{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T20:19:59Z","timestamp":1768076399066,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740700800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008131","name":"Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universit\u00e4t Bonn","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008131","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cerebellum"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Cerebellar information processing is critically shaped by several types of inhibitory interneurons forming various intra-cerebellar feed-forward and feed-back loops. Evidence gathered over the past decades has focused interest on a non-uniform set of cortical inhibitory interneurons distinct from \u201cclassical\u201d Golgi, basket or stellate cells, summarily referred to as PLIs (for Purkinje cell layer interneurons). Similarly, cerebellar nuclear inhibitory interneurons have gained increasing attention. Our understanding of the functions of these cells is still fragmentary. For humans, we lack functional data, and even any dependable morphological classification for these cells. Here, I used publicly available single cell based gene expression data to compare inhibitory interneurons from the cerebellar cortex and inhibitory nuclear neurons of humans and mice. Integration of nuclear and cortical cells revealed transcriptomic similarities between subsets of these cells and suggest known characteristics of cortical cell types may be helpful to devise strategies for the further characterization of nuclear inhibitory interneurons. Comparison of human and murine PLIs indicate that these strongly differ by the expression of genes used to characterize these cells in mice. This limits their utility to identify and classify human PLIs, and leaves the question open as to the number and characteristics of non-Golgi inhibitory interneurons resident in the cerebellar granule cell and Purkinje cell layers in humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-025-01809-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T12:30:30Z","timestamp":1740745830000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Gene-Expression Based Comparison of Murine and Human Inhibitory Interneurons in the Cerebellar Cortex and Nuclei"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Karl","family":"Schilling","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"1809_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/0025-5564(71)90051-4","volume":"10","author":"JS Albus","year":"1971","unstructured":"Albus JS. A theory of cerebellar function. Math Biosci. 1971;10:25\u201361.","journal-title":"Math Biosci"},{"key":"1809_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1969.sp008820","volume":"202","author":"D Marr","year":"1969","unstructured":"Marr D. A theory of cerebellar cortex. J Physiol. 1969;202:437\u201370.","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"1809_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-014-0627-7","volume":"14","author":"O Baumann","year":"2015","unstructured":"Baumann O, Borra RJ, Bower JM, Cullen KE, Habas C, Ivry RB, Leggio M, Mattingley JB, Molinari M, Moulton EA, Paulin MG, Pavlova MA, Schmahmann JD, Sokolov AA. Consensus paper: the role of the cerebellum in perceptual processes. Cerebellum. 2015;14:197\u2013220.","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"1809_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-020-01155-1","volume":"19","author":"F Van Overwalle","year":"2020","unstructured":"Van Overwalle F, Manto M, Cattaneo Z, Clausi S, Ferrari C, Gabrieli JDE, Guell X, Heleven E, Lupo M, Ma Q, Michelutti M, Olivito G, Pu M, Rice LC, Schmahmann JD, Siciliano L, Sokolov AA, Stoodley CJ, van Dun K, Vandervert L, Leggio M. Consensus paper: cerebellum and social cognition. Cerebellum. 2020;19:833\u201368.","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"1809_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-100423-104943","volume":"47","author":"LH Kim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kim LH, Heck DH, Sillitoe RV. Cerebellar functions beyond movement and learning. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2024;47:145\u201366.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"1809_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-023-01321-8","volume":"26","author":"DE Hughes","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hughes DE, Kunitoki K, Elyounssi S, Luo M, Bazer OM, Hopkinson CE, Dowling KF, Doyle AE, Dunn EC, Eryilmaz H, Gilman JM, Holt DJ, Valera EM, Smoller JW, Cecil CAM, Tiemeier H, Lee PH, Roffman JL. Genetic patterning for child psychopathology is distinct from that for adults and implicates fetal cerebellar development. Nat Neurosci. 2023;26:959\u201369.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"1809_CR7","first-page":"e220008","volume":"7","author":"LM Sydnor","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sydnor LM, Aldinger KA. Structure, function, and genetics of the cerebellum in autism. J Psychiatr Brain Sci. 2022;7:e220008.