{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T23:53:23Z","timestamp":1781654003494,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770163200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 CA144034, UM1 CA182876, T32CA186873"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 CA144034, UM1 CA182876, T32CA186873"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Breast Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n A low carbohydrate diet (LCD) reflects a dietary pattern characterized by reduced carbohydrate intake and higher consumption of protein and fat. Evidence on the role of LCD and risk of breast cancer is inconclusive. We, therefore, prospectively examined the association between LCD scores and breast cancer risk in the Singapore Chinese Health Study (SCHS).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n We used data of 34,028 female participants in the SCHS, a prospective cohort study with subjects recruited in Singapore during 1993\u20131998 period. LCD scores were derived from the semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire at baseline. Breast cancer cases were identified through record linkage with the Singapore cancer registry. Cox proportional hazard regression method was used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for breast cancer in relation to LCD scores.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n We identified 1,131 participants who developed breast cancer after 17.6\u00a0years of follow-up and 616,410 person-years. We found a modest inverse association between total LCD (HR\n per-SD increment<\/jats:sub>\n \u2009=\u20090.94, 95% CI: 0.89\u20131.00;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \n trend<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:sub>\n \u2009=\u20090.05) and plant-based LCD scores with breast cancer risk (HR\n per-SD increment<\/jats:sub>\n \u2009=\u20090.94, 95% CI: 0.89\u20131.00;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \n trend<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:sub>\n \u2009=\u20090.06). No association was found between animal-based LCD and risk of breast cancer (HR\n per-SD increment<\/jats:sub>\n \u2009=\u20090.96, 95% CI: 0.90\u20131.02,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \n trend<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:sub>\n \u2009=\u20090.18).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Our findings suggest that adherence to a LCD, particularly plant-based LCD may be protective against the development of breast cancer, highlighting the potential role of dietary modification in cancer prevention strategies.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12282-026-01826-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T12:21:30Z","timestamp":1770207690000},"page":"448-458","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Low-carbohydrate diet score and risk of breast cancer: findings from a prospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Yen Thi-Hai","family":"Pham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renwei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian-Min","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2172-1849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hung N.","family":"Luu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"1826_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21834","volume":"74","author":"F Bray","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Soerjomataram I, et al. Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2024;74:229\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3322\/caac.21834.","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"1826_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21871","volume":"75","author":"RL Siegel","year":"2025","unstructured":"Siegel RL, Kratzer TB, Giaquinto AN, Sung H, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2025. CA Cancer J Clin. 2025;75:10\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3322\/caac.21871.","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"1826_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molonc.2010.04.011","volume":"4","author":"N Mavaddat","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mavaddat N, Antoniou AC, Easton DF, Garcia-Closas M. Genetic susceptibility to breast cancer. Mol Oncol. 2010;4:174\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molonc.2010.04.011.","journal-title":"Mol Oncol"},{"key":"1826_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)06524-2","volume":"358","author":"Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer","year":"2001","unstructured":"Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Familial breast cancer: collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 52 epidemiological studies including 58,209 women with breast cancer and 101,986 women without the disease. Lancet. 2001;358:1389\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)06524-2.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1826_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/152.10.950","volume":"152","author":"GA Colditz","year":"2000","unstructured":"Colditz GA, Rosner B. Cumulative risk of breast cancer to age 70 years according to risk factor status: data from the Nurses\u2019 Health Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2000;152:950\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/152.10.950.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"1826_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2013.10.031","volume":"46","author":"C Scoccianti","year":"2014","unstructured":"Scoccianti C, Lauby-Secretan B, Bello P-Y, Chajes V, Romieu I. Female breast cancer and alcohol consumption: a review of the literature. Am J Prev Med. 2014;46:S16-25. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amepre.2013.10.031.","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"1826_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3456S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/132.11.3456S","volume":"132","author":"CM Friedenreich","year":"2002","unstructured":"Friedenreich CM, Orenstein MR. Physical activity and cancer prevention: etiologic evidence and biological mechanisms. J Nutr. 2002;132:3456S-3464S. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jn\/132.11.3456S.","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"1826_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1684","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.1500","volume":"304","author":"RT Chlebowski","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chlebowski RT, Anderson GL, Gass M, Lane DS, Aragaki AK, Kuller LH, et al. Estrogen plus progestin and breast cancer incidence and mortality in postmenopausal women. JAMA. 2010;304:1684\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2010.1500.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"1826_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2018.2933","volume":"178","author":"DS Ludwig","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ludwig DS, Ebbeling CB. The carbohydrate-insulin model of obesity: beyond \u201ccalories in, calories out.\u201d JAMA Intern Med. 2018;178:1098\u2013103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamainternmed.2018.2933.","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"1826_CR10","first-page":"396","volume":"12","author":"SA Bilsborough","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bilsborough SA, Crowe TC. Low-carbohydrate diets: what are the potential short- and long-term health implications? Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2003;12:396\u2013404.","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"1826_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2461","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-018-4729-5","volume":"61","author":"MJ Davies","year":"2018","unstructured":"Davies MJ, D\u2019Alessio DA, Fradkin J, Kernan WN, Mathieu C, Mingrone G, et al. Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes, 2018. A consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetologia. 2018;61:2461\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-018-4729-5.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"1826_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/87.2.339","volume":"87","author":"TL Halton","year":"2008","unstructured":"Halton TL, Liu S, Manson JE, Hu FB. Low-carbohydrate-diet score and risk of type 2 diabetes in women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;87:339\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/87.2.339.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"1826_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-23-0517","volume":"17","author":"YT-H Pham","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pham YT-H, Jin A, Wang R, Behari J, Koh W-P, Yuan J-M, et al. Low-carbohydrate diet score and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: findings from a prospective cohort study. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2024;17:265\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-23-0517.","journal-title":"Cancer Prev Res (Phila)"},{"key":"1826_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-22-0683","author":"Y-C Yu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yu Y-C, Paragomi P, Jin A, Wang R, Schoen RE, Koh W-P, et al. Low-carbohydrate diet score and the risk of colorectal cancer: findings from the Singapore Chinese Health Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-22-0683.","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"1826_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bco2.70033","volume":"6","author":"YT-H Pham","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pham YT-H, Wang R, Yuan J-M, Luu HN. Low-carbohydrate diet score and risk of bladder cancer: findings from a prospective cohort study. BJUI Compass. 2025;6:e70033. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bco2.70033.","journal-title":"BJUI Compass"},{"key":"1826_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.15215","volume":"113","author":"H Cai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cai H, Sobue T, Kitamura T, Ishihara J, Nanri A, Mizoue T, et al. Low-carbohydrate diet and risk of cancer incidence: the Japan Public Health Center-based prospective study. Cancer Sci. 2022;113:744\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cas.15215.","journal-title":"Cancer Sci"},{"key":"1826_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgab006","volume":"42","author":"G-C Zhong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhong G-C, Li Q-J, Yang P-F, Wang Y-B, Hao F-B, Wang K, et al. Low-carbohydrate diets and the risk of pancreatic cancer: a large prospective cohort study. Carcinogenesis. 2021;42:724\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/carcin\/bgab006.","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"1826_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/jns.2022.122","volume":"12","author":"A Yaegashi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yaegashi A, Kimura T, Hirata T, Iso H, Tamakoshi A. Association between low-carbohydrate diet score and incidence of type 2 diabetes among Japanese adults: the JACC study. J Nutr Sci. 2023;12:e50. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/jns.2022.122.","journal-title":"J Nutr Sci"},{"key":"1826_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2024.103049","volume":"18","author":"RH Kabthymer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kabthymer RH, Karim MN, Itsiopoulos C, Hodge AM, De Courten B. Association of low carbohydrate diet score with the risk of type 2 diabetes in an Australian population: a longitudinal study. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2024;18:103049. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dsx.2024.103049.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"1826_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-020-00596-2","volume":"12","author":"S Sali","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sali S, Farhadnejad H, Asghari G, Teymoori F, Mirmiran P, Djazayeri A, et al. Animal based low carbohydrate diet is associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes in Tehranian adults. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2020;12:87. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13098-020-00596-2.","journal-title":"Diabetol Metab Syndr"},{"key":"1826_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.110.004333","volume":"93","author":"L de Koning","year":"2011","unstructured":"de Koning L, Fung TT, Liao X, Chiuve SE, Rimm EB, Willett WC, et al. Low-carbohydrate diet scores and risk of type 2 diabetes in men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;93:844\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/ajcn.110.004333.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"1826_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-2310","volume":"46","author":"Y Hu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hu Y, Liu G, Yu E, Wang B, Wittenbecher C, Manson JE, et al. Low-Carbohydrate Diet Scores and Mortality Among Adults With Incident Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2023;46:874\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc22-2310.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"1826_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2694","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.34819","volume":"129","author":"MS Farvid","year":"2023","unstructured":"Farvid MS, Spence ND, Rosner BA, Barnett JB, Holmes MD. Associations of low-carbohydrate diets with breast cancer survival. Cancer. 2023;129:2694\u2013704. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cncr.34819.","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"1826_CR24","first-page":"890","volume":"12","author":"J-M Yuan","year":"2003","unstructured":"Yuan J-M, Stram DO, Arakawa K, Lee H-P, Yu MC. Dietary cryptoxanthin and reduced risk of lung cancer: the Singapore Chinese Health Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2003;12:890\u20138.","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"1826_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.12364","volume":"120","author":"NT Mueller","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mueller NT, Mueller NJ, Odegaard AO, Gross MD, Koh WP, Yuan JM, et al. Higher parity is associated with an increased risk of type-II diabetes in Chinese women: the Singapore Chinese Health Study. BJOG. 2013;120:1483\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1471-0528.12364.","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"1826_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327914nc392_5","volume":"39","author":"JH Hankin","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hankin JH, Stram DO, Arakawa K, Park S, Low SH, Lee HP, et al. Singapore Chinese Health Study: development, validation, and calibration of the quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Nutr Cancer. 2001;39:187\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/S15327914nc392_5.","journal-title":"Nutr Cancer"},{"key":"1826_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa055317","volume":"355","author":"TL Halton","year":"2006","unstructured":"Halton TL, Willett WC, Liu S, Manson JE, Albert CM, Rexrode K, et al. Low-carbohydrate-diet score and the risk of coronary heart disease in women. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:1991\u20132002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa055317.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1826_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"PHam YT-H, Jin A, Wang R, Behari J, Koh W-P, Yuan J-M, et al. Low-carbohydrate diet score and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: findings from a prospective cohort study. Cancer Prev Res. 2024. 17:265\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-23-0517","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-23-0517"},{"key":"1826_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2473","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/135.10.2473","volume":"135","author":"W-P Koh","year":"2005","unstructured":"Koh W-P, Yuan J-M, Sun C-L, Lee H-P, Yu MC. Middle-aged and older Chinese men and women in Singapore who smoke have less healthy diets and lifestyles than nonsmokers. J Nutr. 2005;135:2473\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jn\/135.10.2473.","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"1826_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1097\/CEJ.0000000000000369","volume":"26","author":"YL Eaglehouse","year":"2017","unstructured":"Eaglehouse YL, Koh W-P, Wang R, Aizhen J, Yuan J-M, Butler LM. Physical activity, sedentary time, and risk of colorectal cancer: the Singapore Chinese Health Study. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2017;26:469\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CEJ.0000000000000369.","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer Prev"},{"key":"1826_CR31","unstructured":"Parkin D, Whelan S, Ferlay J, Teppo L, Thomas D. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents Volume VIII [Internet]. [cited 2019 Apr 23]. https:\/\/publications.iarc.fr\/Book-And-Report-Series\/Iarc-Scientific-Publications\/Cancer-Incidence-In-Five-Continents-Volume-VIII-2002. Accessed 23 Apr 2019."},{"key":"1826_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.28572","volume":"91","author":"LM Butler","year":"2010","unstructured":"Butler LM, Wu AH, Wang R, Koh W-P, Yuan J-M, Yu MC. A vegetable-fruit-soy dietary pattern protects against breast cancer among postmenopausal Singapore Chinese women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;91:1013\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/ajcn.2009.28572.