{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T22:33:38Z","timestamp":1793572418907,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760745600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760745600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Adv Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-025-03375-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T10:11:47Z","timestamp":1760782307000},"page":"6163-6174","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Cardiovascular Outcomes Among Patients with COPD Prescribed with LABA or LAMA: A Real-World Territory Wide Study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Chun Ka","family":"Wong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugene C. C.","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Choo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chung Ki","family":"Tsui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Audrey Tsznam","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting Fung","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hung-Fat","family":"Tse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James Chung Man","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5611-1637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wang Chun","family":"Kwok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"3375_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1183","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00217-6","volume":"11","author":"S Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen S, Kuhn M, Prettner K, et al. The global economic burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for 204 countries and territories in 2020\u201350: a health-augmented macroeconomic modelling study. Lancet Glob Health. 2023;11(8):e1183\u201393.","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"3375_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antoniu SA. UPLIFT study: the effects of long-term therapy with inhaled tiotropium in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: evaluation of: Tashkin DP, Celli B, Senn S et al. A 4-year trial of tiotropium in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med (2008) 359(15):1543\u20131554. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2009;10(4):719\u201322.","DOI":"10.1517\/14656560902740804"},{"issue":"1","key":"3375_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resinv.2021.08.002","volume":"60","author":"Y Suzuki","year":"2022","unstructured":"Suzuki Y, Sato S, Sato K, Inoue S, Shibata Y. Treatment efficacy of LAMA versus placebo for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Respir Investig. 2022;60(1):108\u201318.","journal-title":"Respir Investig"},{"key":"3375_CR4","unstructured":"Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2024 report). 2024. https:\/\/goldcopd.org\/2024-gold-report\/. Accessed 1 Jan 2025"},{"issue":"4","key":"3375_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2640","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.128.4.2640","volume":"128","author":"L Huiart","year":"2005","unstructured":"Huiart L, Ernst P, Suissa S. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in COPD. Chest. 2005;128(4):2640\u20136.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"2","key":"3375_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2017.7720","volume":"178","author":"MT Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang MT, Liou JT, Lin CW, et al. Association of cardiovascular risk with inhaled long-acting bronchodilators in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a nested case-control study. JAMA Intern Med. 2018;178(2):229\u201338.","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"19","key":"3375_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2102953","volume":"385","author":"LA Inker","year":"2021","unstructured":"Inker LA, Eneanya ND, Coresh J, et al. New creatinine-and cystatin C-based equations to estimate GFR without race. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(19):1737\u201349.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"3375_CR8","first-page":"380","volume":"30","author":"WC Kwok","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kwok WC, Tam TCC, Sing CW, Chan EWY, Cheung CL. Validation of diagnostic coding for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in an electronic health record system in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Med J. 2024;30(5):380\u20135.","journal-title":"Hong Kong Med J"},{"key":"3375_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v042.i08","volume":"42","author":"D Ho","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ho D, Imai K, King G, Stuart EA. MatchIt: nonparametric preprocessing for parametric causal inference. J Stat Softw. 2011;42:1\u201328.","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"issue":"40","key":"3375_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.01317","volume":"4","author":"C Davidson-Pilon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Davidson-Pilon C. Lifelines: survival analysis in Python. J Open Source Softw. 2019;4(40):1317.","journal-title":"J Open Source Softw"},{"issue":"7","key":"3375_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20180316","volume":"133","author":"K Brassington","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brassington K, Selemidis S, Bozinovski S, Vlahos R. New frontiers in the treatment of comorbid cardiovascular disease in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin Sci. 2019;133(7):885\u2013904.","journal-title":"Clin Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"3375_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.4046\/trd.2021.0179","volume":"85","author":"NC Dos Santos","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dos Santos NC, Miravitlles M, Camelier AA, et al. Prevalence and impact of comorbidities in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review. Tuberculosis Respir Dis. 2022;85(3):205.","journal-title":"Tuberculosis Respir Dis"},{"issue":"46 suppl","key":"3375_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5s","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.03.00004603a","volume":"22","author":"ED Oudijk","year":"2003","unstructured":"Oudijk ED, Lammers JJ, Koenderman L. Systemic inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J. 2003;22(46 suppl):5s\u201313s.