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Brain Sci"},{"key":"1809_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruigrok TJ, Sillitoe RV, Voogd J. Cerebellum and cerebellar connections; in the rat nervous system. Elsevier; 2015. pp. 133\u2013205.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-374245-2.00009-7"},{"key":"1809_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-022-01506-0","volume":"23","author":"JM Kebschull","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kebschull JM, Casoni F, Consalez GG, Goldowitz D, Hawkes R, Ruigrok TJH, Schilling K, Wingate R, Wu J, Yeung J, Uusisaari MY. Cerebellum lecture: the cerebellar Nuclei-Core of the cerebellum. Cerebellum. 2023;23:620\u201377.","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"1809_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-016-0763-3","volume":"16","author":"D Caligiore","year":"2017","unstructured":"Caligiore D, Pezzulo G, Baldassarre G, Bostan AC, Strick PL, Doya K, Helmich RC, Dirkx M, Houk J, Jorntell H, Lago-Rodriguez A, Galea JM, Miall RC, Popa T, Kishore A, Verschure PF, Zucca R, Herreros I. Consensus paper: towards a Systems-Level view of cerebellar function: the interplay between cerebellum, basal ganglia, and cortex. Cerebellum. 2017;16:203\u201329.","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"1809_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109721","volume":"36","author":"TJ Pisano","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pisano TJ, Dhanerawala ZM, Kislin M, Bakshinskaya D, Engel EA, Hansen EJ, Hoag AT, Lee J, de Oude NL, Venkataraju KU, Verpeut JL, Hoebeek FE, Richardson BD, Boele HJ, Wang SS. Homologous organization of cerebellar pathways to sensory, motor, and associative forebrain. Cell Rep. 2021;36:109721.","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"1809_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2020.07.051","volume":"462","author":"M Takahashi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Takahashi M, Shinoda Y. Neural circuits of inputs and outputs of the cerebellar cortex and nuclei. Neuroscience. 2021;462:70\u201388.","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"1809_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-091421-125115","volume":"45","author":"C Hull","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hull C, Regehr WG. The cerebellar cortex. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2022;45:151\u201375.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"1809_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-018-0952-3","volume":"17","author":"R Apps","year":"2018","unstructured":"Apps R, Hawkes R, Aoki S, Bengtsson F, Brown AM, Chen G, Ebner TJ, Isope P, J\u00f6rntell H, Lackey EP. Cerebellar modules and their role as operational cerebellar processing units: A consensus paper. Cerebellum. 2018;17:654\u201382.","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"1809_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3886","volume":"16","author":"NL Cerminara","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cerminara NL, Lang EJ, Sillitoe RV, Apps R. Redefining the cerebellar cortex as an assembly of non-uniform purkinje cell microcircuits. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2015;16:79\u201393.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"1809_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902910405","volume":"291","author":"G Brochu","year":"1990","unstructured":"Brochu G, Maler L, Hawkes R. Zebrin II: a polypeptide antigen expressed selectively by purkinje cells reveals compartments in rat and fish cerebellum. J Comp Neurol. 1990;291:538\u201352.","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"1809_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2081","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.120.8.2081","volume":"120","author":"AH Ahn","year":"1994","unstructured":"Ahn AH, Dziennis S, Hawkes R, Herrup K. The cloning of Zebrin II reveals its identity with aldolase C. Development. 1994;120:2081\u201390.","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"1809_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1948052","volume":"254","author":"RJ Smeyne","year":"1991","unstructured":"Smeyne RJ, Oberdick J, Schilling K, Berrebi AS, Mugnaini E, Morgan JI. Dynamic organization of developing purkinje cells revealed by transgene expression. Science. 1991;254:719\u201321.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1809_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04711-3","volume":"605","author":"X Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen X, Du Y, Broussard GJ, Kislin M, Yuede CM, Zhang S, Dietmann S, Gabel H, Zhao G, Wang SS, Zhang X, Bonni A. Transcriptomic mapping uncovers purkinje neuron plasticity driving learning. Nature. 2022;605:722\u20137.