{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T13:43:37Z","timestamp":1776692617445,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,18]],"date-time":"2023-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676678400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,18]],"date-time":"2023-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"EPFL Lausanne"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cerebellum"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Impairment of hand motor function is a frequent consequence after a stroke and strongly determines the ability to regain a self-determined life. An influential research strategy for improving motor deficits is the combined application of behavioral training and non-invasive brain stimulation of the motor cortex (M1). However, a convincing clinical translation of the present stimulation strategies has not been achieved yet. One alternative and innovative approach is to target the functionally relevant brain network-based architecture, e.g., the dynamic interactions within the cortico-cerebellar system during learning. Here, we tested a sequential multifocal stimulation strategy targeting the cortico-cerebellar loop. Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) was applied simultaneously to a hand-based motor training in <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 11 chronic stroke survivors during four training sessions on two consecutive days. The tested conditions were: sequential multifocal (M1-cerebellum (CB)-M1-CB) vs. monofocal control stimulation (M1-sham-M1-sham). Additionally, skill retention was assessed 1 and 10 days after the training phase. Paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation data were recorded to characterize stimulation response determining features. The application of CB-tDCS boosted motor behavior in the early training phase in comparison to the control condition. No faciliatory effects on the late training phase or skill retention were detected. Stimulation response variability was related to the magnitude of baseline motor ability and short intracortical inhibition (SICI). The present findings suggest a learning phase-specific role of the cerebellar cortex during the acquisition of a motor skill in stroke and that personalized stimulation strategies encompassing several nodes of the underlying brain network should be considered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-023-01526-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,19]],"date-time":"2023-02-19T05:13:20Z","timestamp":1676783600000},"page":"341-354","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Multi-focal Stimulation of the Cortico-cerebellar Loop During the Acquisition of a Novel Hand Motor Skill in Chronic Stroke Survivors"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"M.J.","family":"Wessel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L.R.","family":"Draaisma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Durand-Ruel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Maceira-Elvira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Moyne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.-L.","family":"Turlan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"M\u00fchl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Chauvign\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P.J.","family":"Koch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Morishita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.G.","family":"Guggisberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F.C.","family":"Hummel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"1526_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30499-X","volume":"18","author":"GBD 2016 Neurology Collaborators","year":"2019","unstructured":"GBD 2016 Neurology Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Neurol. 2019;18:459\u201380.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"1526_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.01.039","volume":"105","author":"S Micera","year":"2020","unstructured":"Micera S, Caleo M, Chisari C, Hummel FC, Pedrocchi A. Advanced neurotechnologies for the restoration of motor function. Neuron. 2020;105:604\u201320.","journal-title":"Neuron."},{"key":"1526_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e98","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0000000000000098","volume":"47","author":"CJ Winstein","year":"2016","unstructured":"Winstein CJ, Stein J, Arena R, Bates B, Cherney LR, Cramer SC, et al. Guidelines for adult stroke rehabilitation and recovery: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association\/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2016;47:e98\u2013169.","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"1526_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wco.0000200544.29915.cc","volume":"19","author":"JW Krakauer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Krakauer JW. Motor learning: its relevance to stroke recovery and neurorehabilitation. Curr Opin Neurol. 2006;19:84\u201390.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol."},{"key":"1526_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.11.020","volume":"67","author":"RM Hardwick","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hardwick RM, Rottschy C, Miall RC, Eickhoff SB. A quantitative meta-analysis and review of motor learning in the human brain. Neuroimage. 2013;67:283\u201397.","journal-title":"Neuroimage."},{"key":"1526_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(02)00307-0","volume":"12","author":"O Hikosaka","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hikosaka O, Nakamura K, Sakai K, Nakahara H. Central mechanisms of motor skill learning. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2002;12:217\u201322.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol."},{"key":"1526_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2005.03.004","volume":"15","author":"J Doyon","year":"2005","unstructured":"Doyon J, Benali H. Reorganization and plasticity in the adult brain during learning of motor skills. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2005;15:161\u20137.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol."},{"key":"1526_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.10.008","volume":"72","author":"E Dayan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dayan E, Cohen LG. Neuroplasticity subserving motor skill learning. Neuron. 2011;72:443\u201354.","journal-title":"Neuron."},{"key":"1526_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0805413106","volume":"106","author":"J Reis","year":"2009","unstructured":"Reis J, Schambra HM, Cohen LG, Buch ER, Fritsch B, Zarahn E, et al. Noninvasive cortical stimulation enhances motor skill acquisition over multiple days through an effect on consolidation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106:1590\u20135.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"key":"1526_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2185","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.111.645382","volume":"43","author":"M Zimerman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zimerman M, Heise KF, Hoppe J, Cohen LG, Gerloff C, Hummel FC. Modulation of training by single-session transcranial direct current stimulation to the intact motor cortex enhances motor skill acquisition of the paretic hand. Stroke. 2012;43:2185\u201391.","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"1526_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23761","volume":"73","author":"M Zimerman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zimerman M, Nitsch M, Giraux P, Gerloff C, Cohen LG, Hummel FC. Neuroenhancement of the aging brain: restoring skill acquisition in old subjects. Annals of neurology. 2013;73:10\u20135.","journal-title":"Annals of neurology."},{"key":"1526_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2017.01.004","volume":"128","author":"ER Buch","year":"2017","unstructured":"Buch ER, Santarnecchi E, Antal A, Born J, Celnik PA, Classen J, et al. Effects of tDCS on motor learning and memory formation: A consensus and critical position paper. Clin Neurophysiol. 2017;128:589\u2013603.","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol."},{"key":"1526_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-81154-2","volume":"11","author":"MJ Wessel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wessel MJ, Park C-H, Beanato E, Cuttaz EA, Timmermann JE, Schulz R, et al. Multifocal stimulation of the cerebro-cerebellar loop during the acquisition of a novel motor skill. Sci Rep. 2021;11:1756.","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"1526_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabo3505","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abo3505","volume":"8","author":"P Maceira-Elvira","year":"2022","unstructured":"Maceira-Elvira P, Timmermann JE, Popa T, Schmid A-C, Krakauer JW, Morishita T, et al. Dissecting motor skill acquisition: Spatial coordinates take precedence. Sci Adv. 2022;8:eabo3505.","journal-title":"Sci Adv."},{"key":"1526_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00265","volume":"9","author":"MJ Wessel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wessel MJ, Zimerman M, Hummel FC. Non-invasive brain stimulation: an interventional tool for enhancing behavioral training after stroke. Front Hum Neurosci. 2015;9:265.","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci."},{"key":"1526_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.09.006","volume":"14","author":"MJ Wessel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wessel MJ, Egger P, Hummel FC. Predictive models for response to non-invasive brain stimulation in stroke: A critical review of opportunities and pitfalls. Brain Stimul. 2021;14:1456\u201366.","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"1526_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2016.10.087","volume":"128","author":"J-P Lefaucheur","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lefaucheur J-P, Antal A, Ayache SS, Benninger DH, Brunelin J, Cogiamanian F, et al. Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Clin Neurophysiol. 2017;128:56\u201392.","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol."},{"key":"1526_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3285","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2885-14.2015","volume":"35","author":"G Cantarero","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cantarero G, Spampinato D, Reis J, Ajagbe L, Thompson T, Kulkarni K, et al. Cerebellar direct current stimulation enhances on-line motor skill acquisition through an effect on accuracy. J Neurosci. 2015;35:3285\u201390.","journal-title":"J Neurosci."},{"key":"1526_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhu335","volume":"26","author":"MJ Wessel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wessel MJ, Zimerman M, Timmermann JE, Heise KF, Gerloff C, Hummel FC. Enhancing consolidation of a new temporal motor skill by cerebellar noninvasive stimulation. Cereb Cortex. 2016;26:1660\u20137.","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex."},{"key":"1526_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-017-0906-1","volume":"17","author":"MJ Wessel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wessel MJ, Hummel FC. Non-invasive cerebellar stimulation: a promising approach for stroke recovery? Cerebellum. 2018;17:359\u201371.","journal-title":"Cerebellum."},{"key":"1526_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1993.sp019912","volume":"471","author":"T Kujirai","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kujirai T, Caramia MD, Rothwell JC, Day BL, Thompson PD, Ferbert A, et al. Corticocortical inhibition in human motor cortex. J Physiol. 1993;471:501\u201319.","journal-title":"J Physiol."},{"key":"1526_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-003-1684-1","volume":"154","author":"R Chen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chen R. Interactions between inhibitory and excitatory circuits in the human motor cortex. Exp Brain Res. 2004;154:1\u201310.","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res."},{"key":"1526_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181a609c5","volume":"72","author":"FC Hummel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hummel FC, Steven B, Hoppe J, Heise K, Thomalla G, Cohen LG, et al. Deficient intracortical inhibition (SICI) during movement preparation after chronic stroke. Neurology. 