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He serves as Scientific Director of Bioma4me. Francisco Guarner declares board membership or consultancy fees from Instituto Danone, Biocodex Microbiota Foundation, AB-Biotics, Actial Farmaceutica and Menarini; research support from Abbvie, Takeda and Clasado. Iva Hojsak has received speaker\u2019s fees from BioGaia, Biocodex, Abbott, Nestle, Sandoz, Takeda and Oktal Pharma and consultancy fees from Biocodex and Abbott. Gianluca Ianiro has received speaker\u2019s fees from Alfa Sigma, Biocodex, Illumina, Malesci, Sofar, Tillotts Pharma and Zambon and consultancy\/advisory board fees from Biocodex, Ferring, Malesci and Tillots Pharma. Brent Polk is the Chair of the Board of Trustees of the Crohn\u2019s & Colitis Foundation, otherwise nothing to declare. Harry Sokol reports lecture fees, board membership, or consultancy from Amgen, Fresenius, IPSEN, Actial, Astellas, Danone, THAC, Biose, BiomX, Eligo, Immusmol, Adare, Nestle, Ferring, MSD, Bledina, Pfizer, Biocodex, BMS, Bromatech, Gilead, Janssen, Mayoli, Roche, Sanofi, Servier, Takeda and Abbvie. He has stocks in Enterome Bioscience and is a co-founder of Exeliom Biosciences.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"This article is based on previously published studies and does not contain any new studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}}]}}