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1809_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-010-0164-y","volume":"10","author":"TJH Ruigrok","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ruigrok TJH. Ins and outs of cerebellar modules. Cerebellum. 2011;10:464\u201374.","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"1809_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611841","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2020.611841","volume":"14","author":"GG Consalez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Consalez GG, Goldowitz D, Casoni F, Hawkes R. Origins, development, and compartmentation of the granule cells of the cerebellum. Front Neural Circuits. 2021;14:611841.","journal-title":"Front Neural Circuits"},{"key":"1809_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-008-0483-y","volume":"130","author":"K Schilling","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schilling K, Oberdick J, Rossi F, Baader SL. Besides purkinje cells and granule neurons: an appraisal of the cell biology of the interneurons of the cerebellar cortex. Histochem Cell Biol. 2008;130:601\u201315.","journal-title":"Histochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"1809_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3433","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-30977-2","volume":"13","author":"WX Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang WX, Lefebvre JL. Morphological pseudotime ordering and fate mapping reveal diversification of cerebellar inhibitory interneurons. Nat Commun. 2022;13:3433.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"1809_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.21142","volume":"500","author":"M Simat","year":"2007","unstructured":"Simat M, Parpan F, Fritschy JM. Heterogeneity of glycinergic and Gabaergic interneurons in the granule cell layer of mouse cerebellum. J Comp Neurol. 2007;500:71\u201383.","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"1809_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03220-z","volume":"598","author":"V Kozareva","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kozareva V, Martin C, Osorno T, Rudolph S, Guo C, Vanderburg C, Nadaf N, Regev A, Regehr WG, Macosko E. A transcriptomic atlas of mouse cerebellar cortex comprehensively defines cell types. Nature. 2021;598:214\u20139.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1809_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-022-01057-x","volume":"25","author":"T Osorno","year":"2022","unstructured":"Osorno T, Rudolph S, Nguyen T, Kozareva V, Nadaf NM, Norton A, Macosko EZ, Lee WCA, Regehr WG. Candelabrum cells are ubiquitous cerebellar cortex interneurons with specialized circuit properties. Nat Neurosci. 2022;25:702\u201313.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"1809_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2024.04.010","volume":"112","author":"EP Lackey","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lackey EP, Moreira L, Norton A, Hemelt ME, Osorno T, Nguyen TM, Macosko EZ, Lee WA, Hull CA, Regehr WG. Specialized connectivity of molecular layer interneuron subtypes leads to disinhibition and synchronous Inhibition of cerebellar purkinje cells. Neuron. 2024;112:2333\u201348.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"1809_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-023-02251-z","volume":"161","author":"K Schilling","year":"2024","unstructured":"Schilling K. Revisiting the development of cerebellar inhibitory interneurons in the light of single-cell genetic analyses. Histochem Cell Biol. 2024;161:5\u201327.","journal-title":"Histochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"1809_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2820","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4145-07.2008","volume":"28","author":"RV Sillitoe","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sillitoe RV, Chung SH, Fritschy JM, Hoy M, Hawkes R. Golgi cell dendrites are restricted by purkinje cell Stripe boundaries in the adult mouse cerebellar cortex. J Neurosci. 2008;28:2820\u20136.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"1809_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabd5059","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd5059","volume":"370","author":"JM Kebschull","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kebschull JM, Richman EB, Ringach N, Friedmann D, Albarran E, Kolluru SS, Jones RC, Allen WE, Wang Y, Cho SW, Zhou H, Ding JB, Chang HY, Deisseroth K, Quake SR, Luo L. Cerebellar nuclei evolved by repeatedly duplicating a conserved cell-type set. Science. 2020;370:eabd5059.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1809_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eadd7046","DOI":"10.1126\/science.add7046","volume":"382","author":"K Siletti","year":"2023","unstructured":"Siletti K, Hodge R, Mossi AA, Lee KW, Ding SL, Hu L, L\u00f6nnerberg P, Bakken T, Casper T, CLARK M, Dee N, Gloe J, Hirschstein D, Shapovalova NV, Keene CD, Nyhus J, Tung H, Yanny AM, Arenas E, Lein ES, Linnarsson S. Transcriptomic diversity of cell types across the adult human brain. Science. 