2009;72:1766\u201372.","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"1526_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000028","volume":"82","author":"G Liuzzi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Liuzzi G, H\u00f6rni\u00df V, Lechner P, Hoppe J, Heise K, Zimerman M, et al. Development of movement-related intracortical inhibition in acute to chronic subcortical stroke. Neurology. 2014;82:198\u2013205.","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"1526_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thielscher A, Antunes A, Saturnino GB. Field modeling for transcranial magnetic stimulation: a useful tool to understand the physiological effects of TMS? 2015 37th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) [Internet]. Milan: IEEE; 2015 [cited 2021 Nov 15]. p. 222\u20135. Available from: http:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/7318340\/","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2015.7318340"},{"key":"1526_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11217","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-68028-9","volume":"10","author":"MJ Wessel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wessel MJ, Draaisma LR, de Boer AFW, Park C-H, Maceira-Elvira P, Durand-Ruel M, et al. Cerebellar transcranial alternating current stimulation in the gamma range applied during the acquisition of a novel motor skill. Sci Rep. 2020;10:11217.","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"1526_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh369","volume":"128","author":"F Hummel","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hummel F, Celnik P, Giraux P, Floel A, Wu W-H, Gerloff C, et al. Effects of non-invasive cortical stimulation on skilled motor function in chronic stroke. Brain. 2005;128:490\u20139.","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"1526_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9115","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2184-09.2009","volume":"29","author":"JM Galea","year":"2009","unstructured":"Galea JM, Jayaram G, Ajagbe L, Celnik P. Modulation of cerebellar excitability by polarity-specific noninvasive direct current stimulation. J Neurosci. 2009;29:9115\u201322.","journal-title":"J Neurosci."},{"key":"1526_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00703","volume":"13","author":"MJ Wessel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wessel MJ, Draaisma LR, Morishita T, Hummel FC. The Effects of stimulator, waveform, and current direction on intracortical inhibition and facilitation: a TMS comparison study. Front Neurosci. 2019;13:703.","journal-title":"Front Neurosci."},{"key":"1526_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-015-0447-1","volume":"29","author":"M van de Ruit","year":"2016","unstructured":"van de Ruit M, Grey MJ. The TMS Map Scales with Increased Stimulation Intensity and Muscle Activation. Brain Topogr. 2016;29:56\u201366.","journal-title":"Brain Topogr."},{"key":"1526_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryu E. Effects of skewness and kurtosis on normal-theory based maximum likelihood test statistic in multilevel structural equation modeling. Behav Res Methods.\u00a02011;43:1066\u201374.","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-011-0115-7"},{"key":"1526_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuznetsova A, Brockhoff PB, Christensen RHB. lmerTest package: tests in linear mixed effects models.\u00a0J Stat Softw. 2017;82:1\u201326.","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v082.i13"},{"key":"1526_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ben-Shachar M, L\u00fcdecke D, Makowski D. effectsize: estimation of effect size indices and standardized parameters. JOSS. 2020;5:2815.","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.02815"},{"key":"1526_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)00746-8","volume":"35","author":"MP Walker","year":"2002","unstructured":"Walker MP, Brakefield T, Morgan A, Hobson JA, Stickgold R. Practice with sleep makes perfect: sleep-dependent motor skill learning. Neuron. 2002;35:205\u201311.","journal-title":"Neuron."},{"key":"1526_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2017.11.012","volume":"20","author":"J Doyon","year":"2018","unstructured":"Doyon J, Gabitov E, Vahdat S, Lungu O, Boutin A. Current issues related to motor sequence learning in humans. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences. 2018;20:89\u201397.","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences."},{"key":"1526_CR36","unstructured":"Doyon J, Ungerleider LG. Functional anatomy of motor skill learning. Neuropsychology of memory, 3rd ed. New York, NY, US: The Guilford Press; 2002. p. 225\u201338."},{"key":"1526_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)81235-0","volume":"18","author":"MD Mauk","year":"1997","unstructured":"Mauk MD. Roles of cerebellar cortex and nuclei in motor learning: contradictions or clues? Neuron. 1997;18:343\u20136.","journal-title":"Neuron."},{"key":"1526_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.03.035","volume":"66","author":"B Fritsch","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fritsch B, Reis J, Martinowich K, Schambra HM, Ji Y, Cohen LG, et al. Direct current stimulation promotes BDNF-dependent synaptic plasticity: potential implications for motor learning. Neuron. 2010;66:198\u2013204.","journal-title":"Neuron."},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"1526_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.04.122","volume":"85","author":"R Ferrucci","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ferrucci R, Priori A. Transcranial cerebellar direct current stimulation (tcDCS): motor control, cognition, learning and emotions. NeuroImage. 2014;85(Pt 3):918\u201323.","journal-title":"NeuroImage."},{"key":"1526_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2019.107126","volume":"167","author":"JG Rohan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rohan JG, Miklasevich MK, McInturf SM, Bechmann NA, Moore RJ, Hatcher-Solis C, et al. Polarity and subfield specific effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on hippocampal plasticity. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2020;167:107126.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Learn Mem."},{"key":"1526_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858420939552","volume":"27","author":"D Spampinato","year":"2021","unstructured":"Spampinato D, Celnik P. Multiple motor learning processes in humans: defining their neurophysiological bases. Neuroscientist. 