{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T14:28:12Z","timestamp":1768746492080,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,30]],"date-time":"2020-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596067200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,30]],"date-time":"2020-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007052","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Verona","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cerebellum"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Balance control is essential to maintain a stable body position and to prevent falls. The aim of this study was to determine whether balance control could be improved by using cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and visual feedback in a combined approach. A total of 90 healthy volunteers were randomly assigned to six groups defined by the delivery of tDCS (cathodal or anodal or sham) and the provision or not of visual feedback on balance during the acquisition phase. tDCS was delivered over the cerebellar hemisphere ipsilateral to the dominant leg for 20\u00a0min at 2\u00a0mA during a unipedal stance task. Body sway (i.e., ankle angle and hip position) was measured as an overall maximal unit in anteroposterior and mediolateral direction, together with participant rating of perception of stability, before (baseline), during (acquisition), and after (final) the intervention. We found a reduction in body sway during the acquisition session when visual feedback alone was provided. When the visual feedback was removed (final session), however, body sway increased above baseline. Differently, the reduction in overall maximal body sway was maintained during the final session when the delivery of cathodal tDCS and visual feedback was combined. These findings suggest that cathodal tDCS may support the short-term maintenance of the positive effects of visual feedback on balance and provide the basis for a new approach to optimize balance control, with potential translational implications for the elderly and patients with impaired posture control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-020-01172-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,30]],"date-time":"2020-07-30T08:04:38Z","timestamp":1596096278000},"page":"812-823","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Cathodal Cerebellar tDCS Combined with Visual Feedback Improves Balance Control"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Mehran","family":"Emadi Andani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernardo","family":"Villa-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Raneri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Dametto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Tinazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6356-0211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirta","family":"Fiorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"1172_CR1","first-page":"113","volume":"9","author":"RX Lee","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lee RX, Huang JJ, Huang C, Tsai ML, Yen CT. Plasticity of cerebellar Purkinje cells in behavioral training of body balance control. Front Syst Neurosci. 2015;9:113.","journal-title":"Front Syst Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"1172_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858404263517","volume":"10","author":"SM Morton","year":"2004","unstructured":"Morton SM, Bastian AJ. Cerebellar control of balance and locomotion. Neuroscientist. 2004;10(3):247\u201359.","journal-title":"Neuroscientist."},{"issue":"2","key":"1172_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(84)90172-X","volume":"57","author":"HC Diener","year":"1984","unstructured":"Diener HC, Dichgans J, Bacher M, Gompf B. Quantification of postural sway in normals and patients with cerebellar diseases. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1984;57(2):134\u201342.","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1172_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/102.3.461","volume":"102","author":"KH Mauritz","year":"1979","unstructured":"Mauritz KH, Dichgans J, Hufschmidt A. Quantitative analysis of stance in late cortical cerebellar atrophy of the anterior lobe and other forms of cerebellar ataxia. Brain. 1979;102(3):461\u201382.","journal-title":"Brain."},{"issue":"2","key":"1172_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1159\/000142386","volume":"55","author":"V Hatzitaki","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hatzitaki V, Amiridis IG, Nikodelis T, Spiliopoulou S. Direction-induced effects of visually guided weight-shifting training on standing balance in the elderly. Gerontology. 2009;55(2):145\u201352.","journal-title":"Gerontology."},{"key":"1172_CR6","volume":"6","author":"Z Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li Z, Wang XX, Liang YY, Chen SY, Sheng J, Ma SJ. Effects of the visual-feedback-based force platform training with functional electric stimulation on the balance and prevention of falls in older adults: a randomized controlled trial. PeerJ. 2018;6:e4244.","journal-title":"PeerJ."},{"issue":"9","key":"1172_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(99)90063-1","volume":"80","author":"TW Deyer","year":"1999","unstructured":"Deyer TW, Ashton-Miller JA. Unipedal balance in healthy adults: effect of visual environments yielding decreased lateral velocity feedback. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1999;80(9):1072\u20137.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"2","key":"1172_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2014.12.003","volume":"41","author":"B Lakhani","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lakhani B, Mansfield A. Visual feedback of the centre of gravity to optimize standing balance. Gait Posture. 2015;41(2):499\u2013503.","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"2","key":"1172_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.3109\/09638289409166013","volume":"16","author":"JA Balogun","year":"1994","unstructured":"Balogun JA, Akindele KA, Nihinlola JO, Marzouk DK. Age-related changes in balance performance. Disabil Rehabil. 