2023;382:eadd7046.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1809_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-019-1874-1","volume":"20","author":"C Hafemeister","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hafemeister C, Satija R. Normalization and variance stabilization of single-cell RNA-seq data using regularized negative binomial regression. Genome Biol. 2019;20:296\u20131874.","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"1809_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-019-0619-0","volume":"16","author":"I Korsunsky","year":"2019","unstructured":"Korsunsky I, Millard N, Fan J, Slowikowski K, Zhang F, Wei K, Baglaenko Y, Brenner M, Loh Pr, Raychaudhuri S. Fast, sensitive and accurate integration of single-cell data with harmony. Nat Methods. 2019;16:1289\u201396.","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"1809_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6118","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-33758-z","volume":"13","author":"L Xiong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xiong L, Tian K, Li Y, Ning W, Gao X, Zhang QC. Online single-cell data integration through projecting heterogeneous datasets into a common cell-embedding space. Nat Commun. 2022;13:6118.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"1809_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.03.19.585562","author":"SE Antonsson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Antonsson SE, Melsted P. Batch correction methods used in single cell RNA-sequencing analyses are often poorly calibrated. BioRxiv. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2024.03.19.585562.","journal-title":"BioRxiv"},{"key":"1809_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00317945","volume":"166","author":"E Braak","year":"1983","unstructured":"Braak E, Braak H. On three types of large nerve cells in the granular layer of the human cerebellar cortex. Anat Embryol (Berl). 1983;166:67\u201386.","journal-title":"Anat Embryol (Berl)"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"1809_CR37","first-page":"59","volume":"51","author":"G Ambrosi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ambrosi G, Flace P, Lorusso L, Girolamo F, Rizzi A, Bosco L, Errede M, Virgintino D, Roncali L, Benagiano V. Non-traditional large neurons in the granular layer of the cerebellar cortex. Eur J Histochem. 2007;51(Suppl 1):59\u201364.","journal-title":"Eur J Histochem"},{"key":"1809_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3532","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11459-4","volume":"10","author":"DA Ruhl","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ruhl DA, Bomba-Warczak E, Watson ET, Bradberry MM, Peterson TA, Basu T, Frelka A, Evans CS, Briguglio JS, Basta T, Stowell MHB, Savas JN, Roopra A, Pearce RA, Piper RC, Chapman ER. Synaptotagmin 17 controls neurite outgrowth and synaptic physiology via distinct cellular pathways. Nat Commun. 2019;10:3532\u201311459.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"1809_CR39","first-page":"5","volume":"31","author":"K Schilling","year":"2024","unstructured":"Schilling K. The GABAergic and mixed GABAergic\/glycinergic neurons of the murine cerebellar nuclei: what the genes tell Us. Acta Morphologica Et Anthropologica. 2024;31:5\u201317.","journal-title":"Acta Morphologica Et Anthropologica"},{"key":"1809_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.22760","volume":"520","author":"H Fujita","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fujita H, Sugihara I. FoxP2 expression in the cerebellum and inferior Olive: development of the transverse stripe-shaped expression pattern in the mouse cerebellar cortex. J Comp Neurol. 2012;520:656\u201377.","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"1809_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21631","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-78531-8","volume":"10","author":"BHA Urbanus","year":"2020","unstructured":"Urbanus BHA, Peter S, Fisher SE, De Zeeuw CI. Region-specific Foxp2 deletions in cortex, striatum or cerebellum cannot explain vocalization deficits observed in spontaneous global knockouts. Sci Rep. 2020;10:21631\u201378531.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1809_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2109351","volume":"248","author":"J Oberdick","year":"1990","unstructured":"Oberdick J, Smeyne RJ, Mann JR, Zackson S, Morgan JI. A promoter that drives transgene expression in cerebellar purkinje and retinal bipolar neurons. Science. 1990;248:223\u20136.