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"1826_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)15268-3","volume":"363","author":"WHO Expert Consultation","year":"2004","unstructured":"WHO Expert Consultation. Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. Lancet. 2004;363:157\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)15268-3.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1826_CR34","first-page":"370","volume":"17","author":"W-H Pan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pan W-H, Yeh W-T. How to define obesity? Evidence-based multiple action points for public awareness, screening, and treatment: an extension of Asian-Pacific recommendations. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2008;17:370\u20134.","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"1826_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2429","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.28257","volume":"133","author":"R Zamora-Ros","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zamora-Ros R, Fedirko V, Trichopoulou A, Gonz\u00e1lez CA, Bamia C, Trepo E, et al. Dietary flavonoid, lignan and antioxidant capacity and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition study. Int J Cancer. 2013;133:2429\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ijc.28257.","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"1826_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.18502\/ijph.v51i4.9235","volume":"51","author":"J Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang J, Yang J. Allium vegetables intake and risk of breast cancer: a meta-analysis. Iran J Public Health. 2022;51:746\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18502\/ijph.v51i4.9235.","journal-title":"Iran J Public Health"},{"key":"1826_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.breast.2012.07.013","volume":"22","author":"X Liu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Liu X, Lv K. Cruciferous vegetables intake is inversely associated with risk of breast cancer: a meta-analysis. Breast. 2013;22:309\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.breast.2012.07.013.","journal-title":"Breast"},{"key":"1826_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djr189","volume":"103","author":"LS Freedman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Freedman LS, Schatzkin A, Midthune D, Kipnis V. Dealing with dietary measurement error in nutritional cohort studies. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011;103:1086\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jnci\/djr189.","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"1826_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/34.3.362","volume":"34","author":"DJ Jenkins","year":"1981","unstructured":"Jenkins DJ, Wolever TM, Taylor RH, Barker H, Fielden H, Baldwin JM, et al. Glycemic index of foods: a physiological basis for carbohydrate exchange. Am J Clin Nutr. 1981;34:362\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/34.3.362.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"1826_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2414","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.18.2414","volume":"287","author":"DS Ludwig","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ludwig DS. The glycemic index: physiological mechanisms relating to obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. JAMA. 2002;287:2414\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.287.18.2414.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"1826_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2281","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-1239","volume":"31","author":"FS Atkinson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Atkinson FS, Foster-Powell K, Brand-Miller JC. International tables of glycemic index and glycemic load values: 2008. Diabetes Care. 2008;31:2281\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc08-1239.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"1826_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nux010","volume":"75","author":"S Schlesinger","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schlesinger S, Chan DSM, Vingeliene S, Vieira AR, Abar L, Polemiti E, et al. Carbohydrates, glycemic index, glycemic load, and breast cancer risk: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Nutr Rev. 2017;75:420\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nutrit\/nux010.","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"1826_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4661","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7064661","volume":"7","author":"R Zhang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhang R, Wang Z, Fei Y, Zhou B, Zheng S, Wang L, et al. The difference in nutrient intakes between Chinese and Mediterranean, Japanese and American diets. Nutrients. 2015;7:4661\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu7064661.","journal-title":"Nutrients"}],"container-title":["Breast Cancer"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12282-026-01826-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12282-026-01826-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12282-026-01826-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T23:04:57Z","timestamp":1781651097000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12282-026-01826-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["1826"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12282-026-01826-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1340-6868","1880-4233"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1340-6868","type":"print"},{"value":"1880-4233","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"None to declare.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}