1994;16(2):58\u201362.","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"issue":"2","key":"1172_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M45","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/51A.2.M45","volume":"51","author":"L Sundermier","year":"1996","unstructured":"Sundermier L, Woollacott MH, Jensen JL, Moore S. Postural sensitivity to visual flow in aging adults with and without balance problems. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 1996;51(2):M45\u201352.","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"1172_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.95.3.355","volume":"95","author":"AW Salmoni","year":"1984","unstructured":"Salmoni AW, Schmidt RA, Walter CB. Knowledge of results and motor learning: a review and critical reappraisal. Psychol Bull. 1984;95(3):355\u201386.","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"2","key":"1172_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.15.2.352","volume":"15","author":"RA Schmidt","year":"1989","unstructured":"Schmidt RA, Young DE, Swinnen S, Shapiro DC. Summary knowledge of results for skill acquisition: support for the guidance hypothesis. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 1989;15(2):352\u20139.","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn"},{"issue":"1","key":"1172_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-012-0333-8","volume":"20","author":"R Sigrist","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sigrist R, Rauter G, Riener R, Wolf P. Augmented visual, auditory, haptic, and multimodal feedback in motor learning: a review. Psychon Bull Rev. 2013;20(1):21\u201353.","journal-title":"Psychon Bull Rev"},{"key":"1172_CR14","first-page":"325","volume":"10","author":"Y Inukai","year":"2016","unstructured":"Inukai Y, Saito K, Sasaki R, Kotan S, Nakagawa M, Onishi H. Influence of transcranial direct current stimulation to the cerebellum on standing posture control. Front Hum Neurosci. 2016;10:325.","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"12","key":"1172_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2875","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.13731","volume":"46","author":"F Ehsani","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ehsani F, Samaei A, Zoghi M, Hedayati R, Jaberzadeh S. The effects of cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation on static and dynamic postural stability in older individuals: a randomized double-blind sham-controlled study. Eur J Neurosci. 2017;46(12):2875\u201384.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1172_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2017.09.118","volume":"129","author":"P Poortvliet","year":"2018","unstructured":"Poortvliet P, Hsieh B, Cresswell A, Au J, Meinzer M. Cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation improves adaptive postural control. Clin Neurophysiol. 2018;129(1):33\u201341.","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1172_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1992.72.4.967","volume":"72","author":"JF Stein","year":"1992","unstructured":"Stein JF, Glickstein M. Role of the cerebellum in visual guidance of movement. Physiol Rev. 1992;72(4):967\u20131017.","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"1172_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00148-4","volume":"19","author":"F Debaere","year":"2003","unstructured":"Debaere F, Wenderoth N, Sunaert S, Van Hecke P, Swinnen SP. Internal vs external generation of movements: differential neural pathways involved in bimanual coordination performed in the presence or absence of augmented visual feedback. Neuroimage. 2003;19(3):764\u201376.","journal-title":"Neuroimage."},{"issue":"4","key":"1172_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.05.012","volume":"32","author":"K Ogawa","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ogawa K, Inui T, Sugio T. Separating brain regions involved in internally guided and visual feedback control of moving effectors: an event-related fMRI study. Neuroimage. 2006;32(4):1760\u201370.","journal-title":"Neuroimage."},{"key":"1172_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2016.06.011","volume":"40","author":"J Peterburs","year":"2016","unstructured":"Peterburs J, Desmond JE. The role of the human cerebellum in performance monitoring. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2016;40:38\u201344.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"key":"1172_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2018.07.001","volume":"125","author":"J Peterburs","year":"2018","unstructured":"Peterburs J, Hofmann D, Becker MPI, Nitsch AM, Miltner WHR, Straube T. The role of the cerebellum for feedback processing and behavioral switching in a reversal-learning task. Brain Cogn. 2018;125:142\u20138.","journal-title":"Brain Cogn"},{"issue":"8","key":"1172_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhq246","volume":"21","author":"JM Galea","year":"2011","unstructured":"Galea JM, Vazquez A, Pasricha N, de Xivry JJO, Celnik P. Dissociating the roles of the cerebellum and motor cortex during adaptive learning: the motor cortex retains what the cerebellum learns. Cereb Cortex. 2011;21(8):1761\u201370.","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"issue":"11","key":"1172_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2950","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00645.2011","volume":"107","author":"G Jayaram","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jayaram G, Tang B, Pallegadda R, Vasudevan EV, Celnik P, Bastian A. Modulating locomotor adaptation with cerebellar stimulation. J Neurophysiol. 2012;107(11):2950\u20137.","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"28","key":"1172_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9115","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2184-09.2009","volume":"29","author":"JM Galea","year":"2009","unstructured":"Galea JM, Jayaram G, Ajagbe L, Celnik P. Modulation of cerebellar excitability by polarity-specific noninvasive direct current stimulation. J Neurosci. 2009;29(28):9115\u201322.