleiotropically linked receptor for the multiple sclerosis drug, monomethyl fumarate. possible implications for the inflammatory response. Front Immunol. 2021;12:655212.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.655212"},{"key":"10695_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jimmun\/vkaf069","author":"L Leko","year":"2025","unstructured":"Leko L, \u0160imi\u0107 D, Martins TV, et al. Butyrate receptor HCAR2\/GPR109A controls imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin inflammation. J Immunol. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jimmun\/vkaf069.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10695_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.04.004","volume":"69","author":"Y Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen Y, Ouyang X, Hoque R, et al. \u0392-hydroxybutyrate protects from alcohol-induced liver injury via a Hcar2-cAMP dependent pathway. J Hepatol. 2018;69:687\u201396.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10695_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.12.007","volume":"40","author":"N Singh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Singh N, Gurav A, Sivaprakasam S, et al. Activation of Gpr109a, receptor for niacin and the commensal metabolite butyrate, suppresses colonic inflammation and carcinogenesis. Immunity. 2014;40:128\u201339.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10695_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2023.07.030","volume":"83","author":"C Zhao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhao C, Wang H, Liu Y, et al. Biased allosteric activation of ketone body receptor HCAR2 suppresses inflammation. Mol Cell. 2023;83:3171-3187.e3177.","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"10695_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00722","volume":"11","author":"H Zang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zang H, Mathew RO, Cui T. The dark side of Nrf2 in the heart. Front Physiol. 2020;11:722.","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"10695_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s41065-020-00155-9","volume":"157","author":"X Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li X, Wang C, Zhang X, et al. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis revealed key biomarkers associated with the diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Hereditas. 2020;157:42.","journal-title":"Hereditas"},{"key":"10695_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6291","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0900107106","volume":"106","author":"TZ Armel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Armel TZ, Leinwand LA. Mutations in the beta-myosin rod cause myosin storage myopathy via multiple mechanisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106:6291\u20136.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10695_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo11110787","author":"M Deidda","year":"2021","unstructured":"Deidda M, Noto A, Pasqualucci D, et al. The echocardiographic parameters of systolic function are associated with specific metabolomic fingerprints in obstructive and non-obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Metabolites. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/metabo11110787.","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"10695_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2017.12.103","volume":"258","author":"J Ibarrola","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ibarrola J, S\u00e1daba R, Garcia-Pe\u00f1a A, et al. A role for fumarate hydratase in mediating oxidative effects of galectin-3 in human cardiac fibroblasts. Int J Cardiol. 2018;258:217\u201323.","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"10695_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2023.10.005","volume":"34","author":"CG Peace","year":"2024","unstructured":"Peace CG, O\u2019Carroll SM, O\u2019Neill LAJ. Fumarate hydratase as a metabolic regulator of immunity. Trends Cell Biol. 2024;34:442\u201350.","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol"},{"key":"10695_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.12723","volume":"74","author":"H Xue","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xue H, Geurts AM, Usa K, et al. Fumarase overexpression abolishes hypertension attributable to endothelial NO synthase haploinsufficiency in Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Hypertension. 2019;74:313\u201322.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10695_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.129528","volume":"54","author":"Z Tian","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tian Z, Liu Y, Usa K, et al. Novel role of fumarate metabolism in Dahl-salt sensitive hypertension. Hypertension. 2009;54:255\u201360.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10695_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2018.01.020","volume":"287","author":"X Hu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hu X, Rajesh M, Zhang J, et al. Protection by dimethyl fumarate against diabetic cardiomyopathy in type 1 diabetic mice likely via activation of nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2. Toxicol Lett. 2018;287:131\u201341.","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"key":"10695_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2008.07.003","volume":"39","author":"M Milenkovi\u0107","year":"2008","unstructured":"Milenkovi\u0107 M, Arsenovi\u0107-Ranin N, Vuci\u0107evi\u0107 D, Bufan B, Janci\u0107 I, Stoji\u0107-Vukani\u0107 Z. Beneficial effects of dimethyl fumarate on experimental autoimmune myocarditis. Arch Med Res. 2008;39:639\u201346.","journal-title":"Arch Med Res"},{"key":"10695_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.3724\/abbs.2023088","volume":"55","author":"J Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen J, Cao Y, Jia O, et al. Monomethyl fumarate prevents alloimmune rejection in mouse heart transplantation by inducing tolerogenic dendritic cells. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin. 2023;55:866\u201377.","journal-title":"Acta Biochim Biophys Sin"},{"key":"10695_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.124.038505","volume":"14","author":"L Salinas","year":"2025","unstructured":"Salinas L, Figueroa F, Montgomery CB, et al. Omaveloxolone, but not dimethyl fumarate, improves cardiac function in Friedreich\u2019s ataxia mice with severe cardiomyopathy. J Am Heart Assoc. 2025;14:e038505.","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"10695_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13080947","volume":"13","author":"M Kluknavsky","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kluknavsky M, Balis P, Liskova S, et al. Dimethyl fumarate prevents the development of chronic social stress-induced hypertension in borderline hypertensive rats. Antioxidants (Basel). 2024;13:947.","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)."},{"key":"10695_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2024.153735","volume":"503","author":"M Wan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wan M, Liu J, Yang D, et al. Dimethyl fumarate induces cardiac developmental toxicity in zebrafish via down-regulation of oxidative stress. Toxicology. 2024;503:153735.","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"10695_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00063.2017","volume":"49","author":"K Usa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Usa K, Liu Y, Geurts AM, et al. Elevation of fumarase attenuates hypertension and can result from a nonsynonymous sequence variation or increased expression depending on rat strain. Physiol Genomics. 2017;49:496\u2013504.","journal-title":"Physiol Genomics"},{"key":"10695_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2025.01.002","volume":"117","author":"T Steadman","year":"2025","unstructured":"Steadman T, O\u2019Reilly S. Aberrant fumarate metabolism links interferon release in diffuse systemic sclerosis. J Dermatol Sci. 2025;117:30\u20135.","journal-title":"J Dermatol Sci"},{"key":"10695_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.123.001692","volume":"387","author":"S Ito","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ito S, Yamatani F, Arai Y, Manabe E, Tsujino T. Dimethyl fumarate ameliorated cardiorenal anemia syndrome and improved overall survival in Dahl\/salt-sensitive rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2023;387:299\u2013305.","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"10695_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1080\/10641963.2021.1916943","volume":"43","author":"O Edosuyi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Edosuyi O, Choi M, Igbe I, Oyekan A. Fumarate exerted an antihypertensive effect and reduced kidney injury molecule (KIM)-1 expression in deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt hypertension. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2021;43:555\u201364.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Hypertens"},{"key":"10695_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176186","volume":"961","author":"O Edosuyi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Edosuyi O, Igbe I, Oyekan A. Fumarate and its downstream signalling pathways in the cardiorenal system: recent insights and novel expositions in the etiology of hypertension. Eur J Pharmacol. 2023;961:176186.","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10695_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41605","DOI":"10.1038\/srep41605","volume":"7","author":"AP Grzegorzewska","year":"2017","unstructured":"Grzegorzewska AP, Seta F, Han R, et al. Dimethyl fumarate ameliorates pulmonary arterial hypertension and lung fibrosis by targeting multiple pathways. Sci Rep. 2017;7:41605.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10695_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5343462","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5343462","volume":"2018","author":"YJ Lin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lin YJ, Lin IC, Yu HR, Sheen JM, Huang LT, Tain YL. Early postweaning treatment with dimethyl fumarate prevents prenatal dexamethasone- and postnatal high-fat diet-induced programmed hypertension in male rat offspring. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2018;2018:5343462.","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"10695_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20163957","author":"CN Hsu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hsu CN, Lin YJ, Yu HR, et al. Protection of male rat offspring against hypertension programmed by prenatal dexamethasone administration and postnatal high-fat diet with the Nrf2 activator dimethyl fumarate during pregnancy. Int J Mol Sci. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms20163957.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10695_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.07.057","volume":"304","author":"C Zhu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhu C, Wang S, Wang B, et al. 17\u03b2-estradiol up-regulates Nrf2 via PI3K\/AKT and estrogen receptor signaling pathways to suppress light-induced degeneration in rat retina. Neuroscience. 