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1809_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1002\/1526-968X(200011\/12)28:3\/4<93::AID-GENE10>3.0.CO;2-W","volume":"28","author":"JJ Barski","year":"2000","unstructured":"Barski JJ, Dethleffsen K, Meyer M. Cre recombinase expression in cerebellar purkinje cells. Genesis. 2000;28:93\u20138.","journal-title":"Genesis"},{"key":"1809_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aax1522","volume":"366","author":"Y Otsu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Otsu Y, Darcq E, Pietrajtis K, Matyas F, Schwartz E, Bessaih T, Abi GS, Rousseau CV, Grand T, Dieudonne S, Paoletti P, Acsady L, Agulhon C, Kieffer BL, Diana MA. Control of aversion by glycine-gated GluN1\/GluN3A NMDA receptors in the adult medial Habenula. Science. 2019;366:250\u20134.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1809_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2016.92","volume":"17","author":"I Perez-Otano","year":"2016","unstructured":"Perez-Otano I, Larsen RS, Wesseling JF. Emerging roles of GluN3-containing NMDA receptors in the CNS. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2016;17:623\u201335.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"1809_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(97)00249-2","volume":"80","author":"CI De Zeeuw","year":"1997","unstructured":"De Zeeuw CI, Van Alphen AM, Hawkins RK, Ruigrok TJ. Climbing fibre collaterals contact neurons in the cerebellar nuclei that provide a GABAergic feedback to the inferior Olive. Neuroscience. 1997;80:981\u20136.","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"1809_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-010-0240-3","volume":"10","author":"M Uusisaari","year":"2010","unstructured":"Uusisaari M, Kn\u00f6pfel T. Functional classification of neurons in the mouse lateral cerebellar nuclei. Cerebellum. 2010;10:637\u201346.","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"1809_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2014.273763","volume":"593","author":"NG Glasgow","year":"2015","unstructured":"Glasgow NG, Siegler RB, Johnson JW. Molecular bases of NMDA receptor subtype-dependent properties. J Physiol. 2015;593:83\u201395.","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"1809_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2021.108609","volume":"196","author":"SA Booker","year":"2021","unstructured":"Booker SA, Wyllie DJA. NMDA receptor function in inhibitory neurons. Neuropharmacology. 2021;196:108609.","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"1809_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uusisaari MY, Kn\u00f6pfel T. Neurons of the deep cerebellar nuclei. In: Manto MU, editor. Handbook of the cerebellum and cerebellar disorders. Springer; 2021. pp. 1239\u201349.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-23810-0_46"},{"key":"1809_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-019-01196-z","volume":"42","author":"SE Lee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lee SE, Lee Y, Lee GH. The regulation of glutamic acid decarboxylases in GABA neurotransmission in the brain. Arch Pharm Res. 2019;42:1031\u20139.","journal-title":"Arch Pharm Res"},{"key":"1809_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1060189","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2022.1060189","volume":"16","author":"D Dumontier","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dumontier D, Mailhes-Hamon C, Supplisson S, Dieudonne S. Neurotransmitter content heterogeneity within an interneuron class shapes inhibitory transmission at a central synapse. Front Cell Neurosci. 2023;16:1060189.","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"1809_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2007.43","volume":"39","author":"H Houlden","year":"2007","unstructured":"Houlden H, Johnson J, Gardner-Thorpe C, Lashley T, Hernandez D, Worth P, Singleton AB, Hilton DA, Holton J, Revesz T. Mutations in TTBK2, encoding a kinase implicated in Tau phosphorylation, segregate with spinocerebellar ataxia type 11. Nat Genet. 2007;39:1434\u20136.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"1809_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-023-01540-6","volume":"23","author":"D Felicio","year":"2024","unstructured":"Felicio D, Santos M. Spinocerebellar ataxia type 11 (SCA11): TTBK2 variants, functions and associated disease mechanisms. Cerebellum. 2024;23:678\u201387.","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"1809_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.24386","volume":"43","author":"J Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li J, Yuan Y, Liu C, Xu Y, Xiao N, Long H, Luo Z, Meng S, Wang H, Xiao B, Mao X, Long L. DNAH14 variants are associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. Hum Mutat. 2022;43:940\u20139.","journal-title":"Hum Mutat"},{"key":"1809_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.20822","volume":"494","author":"D Carulli","year":"2006","unstructured":"Carulli D, Rhodes KE, Brown DJ, Bonnert TP, Pollack SJ, Oliver K, Strata P, Fawcett JW. Composition of perineuronal Nets in the adult rat cerebellum and the cellular origin of their components. J Comp Neurol. 