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1172_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858414559409","volume":"22","author":"G Grimaldi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Grimaldi G, Argyropoulos GP, Bastian A, Cortes M, Davis NJ, Edwards DJ, et al. Cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation (ctDCS): a novel approach to understanding cerebellar function in health and disease. Neuroscientist. 2016;22(1):83\u201397.","journal-title":"Neuroscientist."},{"issue":"2","key":"1172_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-014-0607-y","volume":"14","author":"P Celnik","year":"2015","unstructured":"Celnik P. Understanding and modulating motor learning with cerebellar stimulation. Cerebellum. 2015;14(2):171\u20134.","journal-title":"Cerebellum."},{"issue":"8","key":"1172_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhq263","volume":"21","author":"G Jayaram","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jayaram G, Galea JM, Bastian AJ, Celnik P. Human locomotor adaptive learning is proportional to depression of cerebellar excitability. Cereb Cortex. 2011;21(8):1901\u20139.","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"issue":"2","key":"1172_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","volume":"39","author":"F Faul","year":"2007","unstructured":"Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang AG, Buchner A. G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods. 2007;39(2):175\u201391.","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"1172_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024338","volume":"141","author":"CO Fritz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fritz CO, Morris PE, Richler JJ. Effect size estimates: current use, calculations, and interpretation. J Exp Psychol Gen. 2012;141(1):2\u201318.","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Gen"},{"issue":"12","key":"1172_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0189876","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189876","volume":"12","author":"N van Melick","year":"2017","unstructured":"van Melick N, Meddeler BM, Hoogeboom TJ, van der Nijhuis Sanden MWG, van Cingel REH. How to determine leg dominance: the agreement between self-reported and observed performance in healthy adults. PLoS One. 2017;12(12):e0189876.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"1172_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physio.2018.04.001","volume":"104","author":"RW Bohannon","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bohannon RW, Tudini F. Unipedal balance test for older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies providing normative data. Physiotherapy. 2018;104(4):376\u201382.","journal-title":"Physiotherapy."},{"issue":"5","key":"1172_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20130266","volume":"94","author":"YM Choi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Choi YM, Dobson F, Martin J, Bennell KL, Hinman RS. Interrater and Intrarater reliability of common clinical standing balance tests for people with hip osteoarthritis. Phys Ther. 2014;94(5):696\u2013704.","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"1172_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2011.11.004","volume":"4","author":"UB Flansbjer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Flansbjer UB, Blom J, Brogardh C. The reproducibility of berg balance scale and the single-leg stance in chronic stroke and the relationship between the two tests. Pm&R. 2012;4(3):165\u201370.","journal-title":"Pm&R."},{"issue":"1","key":"1172_CR34","first-page":"108","volume":"54","author":"JG Ponce-Gonzalez","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ponce-Gonzalez JG, Sanchis-Moysi J, Gonzalez-Henriquez JJ, Arteaga-Ortiz R, Calbet JAL, Dorado C. A reliable unipedal stance test for the assessment of balance using a force platform. J Sport Med Phys Fit. 2014;54(1):108\u201317.","journal-title":"J Sport Med Phys Fit"},{"key":"1172_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/122.2.329","volume":"122","author":"Y Ouchi","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ouchi Y, Okada H, Yoshikawa E, Nobezawa S, Futatsubashi M. Brain activation during maintenance of standing postures in humans. Brain. 1999;122:329\u201338.","journal-title":"Brain."},{"issue":"12","key":"1172_CR36","first-page":"562","volume":"57","author":"J Mitchell","year":"1971","unstructured":"Mitchell J. Postural reactions of the lower limb to Centre-of-gravity displacements in one-foot stance. Physiotherapy. 1971;57(12):562\u201370.","journal-title":"Physiotherapy."},{"issue":"11","key":"1172_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(96)90139-2","volume":"77","author":"JK Richardson","year":"1996","unstructured":"Richardson JK, Ashton-Miller JA, Lee SG, Jacobs K. Moderate peripheral neuropathy impairs weight transfer and unipedal balance in the elderly. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1996;77(11):1152\u20136.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"7","key":"1172_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2006.873678","volume":"53","author":"H Dejnabadi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dejnabadi H, Jolles BM, Casanova E, Fua P, Aminian K. Estimation and visualization of sagittal kinematics of lower limbs orientation using body-fixed sensors. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2006;53(7):1385\u201393.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"1172_CR39","first-page":"75","volume":"17","author":"J Hegeman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hegeman J, Shapkova EY, Honegger F, Allum JH. Effect of age and height on trunk sway during stance and gait. J Vestib Res. 2007;17(2\u20133):75\u201387.","journal-title":"J Vestib Res"},{"key":"1172_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mason P. Medical neurobiology. edition 2. Oxford University Press. 2017.","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780190237493.001.0001"},{"key":"1172_CR41","first-page":"25","volume-title":"Psychophysical judgement and the process of perception","author":"G Borg","year":"1982","unstructured":"Borg G. A category scale with ratio properties for intermodal and interindividual comparisons. In: Geissler HG, Petzold P, editors. Psychophysical judgement and the process of perception. Berlin: VEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften; 1982. p. 25\u201334."