2015;304:328\u201339.","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10695_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8030069","volume":"8","author":"T Ishii","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ishii T, Warabi E. Mechanism of rapid Nuclear Factor-E2-Related Factor 2 (Nrf2) Activation via membrane-associated estrogen receptors: Roles of NADPH oxidase 1, neutral sphingomyelinase 2 and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR). Antioxidants (Basel). 2019;8:69.","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)."},{"key":"10695_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2732","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14122732","volume":"14","author":"P Matteo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Matteo P, Federico D, Emanuela M, et al. New and old horizons for an ancient drug: Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and clinical perspectives of dimethyl fumarate. Pharmaceutics. 2022;14:2732.","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"10695_CR96","unstructured":"Biogen Idec I. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/nda\/2013\/204063orig1s000toc.cfm2013."},{"key":"10695_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1206328","volume":"367","author":"RJ Fox","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fox RJ, Miller DH, Phillips JT, et al. Placebo-controlled phase 3 study of oral BG-12 or glatiramer in multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:1087\u201397.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10695_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2013.08.009","volume":"35","author":"SI Sheikh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sheikh SI, Nestorov I, Russell H, et al. Tolerability and pharmacokinetics of delayed-release dimethyl fumarate administered with and without aspirin in healthy volunteers. Clin Ther. 2013;35:1582-1594.e1589.","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"10695_CR99","first-page":"711","volume":"83","author":"RC Gillett Jr","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gillett RC Jr, Norrell A. Considerations for safe use of statins: liver enzyme abnormalities and muscle toxicity. Am Fam Physician. 2011;83:711\u20136.","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"10695_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.110381","volume":"120","author":"X Chu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chu X, Zhang J, Li Y, et al. Dimethyl fumarate possesses antiplatelet and antithrombotic properties. Int Immunopharmacol. 2023;120:110381.","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"10695_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3513","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39174-1","volume":"14","author":"TAJ Ryan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ryan TAJ, Hooftman A, Rehill AM, et al. Dimethyl fumarate and 4-octyl itaconate are anticoagulants that suppress tissue factor in macrophages via inhibition of type I interferon. Nat Commun. 2023;14:3513.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10695_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.07.021","volume":"53","author":"H Craige","year":"2005","unstructured":"Craige H, Cohen JB. Symptomatic treatment of idiopathic and rosacea-associated cutaneous flushing with propranolol. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;53:881\u20134.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10695_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.04.129","volume":"83","author":"JGM Logger","year":"2020","unstructured":"Logger JGM, Olydam JI, Driessen RJB. Use of beta-blockers for rosacea-associated facial erythema and flushing: a systematic review and update on proposed mode of action. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020;83:1088\u201397.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10695_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3387","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.051633798","volume":"98","author":"V Launonen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Launonen V, Vierimaa O, Kiuru M, et al. Inherited susceptibility to uterine leiomyomas and renal cell cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001;98:3387\u201392.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10695_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddg148","volume":"12","author":"NA Alam","year":"2003","unstructured":"Alam NA, Rowan AJ, Wortham NC, et al. Genetic and functional analyses of FH mutations in multiple cutaneous and uterine leiomyomatosis, hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cancer, and fumarate hydratase deficiency. Hum Mol Genet. 2003;12:1241\u201352.","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"10695_CR106","first-page":"6471520","volume":"2016","author":"RC Bell","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bell RC, Austin ET, Arnold SJ, Lin FC, Walker JR, Larsen BT. Rare leiomyoma of the tunica Dartos: A case report with clinical relevance for malignant transformation and HLRCC. Case Rep Pathol. 2016;2016:6471520.","journal-title":"Case Rep Pathol"},{"key":"10695_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2006.02.005","volume":"35","author":"TM Phillips","year":"2006","unstructured":"Phillips TM, Gibson JB, Ellison DA. Fumarate hydratase deficiency in monozygotic twins. Pediatr Neurol. 2006;35:150\u20133.","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"10695_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1017\/thg.2013.72","volume":"16","author":"S Tregoning","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tregoning S, Salter W, Thorburn DR, et al. Fumarase deficiency in dichorionic diamniotic twins. Twin Res Hum Genet. 