2006;494:559\u201377.","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"1809_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blosa M, Bursch C, Weigel S, Holzer M, J\u00e4ger C, Janke C, Matthews RT, Arendt T, Morawski M. Reorganization of Synaptic Connections and Perineuronal Nets in the Deep Cerebellar Nuclei of Purkinje Cell Degeneration Mutant Mice. Neural Plast 2016;2016:2828536.","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/2828536"},{"key":"1809_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6855","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1916163117","volume":"117","author":"D Carulli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Carulli D, Broersen R, de Muir WF, Meskovic EM, de Boele M, Canto HJ, De Zeeuw CB, Verhaagen CI. Cerebellar plasticity and associative memories are controlled by perineuronal Nets. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2020;117:6855\u201365.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"1809_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6130","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3238-17.2018","volume":"38","author":"M Hirono","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hirono M, Watanabe S, Karube F, Fujiyama F, Kawahara S, Nagao S, Yanagawa Y, Misonou H. Perineuronal Nets in the deep cerebellar nuclei regulate GABAergic transmission and delay eyeblink conditioning. J Neurosci. 2018;38:6130\u201344.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"1809_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-019-0196-3","volume":"20","author":"JW Fawcett","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fawcett JW, Oohashi T, Pizzorusso T. The roles of perineuronal Nets and the perinodal extracellular matrix inneuronal function. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2019;20:451\u201365.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"1809_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3549","DOI":"10.1113\/JP283172","volume":"600","author":"F Hetsch","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hetsch F, Wang D, Chen X, Zhang J, Aslam M, Kegel M, Tonner H, Grus F, von Engelhardt J. CKAMP44 controls synaptic function and strength of relay neurons during early development of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. J Physiol. 2022;600:3549\u201365.","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"1809_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2837","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2293-22.2023","volume":"43","author":"AM Perozzo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Perozzo AM, Brown PMGE, Bowie D. Alternative splicing of the flip\/flop cassette and TARP auxiliary subunits engage in a privileged relationship that Fine-Tunes AMPA receptor gating. J Neurosci. 2023;43:2837\u201349.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"1809_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1113\/JP276698","volume":"599","author":"E Jacobi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jacobi E, von Engelhardt J. Modulation of information processing by AMPA receptor auxiliary subunits. J Physiolo. 2021;599:471\u201383.","journal-title":"J Physiolo"},{"key":"1809_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00321","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.321","volume":"5","author":"PW Ho","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ho PW, Pang SY, Li M, Tse ZH, Kung MH, Sham PC, Ho SL. PMCA4 (ATP2B4) mutation in Familial spastic paraplegia causes delay in intracellular calcium extrusion. Brain Behav. 2015;5:e00321.","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"key":"1809_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12450","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2035117100","volume":"100","author":"J Breustedt","year":"2003","unstructured":"Breustedt J, Vogt KE, Miller RJ, Nicoll RA, Schmitz D. Alpha1E-containing Ca2\u2009+\u2009channels are involved in synaptic plasticity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003;100:12450\u20135.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"1809_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-04-01408.1998","volume":"18","author":"MH Schwab","year":"1998","unstructured":"Schwab MH, Druffel-Augustin S, Gass P, Jung M, Klugmann M, Bartholomae A, Rossner MJ, Nave KA. Neuronal basic helix-loop-helix proteins (NEX, neurod, NDRF): Spatiotemporal expression and targeted disruption of the NEX gene in Transgenic mice. J Neurosci. 1998;18:1408\u201318.