{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T11:05:44Z","timestamp":1780657544448,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":148,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763683200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001818","name":"Research to Prevent Blindness","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Adv Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-025-03417-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T15:11:55Z","timestamp":1763737915000},"page":"109-126","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Advances in the Medical Management of Pediatric Blepharokeratoconjunctivitis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Catherine","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hajirah N.","family":"Saeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali R.","family":"Djalilian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3419-9105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehmet C.","family":"Mocan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"3417_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.123.12.1667","volume":"123","author":"KM Hammersmith","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hammersmith KM, Cohen EJ, Blake TD, Laibson PR, Rapuano CJ. Blepharokeratoconjunctivitis in children. Arch Ophthalmol. 2005;123(12):1667\u201370.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3417_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.3928\/0191-3913-20010701-06","volume":"38","author":"B Farpour","year":"2001","unstructured":"Farpour B, McClellan KA. Diagnosis and management of chronic blepharokeratoconjunctivitis in children. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2001;38(4):207\u201312.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"issue":"4","key":"3417_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2004.052134","volume":"89","author":"M Viswalingam","year":"2005","unstructured":"Viswalingam M, Rauz S, Morlet N, Dart JKG. Blepharokeratoconjunctivitis in children: diagnosis and treatment. Br J Ophthalmol. 2005;89(4):400\u20133.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"3417_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2006.09.058","volume":"143","author":"S Doan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Doan S, Gabison EE, Nghiem-Buffet S, Abitbol O, Gatinel D, Hoang-Xuan T. Long-term visual outcome of childhood blepharokeratoconjunctivitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007;143(3):528\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"3417_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1977.04450050090009","volume":"95","author":"G Smolin","year":"1977","unstructured":"Smolin G, Okumoto M. Staphylococcal blepharitis. Arch Ophthalmol. 1977;95(5):812\u20136.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"12","key":"3417_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.01.021","volume":"114","author":"SM Jones","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jones SM, Weinstein JM, Cumberland P, Klein N, Nischal KK. Visual outcome and corneal changes in children with chronic blepharokeratoconjunctivitis. Ophthalmology. 2007;114(12):2271\u201380.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"5","key":"3417_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2006.06.047","volume":"142","author":"A \u00c7etinkaya","year":"2006","unstructured":"\u00c7etinkaya A, Akova YA. Pediatric ocular acne rosacea: long-term treatment with systemic antibiotics. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006;142(5):816-821.e2.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"7","key":"3417_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2011-300771","volume":"96","author":"S Hamada","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hamada S, Khan I, Denniston AK, Rauz S. Childhood blepharokeratoconjunctivitis: characterising a severe phenotype in white adolescents. Br J Ophthalmol. 2012;96(7):949\u201355.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3417_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(03)00890-0","volume":"137","author":"SA Nazir","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nazir SA, Murphy S, Siatkowski RM, Chodosh J, Siatkowski RL. Ocular rosacea in childhood. Am J Ophthalmol. 2004;137(1):138\u201344.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3417_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1993.01090020082028","volume":"111","author":"SA Erzurum","year":"1993","unstructured":"Erzurum SA. Acne rosacea with keratitis in childhood. Arch Ophthalmol. 1993;111(2):228.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"3417_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1067\/mpa.2000.110339","volume":"4","author":"DM Meisler","year":"2000","unstructured":"Meisler DM, Raizman MB, Traboulsi EI. Oral erythromycin treatment for childhood blepharokeratitis. J AAPOS. 2000;4(6):379\u201380.","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"issue":"3","key":"3417_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1007\/s003470050099","volume":"94","author":"MR Tetz","year":"1997","unstructured":"Tetz MR, Klein U, V\u00f6lcker HE. Staphylokokken-assoziierte Blepharokeratokonjunktivitis. Ophthalmologe. 1997;94(3):186\u201390.","journal-title":"Ophthalmologe"},{"issue":"6","key":"3417_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2010.09.013","volume":"14","author":"N Gupta","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gupta N, Dhawan A, Beri S, D\u2019souza P. Clinical spectrum of pediatric blepharokeratoconjunctivitis. J AAPOS. 2010;14(6):527\u20139.","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"issue":"1","key":"3417_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2023.5750","volume":"142","author":"NR Morales-Mancillas","year":"2024","unstructured":"Morales-Mancillas NR, Velazquez-Valenzuela F, Kinoshita S, et al. Definition and diagnostic criteria for pediatric blepharokeratoconjunctivitis. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2024;142(1):39\u201347.","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"3417_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2015.249","volume":"30","author":"A Rodr\u00edguez-Garc\u00eda","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Garc\u00eda A, Gonz\u00e1lez-God\u00ednez S, L\u00f3pez-Rubio S. Blepharokeratoconjunctivitis in childhood: corneal involvement and visual outcome. Eye (Lond). 2016;30(3):438\u201346.","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"issue":"5","key":"3417_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000003120","volume":"42","author":"J Moon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Moon J, Lee J, Kim MK, Hyon JY, Jeon HS, Oh JY. Clinical characteristics and therapeutic outcomes of pediatric blepharokeratoconjunctivitis. Cornea. 2023;42(5):578\u201383.","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"issue":"4","key":"3417_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0000000000000167","volume":"26","author":"KM Hammersmith","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hammersmith KM. Blepharokeratoconjunctivitis in children. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2015;26(4):301\u20135.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3417_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1080\/17469899.2016.1209408","volume":"11","author":"MC Daniel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Daniel MC, O\u2019Gallagher M, Hingorani M, Dahlmann-Noor A, Tuft S. Challenges in the management of pediatric blepharokeratoconjunctivis \/ ocular rosacea. Expert Rev Ophthalmol. 2016;11(4):299\u2013309.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"3417_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.08.037","volume":"153","author":"L Teo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Teo L, Mehta JS, Htoon HM, Tan DTH. Severity of pediatric blepharokeratoconjunctivitis in Asian eyes. Am J Ophthalmol. 2012;153(3):564-570.e1.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"9","key":"3417_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000003112","volume":"42","author":"AR Kaufman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kaufman AR, Chhadva P, Bontu S, et al. Pediatric phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis at a tertiary care center in the United States. Cornea. 2023;42(9):1083\u201391.","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"issue":"5","key":"3417_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2023.12.009","volume":"131","author":"SSM Fung","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fung SSM, Boghosian T, Perez C, et al. Epidemiology of pediatric ocular surface inflammatory diseases in the United States using the Optum Labs data warehouse. Ophthalmology. 2024;131(5):568\u201376.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"3","key":"3417_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2025.01.006","volume":"70","author":"G Ortiz-Morales","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ortiz-Morales G, Ruiz-Lozano RE, Morales-Mancillas NR, Homar Paez-Garza J, Rodriguez-Garcia A. Pediatric blepharokeratoconjunctivitis: a challenging ocular surface disease. Surv Ophthalmol. 2025;70(3):516\u201335.","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3417_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2050","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6997g","volume":"52","author":"G Geerling","year":"2011","unstructured":"Geerling G, Tauber J, Baudouin C, et al. The international workshop on Meibomian gland dysfunction: report of the subcommittee on management and treatment of Meibomian gland dysfunction. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011;52(4):2050\u201364.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"Supplement 1","key":"3417_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S41","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e31826a04dd","volume":"31","author":"T Suzuki","year":"2012","unstructured":"Suzuki T. Meibomitis-related keratoconjunctivitis: implications and clinical significance of Meibomian gland inflammation. Cornea. 2012;31(Supplement 1):S41\u20134.","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"issue":"8","key":"3417_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000001003","volume":"49","author":"MK Rhee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rhee MK, Yeu E, Barnett M, et al. Demodex blepharitis: a comprehensive review of the disease, current management, and emerging therapies. Eye Contact Lens. 2023;49(8):311\u20138.","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"issue":"1","key":"3417_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-019-1074-5","volume":"19","author":"M Wu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wu M, Wang X, Han J, Shao T, Wang Y. Evaluation of the ocular surface characteristics and Demodex infestation in paediatric and adult blepharokeratoconjunctivitis. BMC Ophthalmol. 2019;19(1):67.","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"3417_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.3928\/01913913-20161013-04","volume":"54","author":"MC Daniel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Daniel MC, O\u2019Gallagher M, Hingorani M, Larkin DF, Tuft S, Dahlmann-Noor A. Medical management of blepharokeratoconjunctivitis in children: a Delphi consensus. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2017;54(3):156\u201362.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"issue":"2","key":"3417_CR28","volume":"2","author":"M O\u2019Gallagher","year":"2017","unstructured":"O\u2019Gallagher M, Bunce C, Hingorani M, Larkin F, Tuft S, Dahlmann-Noor A. Topical treatments for blepharokeratoconjunctivitis in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;2(2):CD011965.