{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T15:08:36Z","timestamp":1763132916910,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Pfizer Inc. in collaboration with Sumitomo Pharma Switzerland GmbH"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Adv Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-025-03390-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T03:53:38Z","timestamp":1761969218000},"page":"6278-6294","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Retrospective Analysis of Racial Differences in Treatment Patterns and Prostate-Specific Antigen Responses Among Patients with Prostate Cancer Treated with Relugolix in the Veterans Health Administration"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"42","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct06462014","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"given":"Stephen J.","family":"Freedland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krishnan","family":"Ramaswamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abhishek","family":"Kavati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan F.","family":"Razo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Cole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongbo","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tracy","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Grace","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rana R.","family":"McKay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"24","key":"3390_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4251","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.34479","volume":"128","author":"KA Cronin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cronin KA, Scott S, Firth AU, et al. Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, part 1: national cancer statistics. Cancer. 2022;128(24):4251\u201384.","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"3390_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.35026","volume":"130","author":"S Negoita","year":"2024","unstructured":"Negoita S, Chen HS, Sanchez PV, et al. Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, part 2: early assessment of the COVID-19 pandemic\u2019s impact on cancer diagnosis. Cancer. 2024;130(1):117\u201327.","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"3390_CR3","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute. Cancer stat facts: prostate cancer. https:\/\/seer.cancer.gov\/statfacts\/html\/prost.html. Accessed 7 Feb 2025."},{"issue":"1","key":"3390_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2976811","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2976811","volume":"2022","author":"P Davey","year":"2022","unstructured":"Davey P, Alexandrou K. Assessment and mitigation of cardiovascular risk for prostate cancer patients: a review of the evidence. Int J Clin Pract. 2022;2022(1):2976811.","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"3390_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)43461-8","volume":"30","author":"J Sandow","year":"1978","unstructured":"Sandow J, Von Rechenberg W, Jerzabek G, Stoll W. Pituitary gonadotropin inhibition by a highly active analog of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone. Fertil Steril. 1978;30(2):205\u20139.","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"5","key":"3390_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.79.5.1658","volume":"79","author":"G Tolis","year":"1982","unstructured":"Tolis G, Ackman D, Stellos A, et al. Tumor growth inhibition in patients with prostatic carcinoma treated with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonists. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1982;79(5):1658\u201362.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"3","key":"3390_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.14168","volume":"122","author":"EM Bolton","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bolton EM, Lynch T. Are all gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonists equivalent for the treatment of prostate cancer? A systematic review. BJU Int. 2018;122(3):371\u201383.","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"3390_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2020.06.002","volume":"79","author":"M Abufaraj","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abufaraj M, Iwata T, Kimura S, et al. Differential impact of gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist versus agonist on clinical safety and oncologic outcomes on patients with metastatic prostate cancer: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur Urol. 2021;79(1):44\u201353.","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"3390_CR9","unstructured":"The Food and Drug Administration. FDA approves relugolix for advanced prostate cancer. 2020. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/resources-information-approved-drugs\/fda-approves-relugolix-advanced-prostate-cancer. Accessed 10 Feb 2025."},{"issue":"23","key":"3390_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2187","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2004325","volume":"382","author":"ND Shore","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shore ND, Saad F, Cookson MS, et al. Oral relugolix for androgen-deprivation therapy in advanced prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(23):2187\u201396.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"21","key":"3390_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3787","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.34433","volume":"128","author":"JW Lillard Jr","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lillard JW Jr, Moses KA, Mahal BA, George DJ. Racial disparities in Black men with prostate cancer: a literature review. Cancer. 2022;128(21):3787\u201395.","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"3390_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-23-0892","volume":"33","author":"N Hammarlund","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hammarlund N, Holt SK, Basu A, et al. Isolating the drivers of racial inequities in prostate cancer treatment. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2024;33(3):435\u201341.","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev"},{"issue":"3","key":"3390_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1038\/s41391-021-00451-z","volume":"25","author":"IM Chowdhury-Paulino","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chowdhury-Paulino IM, Ericsson C, Vince R Jr, Spratt DE, George DJ, Mucci LA. Racial disparities in prostate cancer among black men: epidemiology and outcomes. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2022;25(3):397\u2013402.","journal-title":"Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis"},{"key":"3390_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-9-24","volume":"9","author":"CM Trinacty","year":"2009","unstructured":"Trinacty CM, Adams AS, Soumerai SB, et al. Racial differences in long-term adherence to oral antidiabetic drug therapy: a longitudinal cohort study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2009;9:1\u201310.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"3390_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-025-02330-y","author":"AJ Fabian","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fabian AJ, Balado RL, Chase MG, Nemec EC. Patient-provider race concordance and medication adherence: a systematic review. J Rac Ethnic Health Disparities. 2025.","journal-title":"J Rac Ethnic Health Disparities"},{"key":"3390_CR16","unstructured":"Veterans Health Administration. About VHA. https:\/\/www.va.gov\/health\/aboutvha.asp. Accessed 11 Feb 2025."},{"key":"3390_CR17","unstructured":"Referenced with permission from the NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines\u00ae) for Prostate Cancer V.2.2025. \u00a9 National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Inc. 2025. All rights reserved. Accessed July 2, 2025. To view the most recent and complete version of the guideline, go online to NCCN.org. NCCN makes no warranties of any kind whatsoever regarding their content, use or application and disclaims any responsibility for their application or use in any way."},{"issue":"3","key":"3390_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2024.0019","volume":"22","author":"EM Schaeffer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Schaeffer EM, Srinivas S, Adra N, et al. NCCN Guidelines\u00ae insights: prostate cancer, version 3.2024. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2024;22(3):140\u201350.","journal-title":"J Natl Compr Canc Netw"},{"issue":"6","key":"3390_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1097\/UPJ.0000000000000445","volume":"10","author":"J Hafron","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hafron J, Sangha P, Kung T, Pruett J. Adherence to hormonal therapies in prostate cancer. Urol Pract. 2023;10(6):540\u20136.","journal-title":"Urol Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"3390_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14244","volume":"23","author":"K Boye","year":"2021","unstructured":"Boye K, Ross M, Mody R, Konig M, Gelhorn H. Patients\u2019 preferences for once-daily oral versus once-weekly injectable diabetes medications: the REVISE study. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2021;23(2):508\u201319.","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"3390_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S168738","author":"F Fayad","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fayad F, Ziade NR, Merheb G, et al. Patient preferences for rheumatoid arthritis treatments: results from the national cross-sectional LERACS study. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2018;12:1619\u201325.","journal-title":"Patient Prefer Adherence"},{"issue":"3","key":"3390_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000003081","volume":"209","author":"CS Higano","year":"2023","unstructured":"Higano CS, Hafron J. Adherence with oral anticancer therapies: clinical trial vs real-world experiences with a focus on prostate cancer. J Urol. 2023;209(3):485\u201393.","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"9","key":"3390_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2015.2895","volume":"1","author":"S Magnan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Magnan S, Zarychanski R, Pilote L, et al. Intermittent vs continuous androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Oncol. 2015;1(9):1261\u20139.","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"3390_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2024.42.16_suppl.e17110","author":"J Hafron","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hafron J, Hong A, DePaauw-Holt S, et al. Evaluation of persistence and adherence for oral and injectable androgen deprivation therapies (ADT) in United States (US) patients with prostate cancer (PC). J Clin Oncol. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JCO.2024.42.16_suppl.e17110.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"8","key":"3390_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1093\/oncolo\/oyad036","volume":"28","author":"S Kasparian","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kasparian S, Wei O, Tsai N-C, et al. A practical guide to relugolix: early experience with oral androgen deprivation therapy. Oncologist. 2023;28(8):699\u2013705.","journal-title":"Oncologist"}],"container-title":["Advances in Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12325-025-03390-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12325-025-03390-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12325-025-03390-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T15:04:29Z","timestamp":1763132669000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12325-025-03390-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3390"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12325-025-03390-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0741-238X","1865-8652"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0741-238X"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1865-8652"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Stephen J. Freedland has served in a consulting or advisory role to the following companies: Pfizer, Astellas Pharma, Janssen, Sanofi, Myovant, Merck, AstraZeneca, Novartis, Eli Lilly, Tolmar, and Bayer. Krishnan Ramaswamy, Abhishek Kavati, Juan F. Razo, and Benjamin Li are employees of Pfizer Inc. and own stock\/stock options. Michele\u202fCole is an employee of Sumitomo Pharma America. Wei Gao, Hongbo Yang, Tracy Guo, and Grace Chen are employees of Analysis Group, Inc., a consulting company that has provided paid consulting services to the study sponsors for this work. Rana R. McKay has served in a consulting or advisory role to the following companies: Pfizer, Janssen, Novartis, Tempus, Pfizer, Astellas Medivation, Dendreon, Bayer, Sanofi, Vividion, Calithera, Caris Life Sciences, Sorrento Therapeutics, AVEO, Seattle Genetics, Telix, Eli Lilly, Blue Earth Diagnostics, Ambrx, Sumitomo Pharma Oncology, Esiai, NeoMorph, Arcus Biosciences, Daiichi Sankyo, Exelixis, Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck, AstraZeneca, and Myovant.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"The study was considered exempt from institutional review board (IRB) review and informed consent under 45 CFR \u00a7 46.104(d)(4), as it involved only the secondary use of data that were de-identified in compliance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), specifically, 45 CFR \u00a7 164.514.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}}]}}