2013;16:1117\u201320.","journal-title":"Twin Res Hum Genet"},{"key":"10695_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.61415","volume":"182","author":"O Grocott","year":"2020","unstructured":"Grocott O, Phanor SK, Fung F, Thibert RL, Berkmen MB. Clinical report and biochemical analysis of a patient with fumarate hydratase deficiency. Am J Med Genet A. 2020;182:504\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet A"},{"key":"10695_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa163","volume":"105","author":"K Suda","year":"2020","unstructured":"Suda K, Fukuoka H, Yamazaki Y, et al. Cardiac myxoma caused by fumarate hydratase gene deletion in patient with cortisol-secreting adrenocortical adenoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020;105:1957\u201362.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10695_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-015-1541-7","volume":"307","author":"A Schmieder","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schmieder A, Poppe M, Hametner C, et al. Impact of fumaric acid esters on cardiovascular risk factors and depression in psoriasis: a prospective pilot study. Arch Dermatol Res. 2015;307:413\u201324.","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"key":"10695_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.16635","volume":"35","author":"G Holzer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Holzer G, Hoke M, Sabeti-Sandor S, et al. Disparate effects of adalimumab and fumaric acid esters on cardiovascular risk factors in psoriasis patients: results from a prospective, randomized, observer-blinded head-to-head trial. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2021;35:441\u20139.","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"10695_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2022.102639","volume":"298","author":"KB Hillmann","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hillmann KB, Goethel ME, Erickson NA, Niehaus TD. Identification of a S-(2-succino)cysteine breakdown pathway that uses a novel S-(2-succino) lyase. J Biol Chem. 2022;298:102639.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10695_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2011.340","volume":"20","author":"SA Thomas","year":"2012","unstructured":"Thomas SA, Storey KB, Baynes JW, Frizzell N. Tissue distribution of S-(2-succino)cysteine (2SC), a biomarker of mitochondrial stress in obesity and diabetes. Obesity. 2012;20:263\u20139.","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"10695_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.2337\/db07-0838","volume":"57","author":"M Blatnik","year":"2008","unstructured":"Blatnik M, Frizzell N, Thorpe SR, Baynes JW. Inactivation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase by fumarate in diabetes: formation of S-(2-succinyl)cysteine, a novel chemical modification of protein and possible biomarker of mitochondrial stress. Diabetes. 2008;57:41\u20139.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10695_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10010028","author":"LE Neilson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Neilson LE, Quinn JF, Gray NE. Peripheral blood NRF2 expression as a biomarker in human health and disease. Antioxidants. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox10010028.","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"10695_CR117","unstructured":". LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury. Bethesda (MD): National institute of diabetes and digestive and kidney diseases; 2012."},{"key":"10695_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.604000","volume":"11","author":"R Shepherd","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shepherd R, Cheung AS, Pang K, Saffery R, Novakovic B. Sexual dimorphism in innate immunity: the role of sex hormones and epigenetics. Front Immunol. 2020;11:604000.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10695_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-017-8648-x","volume":"56","author":"S Jaillon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jaillon S, Berthenet K, Garlanda C. Sexual dimorphism in innate immunity. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2019;56:308\u201321.","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"10695_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612827666210122142811","volume":"27","author":"SA Nasser","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nasser SA, Afify EA, Kobeissy F, Hamam B, Eid AH, El-Mas MM. Inflammatory basis of atherosclerosis: modulation by sex hormones. Curr Pharm Des. 2021;27:2099\u2013111.","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"10695_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.11.118","volume":"228","author":"F Franconi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Franconi F, Rosano G, Basili S, Montella A, Campesi I. Human cells involved in atherosclerosis have a sex. Int J Cardiol. 2017;228:983\u20131001.","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"10695_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.123.319833","volume":"44","author":"J Shin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shin J, Hong J, Edwards-Glenn J, et al. Unraveling the role of sex in endothelial cell dysfunction: evidence from lineage tracing mice and cultured cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2024;44:238\u201353.","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"10695_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25052894","author":"N Chatterjee","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chatterjee N, Komaravolu RK, Durant CP, et al. Single cell high dimensional analysis of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells reveals unique intermediate monocyte subsets associated with sex differences in coronary artery disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25052894.