},{"issue":"1","key":"1172_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-014-0599-7","volume":"14","author":"R Ferrucci","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ferrucci R, Cortese F, Priori A. Cerebellar tDCS: how to do it. Cerebellum. 2015;14(1):27\u201330.","journal-title":"Cerebellum."},{"issue":"4","key":"1172_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.03.010","volume":"7","author":"ML Zuchowski","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zuchowski ML, Timmann D, Gerwig M. Acquisition of conditioned eyeblink responses is modulated by cerebellar tDCS. Brain Stimul. 2014;7(4):525\u201331.","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"issue":"4","key":"1172_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2005.12.003","volume":"117","author":"PC Gandiga","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gandiga PC, Hummel FC, Cohen LG. Transcranial DC stimulation (OCS): a tool for double-blind sham-controlled clinical studies in brain stimulation. Clin Neurophysiol. 2006;117(4):845\u201350.","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"1172_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2015.03.015","volume":"126","author":"A Fertonani","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fertonani A, Ferrari C, Miniussi C. What do you feel if I apply transcranial electric stimulation? Safety, sensations and secondary induced effects. Clin Neurophysiol. 2015;126:2181\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinph.2015.03.015.","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"1172_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.4643","volume":"6","author":"S Imaizumi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Imaizumi S, Asai T, Hiromitsu K, Imamizu H. Voluntarily controlled but not merely observed visual feedback affects postural sway. PeerJ. 2018;6:e4643.","journal-title":"PeerJ."},{"key":"1172_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-13-137","volume":"13","author":"MR van den Heuvel","year":"2013","unstructured":"van den Heuvel MR, van Wegen EE, de Goede CJ, Burgers-Bots IA, Beek PJ, Daffertshofer A, et al. The effects of augmented visual feedback during balance training in Parkinson\u2019s disease: study design of a randomized clinical trial. BMC Neurol. 2013;13:137.","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1172_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01123.2011","volume":"108","author":"S Franklin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Franklin S, Wolpert DM, Franklin DW. Visuomotor feedback gains upregulate during the learning of novel dynamics. J Neurophysiol. 2012;108(2):467\u201378.","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"1172_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2018.01.002","volume":"58","author":"SH Park","year":"2018","unstructured":"Park SH, Casamento-Moran A, Singer ML, Ernster AE, Yacoubi B, Humbert IA, et al. Integration of visual feedback and motor learning: corticospinal vs. corticobulbar pathway. Hum Mov Sci. 2018;58:88\u201396.","journal-title":"Hum Mov Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"1172_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-9457(97)00020-1","volume":"16","author":"SP Swinnen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Swinnen SP, Lee TD, Verschueren S, Serrien DJ, Bogaerds H. Interlimb coordination: learning and transfer under different feedback conditions. Hum Mov Sci. 1997;16(6):749\u201385.","journal-title":"Hum Mov Sci"},{"issue":"34","key":"1172_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11610","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1609-12.2012","volume":"32","author":"JE Schlerf","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schlerf JE, Galea JM, Bastian AJ, Celnik P. Dynamic modulation of cerebellar excitability for abrupt, but not gradual, visuomotor adaptation. J Neurosci. 2012;32(34):11610\u20137.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"1172_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.3200\/JMBR.37.5.367-376","volume":"37","author":"C Robin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Robin C, Toussaint L, Blandin Y, Proteau L. Specificity of learning in a video-aiming task: modifying the salience of dynamic visual cues. J Mot Behav. 2005;37(5):367\u201376.","journal-title":"J Mot Behav"},{"key":"1172_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2008.20112","volume":"20","author":"R Ferrucci","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ferrucci R, Marceglia S, Vergari M, Cogiamanian F, Mrakic-Sposta S, Mameli F, et al. Cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation impairs the practice-dependent proficiency increase in working memory. J Cogn Neurosci. 2008;20:1687\u201397.","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"}],"container-title":["The Cerebellum"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12311-020-01172-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12311-020-01172-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12311-020-01172-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T23:56:06Z","timestamp":1627602966000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12311-020-01172-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,30]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1172"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12311-020-01172-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1473-4222","1473-4230"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1473-4222","type":"print"},{"value":"1473-4230","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 July 2020","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from all participants before entering the study. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the committee for approval of research on humans (CARU) of the University of Verona.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}]}}