2021;27:246\u201367.","journal-title":"Neuroscientist."},{"key":"1526_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1162\/089892903321662994","volume":"15","author":"MA Nitsche","year":"2003","unstructured":"Nitsche MA, Schauenburg A, Lang N, Liebetanz D, Exner C, Paulus W, et al. Facilitation of implicit motor learning by weak transcranial direct current stimulation of the primary motor cortex in the human. Journal of cognitive neuroscience. 2003;15:619\u201326.","journal-title":"Journal of cognitive neuroscience."},{"key":"1526_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2011.02.009","volume":"49","author":"CJ Stagg","year":"2011","unstructured":"Stagg CJ, Jayaram G, Pastor D, Kincses ZT, Matthews PM, Johansen-Berg H. Polarity and timing-dependent effects of transcranial direct current stimulation in explicit motor learning. Neuropsychologia. 2011;49:800\u20134.","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia."},{"key":"1526_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2015-311242","volume":"87","author":"N Kang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kang N, Summers JJ, Cauraugh JH. Transcranial direct current stimulation facilitates motor learning post-stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2016;87:345\u201355.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry."},{"key":"1526_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(00)03142-5","volume":"886","author":"M Ito","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ito M. Mechanisms of motor learning in the cerebellum. Brain Res. 2000;886:237\u201345.","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"1526_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.05.096","volume":"85","author":"J O\u2019Shea","year":"2014","unstructured":"O\u2019Shea J, Boudrias M-H, Stagg CJ, Bachtiar V, Kischka U, Blicher JU, et al. Predicting behavioural response to TDCS in chronic motor stroke. NeuroImage. 2014;85:924\u201333.","journal-title":"NeuroImage."},{"key":"1526_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410370603","volume":"37","author":"Y Ugawa","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ugawa Y, Uesaka Y, Terao Y, Hanajima R, Kanazawa I. Magnetic stimulation over the cerebellum in humans. Annals of neurology. 1995;37:703\u201313.","journal-title":"Annals of neurology."},{"key":"1526_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2003.059808","volume":"557","author":"ZJ Daskalakis","year":"2004","unstructured":"Daskalakis ZJ, Paradiso GO, Christensen BK, Fitzgerald PB, Gunraj C, Chen R. Exploring the connectivity between the cerebellum and motor cortex in humans. J Physiol. 2004;557:689\u2013700.","journal-title":"J Physiol."},{"key":"1526_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wnr.0000177010.44602.5e","volume":"16","author":"F Fregni","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fregni F, Boggio PS, Mansur CG, Wagner T, Ferreira MJL, Lima MC, et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation of the unaffected hemisphere in stroke patients. Neuroreport. 2005;16:1551\u20135.","journal-title":"Neuroreport."},{"key":"1526_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-010-2511-0","volume":"209","author":"S Madhavan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Madhavan S, Weber KA, Stinear JW. Non-invasive brain stimulation enhances fine motor control of the hemiparetic ankle: implications for rehabilitation. Exp Brain Res. 2011;209:9\u201317.","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res."},{"key":"1526_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr313","volume":"135","author":"CJ Stagg","year":"2012","unstructured":"Stagg CJ, Bachtiar V, O\u2019Shea J, Allman C, Bosnell RA, Kischka U, et al. Cortical activation changes underlying stimulation-induced behavioural gains in chronic stroke. Brain. 2012;135:276\u201384.","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"1526_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.09.024","volume":"163","author":"GB Saturnino","year":"2017","unstructured":"Saturnino GB, Madsen KH, Siebner HR, Thielscher A. How to target inter-regional phase synchronization with dual-site Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation. NeuroImage. 2017;163:68\u201380.","journal-title":"NeuroImage."},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"1526_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00633.x","volume":"527","author":"MA Nitsche","year":"2000","unstructured":"Nitsche MA, Paulus W. Excitability changes induced in the human motor cortex by weak transcranial direct current stimulation. J Physiol. 2000;527(Pt 3):633\u20139.","journal-title":"J Physiol."},{"key":"1526_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhq246","volume":"21","author":"JM Galea","year":"2011","unstructured":"Galea JM, Vazquez A, Pasricha N, de Xivry J-JO, Celnik P. Dissociating the roles of the cerebellum and motor cortex during adaptive learning: the motor cortex retains what the cerebellum learns. Cereb Cortex. 2011;21:1761\u201370.","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex."}],"container-title":["The Cerebellum"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12311-023-01526-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12311-023-01526-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12311-023-01526-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]],"date-time":"2024-03-19T09:15:47Z","timestamp":1710839747000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12311-023-01526-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,18]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["1526"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12311-023-01526-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1473-4230"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1473-4230","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 January 2023","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 February 2023","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. All subjects gave their written informed consent. Approval was granted by the Cantonal Ethics Committee Vaud, Switzerland (<i>project number: 2017\u201300765<\/i>).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}]}}