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"7","key":"3375_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19071890","volume":"19","author":"A Arida","year":"2018","unstructured":"Arida A, Protogerou AD, Kitas GD, Sfikakis PP. Systemic inflammatory response and atherosclerosis: the paradigm of chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(7):1890.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"3375_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S209343","author":"P Alter","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alter P, Mayerhofer BA, Kahnert K, et al. Prevalence of cardiac comorbidities, and their underdetection and contribution to exertional symptoms in COPD: results from the COSYCONET cohort. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/COPD.S209343.","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis"},{"key":"3375_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ellis P, Bailey E, Choate R, et al. Prevalence of cardiovascular disease and rate of major adverse cardiovascular events in severe alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulm Dis. 2024;19:149\u201359.","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S419846"},{"issue":"2","key":"3375_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2017.7720","volume":"178","author":"MT Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang MT, Liou JT, Lin CW, et al. Association of cardiovascular risk with inhaled long-acting bronchodilators in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a nested case-control study. JAMA Intern Med. 2018;178(2):229\u201338.","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"3375_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S363997","volume":"17","author":"C Rebordosa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rebordosa C, Plana E, Rubino A, et al. Risk assessment of acute myocardial infarction and stroke associated with long-acting muscarinic antagonists, alone or in combination, versus long-acting beta2-agonists. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2022;17:1715\u201333.","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis"},{"key":"3375_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang M, Li Y, Jiang Y, et al. Combination therapy with long-acting bronchodilators and the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with COPD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Respir J. 2023;61(2):2200302.","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00302-2022"},{"issue":"3","key":"3375_CR20","first-page":"317","volume":"10","author":"K Gadhvi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gadhvi K, Kandeil M, Raveendran D, et al. Inhaled corticosteroids and risk of cardiovascular disease in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-regression. Chronic Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2023;10(3):317.","journal-title":"Chronic Obstruct Pulmon Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"3375_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-015-0216-4","volume":"16","author":"DP Tashkin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tashkin DP, Leimer I, Metzdorf N, Decramer M. Cardiac safety of tiotropium in patients with cardiac events: a retrospective analysis of the UPLIFT\u00ae trial. Respir Res. 2015;16(1):65.","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"3375_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2010.136077","volume":"65","author":"PM Calverley","year":"2010","unstructured":"Calverley PM, Anderson JA, Celli B, et al. Cardiovascular events in patients with COPD: TORCH study results. Thorax. 2010;65(8):719\u201325.","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"2","key":"3375_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacasi.2023.09.014","volume":"4","author":"I Ho","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ho I, Wong CK, Wong YK, et al. Aromatase inhibitor therapy increases the risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation in patients with breast cancer. JACC Asia. 2024;4(2):150\u201360.","journal-title":"JACC Asia"},{"issue":"5","key":"3375_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa822","volume":"42","author":"SO Simons","year":"2021","unstructured":"Simons SO, Elliott A, Sastry M, et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and atrial fibrillation: an interdisciplinary perspective. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(5):532\u201340.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"9587","key":"3375_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61300-2","volume":"370","author":"GY Lip","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lip GY, Tse HF. Management of atrial fibrillation. Lancet. 2007;370(9587):604\u201318.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"3375_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2013.03.014","volume":"177","author":"Z Lu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lu Z, Nie L, He B, et al. Increase in vulnerability of atrial fibrillation in an acute intermittent hypoxia model: importance of autonomic imbalance. Auton Neurosci. 2013;177(2):148\u201353.","journal-title":"Auton Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"3375_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1080\/17460441.2021.1826432","volume":"16","author":"CK Wong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wong CK, Tse HF. New methodological approaches to atrial fibrillation drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov. 2021;16(3):319\u201329.","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Discov"},{"issue":"3","key":"3375_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0705787","volume":"142","author":"Z Wang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wang Z, Shi H, Wang H. Functional M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in mammalian hearts. Br J Pharmacol. 