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However, because of the IMLNs\u2019 complicated anatomical structures and relationships\u00a0with adjacent\u00a0structures, IMLN biopsy or resection is associated with a limited improvement in prognosis and a high complication rate. The positivity rate also varies broadly according to imaging modality, and there is a low rate of agreement between the imaging and pathological diagnoses, which creates imprecision in the preoperative staging. The\u00a0IMLN positivity rate also varies remarkably, and there are no clear, accurate,\u00a0and\u00a0non-invasive\u00a0modalities for diagnosing the pre-mastectomy IMLN status. Nevertheless, medical imaging modalities continue to evolve, with functional imaging\u00a0and image-guided thoracoscopic biopsy of sentinel IMLNs being well established. Thus, personalized decision-making and treatment selection should be based on the modality-specific differences in the diagnosis of IMLN metastasis\/recurrence and the patient\u2019s specific risk factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12282-022-01377-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,24]],"date-time":"2022-06-24T15:02:37Z","timestamp":1656082957000},"page":"933-944","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Internal mammary lymph node metastasis in breast cancer patients based on anatomical imaging and functional imaging"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengfei","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianbin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"1377_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2313","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19901201)66:11<2313::aid-cncr2820661110>3.0.co;2-m","volume":"66","author":"MG L\u00ea","year":"1990","unstructured":"L\u00ea MG, Arriagada R, de Vathaire F, Dewar J, Fontaine F, Lacour J, et al. 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