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"1809_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2008.08.002","volume":"322","author":"D Br\u00f6hl","year":"2008","unstructured":"Br\u00f6hl D, Strehle M, Wende H, Hori K, Bormuth I, Nave KA, M\u00fcller T, Birchmeier C. A transcriptional network coordinately determines transmitter and peptidergic fate in the dorsal spinal cord. Dev Biol. 2008;322:381\u201393.","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"key":"1809_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.114.4.629","volume":"114","author":"BD Angst","year":"2001","unstructured":"Angst BD, Marcozzi C, Magee AI. The Cadherin superfamily: diversity in form and function. J Cell Sci. 2001;114:629\u201341.","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"key":"1809_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.08.015","volume":"91","author":"L Telley","year":"2016","unstructured":"Telley L, Cadilhac C, Cioni JM, Saywell V, Jahannault-Talignani C, Huettl RE, Sarrailh-Faivre C, Dayer A, Huber AB, Ango F. Dual function of NRP1 in axon guidance and subcellular target recognition in cerebellum. Neuron. 2016;91:1276\u201391.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"1809_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3630","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-10-03630.1998","volume":"18","author":"M Missler","year":"1998","unstructured":"Missler M, S\u00fcdhof TC. Neurexophilins form a conserved family of neuropeptide-like glycoproteins. J Neurosci. 1998;18:3630\u20138.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"1809_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-019-1850-9","volume":"21","author":"HTN Tran","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tran HTN, Ang KS, Chevrier M, Zhang X, Lee NYS, Goh M, Chen J. A benchmark of batch-effect correction methods for single-cell RNA sequencing data. Genome Biol. 2020;21:12\u20131850.","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"1809_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6902","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34590-1","volume":"13","author":"JR Wei","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wei JR, Hao ZZ, Xu C, Huang M, Tang L, Xu N, Liu R, Shen Y, Teichmann SA, Miao Z, Liu S. Identification of visual cortex cell types and species differences using single-cell RNA sequencing. Nat Commun. 2022;13:6902\u201334590.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"1809_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-022-04609-x","volume":"23","author":"J Hou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hou J, Ye X, Feng W, Zhang Q, Han Y, Liu Y, Li Y, Wei Y. Distance correlation application to gene co-expression network analysis. BMC Bioinformatics. 2022;23:81\u201304609.","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"key":"1809_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2014.12.051","volume":"10","author":"K Muguruma","year":"2015","unstructured":"Muguruma K, Nishiyama A, Kawakami H, Hashimoto K, Sasai Y. Self-Organization of polarized cerebellar tissue in 3D culture of human pluripotent stem cells. Cell Rep. 2015;10:537\u201350.","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"1809_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2023.11.013","volume":"31","author":"A Atamian","year":"2024","unstructured":"Atamian A, Birtele M, Hosseini N, Nguyen T, Seth A, Del Dosso A, Paul S, Tedeschi N, Taylor R, Coba MP, Samarasinghe R, Lois C, Quadrato G. Human cerebellar organoids with functional purkinje cells. Cell Stem Cell. 2024;31:39\u201351.","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"1809_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crmeth.2022.100390","volume":"3","author":"CP Roca","year":"2023","unstructured":"Roca CP, Burton OT, Neumann J, Tareen S, Whyte CE, Gergelits V, Veiga RV, Humblet-Baron S, Liston A. A cross entropy test allows quantitative statistical comparison of t-SNE and UMAP representations. Cell Rep Methods. 2023;3:100390.","journal-title":"Cell Rep Methods"}],"container-title":["The Cerebellum"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12311-025-01809-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12311-025-01809-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12311-025-01809-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T04:01:31Z","timestamp":1745553691000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12311-025-01809-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["1809"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12311-025-01809-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1473-4230"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1473-4230","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 February 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 February 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 April 2025","order":3,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Update","order":4,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The original online version of this article was revised. The ESM captions that were missed during proofing have now been added.","order":5,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"55"}}