2004;142(3):395\u2013408.","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"3375_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-019-0848-0","volume":"19","author":"W Yuan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yuan W, Nie S, Wang H, Xu Q, Jia N. Anticholinergics aggravate the imbalance of the autonomic nervous system in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. BMC Pulm Med. 2019;19:1\u20136.","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"3375_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00023907","volume":"30","author":"D Powrie","year":"2007","unstructured":"Powrie D, Wilkinson T, Donaldson G, et al. Effect of tiotropium on sputum and serum inflammatory markers and exacerbations in COPD. Eur Respir J. 2007;30(3):472\u20138.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"3375_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hadi HA, Alsheikh Ali AA, Mahmeed WA, Suwaidi JMA. Inflammatory cytokines and atrial fibrillation: current and prospective views. J Inflamm Res. 2010;3:75\u201397.","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S10095"},{"issue":"22","key":"3375_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.04.063","volume":"60","author":"Y Guo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Guo Y, Lip GY, Apostolakis S. Inflammation in atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60(22):2263\u201370.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"3375_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2014.03.140","volume":"173","author":"L Yin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yin L, Lensmar C, Ingelsson E, B\u00e4ck M. Differential association of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke in a nation-wide cohort. Int J Cardiol. 2014;173(3):601\u20133.","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"3375_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S143691","author":"KM Liao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liao KM, Chen CY. Incidence and risk factors of atrial fibrillation in Asian COPD patients. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/COPD.S143691.","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis"},{"key":"3375_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2021.09.001","volume":"51","author":"J Ye","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ye J, Yao P, Shi X, Yu X. A systematic literature review and meta-analysis on the impact of COPD on atrial fibrillation patient outcome. Heart Lung. 2022;51:67\u201374.","journal-title":"Heart Lung"},{"issue":"5","key":"3375_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa612","volume":"42","author":"G Hindricks","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hindricks G, Potpara T, Dagres N, et al. 2020 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS) The Task Force for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Developed with the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(5):373\u2013498.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"1","key":"3375_CR37","first-page":"e1","volume":"149","author":"Writing Committee Members","year":"2023","unstructured":"Writing Committee Members. 2023 ACC\/AHA\/ACCP\/HRS guideline for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association joint committee on clinical practice guidelines. Circulation. 2023;149(1):e1.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"3375_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2016.08.001","volume":"151","author":"S Suissa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Suissa S, Dell\u2019Aniello S, Ernst P. Long-acting bronchodilator initiation in COPD and the risk of adverse cardiopulmonary events: a population-based comparative safety study. Chest. 2017;151(1):60\u20137.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"1","key":"3375_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-023-02545-9","volume":"24","author":"CY Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen CY, Pan SW, Hsu CC, et al. Comparative cardiovascular safety of LABA\/LAMA FDC versus LABA\/ICS FDC in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a population-based cohort study with a target trial emulation framework. Respir Res. 2023;24(1):239.","journal-title":"Respir Res"}],"container-title":["Advances in Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12325-025-03375-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12325-025-03375-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12325-025-03375-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T15:04:24Z","timestamp":1763132664000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12325-025-03375-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3375"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12325-025-03375-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0741-238X","1865-8652"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0741-238X","type":"print"},{"value":"1865-8652","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Chun Ka Wong, Eugene C. C. Cheng, Ali Choo, Chung Ki Tsui, Audrey Tsznam Ko, Ting Fung Ma, Hung-Fat Tse, James Chung Man Ho, and Wang Chun Kwok have nothing to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University of Hong Kong and Hospital Authority Hong Kong West Cluster (Approval number UW 22-639). Informed consent was waived as it was a retrospective study without active patient recruitment, and all retrieved clinical data were already de-identified. The study was conducted in accordance with the declaration of Helsinki.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}}]}}