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10695_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13070773","volume":"13","author":"AN Martinez","year":"2024","unstructured":"Martinez AN, Tortelote GG, Pascale CL, et al. Dimethyl fumarate mediates sustained vascular smooth muscle cell remodeling in a mouse model of cerebral aneurysm. Antioxidants (Basel). 2024;13:773.","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)."},{"key":"10695_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvac040","volume":"119","author":"T Gromova","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gromova T, Gehred ND, Vondriska TM. Single-cell transcriptomes in the heart: when every epigenome counts. Cardiovasc Res. 2023;119:64\u201378.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"10695_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-021-00799-9","volume":"35","author":"TW Lategan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lategan TW, Wang L, Sprague TN, Rousseau FS. Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of monomethyl fumarate following a single oral dose of Bafiertam\u2122 (Monomethyl fumarate) or Tecfidera(\u00ae) (Dimethyl fumarate). CNS Drugs. 2021;35:567\u201374.","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"10695_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1080\/00498254.2023.2217506","volume":"53","author":"L Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu L, Peng CC, Dawson K, Stecher S, Woodworth J, Prakash C. Metabolism, pharmacokinetics and excretion of [(14)C]dimethyl fumarate in healthy volunteers: an example of xenobiotic biotransformation following endogenous metabolic pathways. Xenobiotica. 2023;53:163\u201372.","journal-title":"Xenobiotica"},{"key":"10695_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104500","volume":"70","author":"FS Rousseau","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rousseau FS, Wang L, Sprague TN, Lategan TW, Berkovich RR. Comparative pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of monomethyl fumarate following a single oral dose of Bafiertam\u00ae (monomethyl fumarate) versus Vumerity\u00ae (diroximel fumarate). Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2023;70:104500.","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"10695_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2772","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18122772","volume":"18","author":"S Vomund","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vomund S, Sch\u00e4fer A, Parnham MJ, Br\u00fcne B, von Knethen A. Nrf2, the master regulator of anti-oxidative responses. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18:2772.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"10695_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2017.7342","volume":"29","author":"C Tonelli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tonelli C, Chio IIC, Tuveson DA. Transcriptional regulation by Nrf2. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2018;29:1727\u201345.","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"key":"10695_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1002\/path.2932","volume":"225","author":"C Bardella","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bardella C, El-Bahrawy M, Frizzell N, et al. Aberrant succination of proteins in fumarate hydratase-deficient mice and HLRCC patients is a robust biomarker of mutation status. J Pathol. 2011;225:4\u201311.","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"10695_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6093903","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/6093903","volume":"2017","author":"C Hoffmann","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hoffmann C, Dietrich M, Herrmann AK, Schacht T, Albrecht P, Methner A. Dimethyl fumarate induces glutathione recycling by upregulation of glutathione reductase. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2017;2017:6093903.","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"10695_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.102552","volume":"24","author":"J Meseguer-Ripolles","year":"2021","unstructured":"Meseguer-Ripolles J, Lucendo-Villarin B, Tucker C, et al. Dimethyl fumarate reduces hepatocyte senescence following paracetamol exposure. iScience. 2021;24:102552.","journal-title":"iScience"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cardiovascular Translational Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12265-025-10695-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12265-025-10695-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12265-025-10695-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T16:04:10Z","timestamp":1763568250000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12265-025-10695-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]]},"references-count":133,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10695"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12265-025-10695-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1937-5387","1937-5395"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1937-5387","type":"print"},{"value":"1937-5395","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 September 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable \u2013 this article is a narrative review of previously published studies.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"All authors consent to the publication of this manuscript. No individual person\u2019s data are included.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Publish"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no financial or non-financial competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}