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"3417_CR29","volume":"2016","author":"M O\u2019Gallagher","year":"2016","unstructured":"O\u2019Gallagher M, Banteka M, Bunce C, Larkin F, Tuft S, Dahlmann-Noor A. Systemic treatment for blepharokeratoconjunctivitis in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;2016(5):CD011750.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"3417_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0000000000000399","volume":"28","author":"ST Rousta","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rousta ST. Pediatric blepharokeratoconjunctivitis: is there a \u201cright\u201d treatment? Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2017;28(5):449\u201353.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"3417_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.3928\/01913913-20100118-01","volume":"47","author":"J Cehajic-Kapetanovic","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cehajic-Kapetanovic J, Kwartz J. Augmentin duo\u2122 in the treatment of childhood blepharokeratoconjunctivitis. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2010;47(6):356\u201360.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"issue":"1","key":"3417_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.08.035","volume":"141","author":"S Doan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Doan S, Gabison E, Gatinel D, Duong MH, Abitbol O, Hoang-Xuan T. Topical cyclosporine A in severe steroid-dependent childhood phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006;141(1):62-66.e2.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3417_CR33","volume":"2018","author":"CL Nguyen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nguyen CL, Chen TS, Tran K, Smith JEH, Lewis N. Simultaneous subconjunctival triamcinolone and bevacizumab injections for management of blepharokeratoconjunctivitis in children. Case Rep Ophthalmol Med. 2018;2018:2602487.","journal-title":"Case Rep Ophthalmol Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"3417_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000001440","volume":"37","author":"CH Yoon","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yoon CH, Kim MK, Oh JY. Topical tacrolimus 0.03% for maintenance therapy in steroid-dependent, recurrent phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis. Cornea. 2018;37(2):168\u201371.","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"issue":"1","key":"3417_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1869-5760-3-38","volume":"3","author":"S Doan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Doan S, Gabison E, Chiambaretta F, Touati M, Cochereau I. Efficacy of azithromycin 1.5% eye drops in childhood ocular rosacea with phlyctenular blepharokeratoconjunctivitis. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect. 2013;3(1):38.","journal-title":"J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"3417_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2009.11.021","volume":"14","author":"IBY Wong","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wong IBY, Nischal KK. Managing a child with an external ocular disease. J AAPOS. 2010;14(1):68\u201377.","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"3417_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jones L, Craig JP, Markoulli M, et al. TFOS DEWS III: management and therapy report. Am J Ophthalmol. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2025.05.039.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2025.05.039"},{"issue":"5","key":"3417_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02853166","volume":"18","author":"R Noecker","year":"2001","unstructured":"Noecker R. Effects of common ophthalmic preservatives on ocular health. Adv Ther. 2001;18(5):205\u201315.","journal-title":"Adv Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"3417_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1080\/15569520902995834","volume":"28","author":"IP Kaur","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kaur IP, Lal S, Rana C, Kakkar S, Singh H. Ocular preservatives: associated risks and newer options. Cutan Ocul Toxicol. 2009;28(3):93\u2013103.","journal-title":"Cutan Ocul Toxicol"},{"issue":"6","key":"3417_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000003259","volume":"42","author":"G Ortiz-Morales","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ortiz-Morales G, Morales-Mancillas NR, Paez-Garza JH, Rodriguez-Garcia A. Letter regarding: clinical characteristics and therapeutic outcomes of pediatric blepharokeratoconjunctivitis. Cornea. 2023;42(6):e10\u20131.","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"3417_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S110739","volume":"10","author":"K Hosseini","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hosseini K, Lindstrom RL, Foulks G, Nichols KK. A randomized, double-masked, parallel-group, comparative study to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of 1% azithromycin-0.1% dexamethasone combination compared to 1% azithromycin alone, 0.1% dexamethasone alone, and vehicle in the treatment of subjects with blepharitis. Clin Ophthalmol. 2016;10:1495\u2013503.","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"3417_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annder.2023.05.004","volume":"150","author":"S Khaslavsky","year":"2023","unstructured":"Khaslavsky S, Starkey SY, Avraham S, Kashetsky N, Mukovozov I. Treatment of pediatric ocular rosacea: a systematic review. Ann Dermatol Venereol. 2023;150(3):199\u2013201.","journal-title":"Ann Dermatol Venereol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3417_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2005.08.019","volume":"82","author":"DQ Li","year":"2006","unstructured":"Li DQ, Luo L, Chen Z, Kim HS, Song XJ, Pflugfelder SC. JNK and ERK MAP kinases mediate induction of IL-1\u03b2, TNF-\u03b1 and IL-8 following hyperosmolar stress in human limbal epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res. 2006;82(4):588\u201396.","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"3417_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn007","volume":"61","author":"BS Murphy","year":"2008","unstructured":"Murphy BS, Sundareshan V, Cory TJ, Hayes D, Anstead MI, Feola DJ. Azithromycin alters macrophage phenotype. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008;61(3):554\u201360.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"5","key":"3417_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-024-01079-x","volume":"68","author":"J Shimazaki","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shimazaki J, Kito G, Kamoi M, Satake Y. Efficacy and safety of topical azithromycin therapy in patients with blepharitis and meibomian gland dysfunction. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2024;68(5):472\u201381.","journal-title":"Jpn J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3417_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200161020-00003","volume":"61","author":"PY Robert","year":"2001","unstructured":"Robert PY, Adenis JP. Comparative review of topical ophthalmic antibacterial preparations. Drugs. 2001;61(2):175\u201385.","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"issue":"4","key":"3417_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0000000000001141","volume":"36","author":"R Awan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Awan R, Khan S, Khan WA. Pediatric blepharokeratoconjunctivitis: review of epidemiology, pathophysiology, and current treatments. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2025;36(4):314\u201321.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3417_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0420.2006.00665.x","volume":"84","author":"JS Mehta","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mehta JS, Sagoo MS, Tuft SJ. Subconjunctival crystals in paediatric blepharokeratoconjunctivitis. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2006;84(4):557\u20138.","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol Scand"},{"issue":"2","key":"3417_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2012.12.002","volume":"11","author":"S Narayanan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Narayanan S, Redfern RL, Miller WL, Nichols KK, McDermott AM. Dry eye disease and microbial keratitis: is there a connection? Ocul Surf. 2013;11(2):75\u201392.","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"issue":"4","key":"3417_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-021-00401-x","volume":"10","author":"FS Mah","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mah FS, Karpecki PM. Review of loteprednol etabonate 0.5%\/tobramycin 0.3% in the treatment of blepharokeratoconjunctivitis. Ophthalmol Ther. 2021;10(4):859\u201375.","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"3417_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2009.08.010","volume":"117","author":"RO Ka\u00e7maz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ka\u00e7maz RO, Kempen JH, Newcomb C, et al. Cyclosporine for ocular inflammatory diseases. Ophthalmology. 2010;117(3):576\u201384.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"1","key":"3417_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2012.12.057","volume":"17","author":"S Hamada","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hamada S, Nischal K, Evans J. The activity and damage of blepharokeratoconjunctivitis in children. J Am Assoc Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2013;17(1):e16.","journal-title":"J Am Assoc Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"issue":"3","key":"3417_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1185\/03007995.2012.659723","volume":"28","author":"M Chen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chen M, Gong L, Sun X, et al. A multicenter, randomized, parallel-group, clinical trial comparing the safety and efficacy of loteprednol etabonate 0.5%\/tobramycin 0.3% with dexamethasone 0.1%\/tobramycin 0.3% in the treatment of Chinese patients with blepharokeratoconjunctivitis. Curr Med Res Opin. 2012;28(3):385\u201394.","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"issue":"2","key":"3417_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.2165\/11596320-000000000-00000","volume":"14","author":"TL Comstock","year":"2012","unstructured":"Comstock TL, Paterno MR, Bateman KM, DeCory HH, Gearinger M. Safety and tolerability of loteprednol etabonate 0.5% and tobramycin 0.3% ophthalmic suspension in pediatric subjects. Pediatric Drugs. 2012;14(2):119\u201330.","journal-title":"Pediatric Drugs"},{"key":"3417_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1159\/000422359","volume":"21","author":"N Bodor","year":"1993","unstructured":"Bodor N. Design of novel soft corticosteroids. Curr Probl Dermatol. 1993;21:11\u20139.","journal-title":"Curr Probl Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3417_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E820","DOI":"10.1208\/aapsj070479","volume":"7","author":"N Bodor","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bodor N, Buchwald P. Ophthalmic drug design based on the metabolic activity of the eye: soft drugs and chemical delivery systems. AAPS J. 2005;7(4):E820-833.","journal-title":"AAPS J"},{"issue":"4","key":"3417_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-016-0315-8","volume":"33","author":"JD Sheppard","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sheppard JD, Comstock TL, Cavet ME. Impact of the topical ophthalmic corticosteroid loteprednol etabonate on intraocular pressure. Adv Ther. 2016;33(4):532\u201352.","journal-title":"Adv Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"3417_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.3109\/09273948.2015.1115879","volume":"25","author":"TL Comstock","year":"2017","unstructured":"Comstock TL, DeCory HH. Loteprednol etabonate 0.5%\/tobramycin 0.3% compared with dexamethasone 0.1%\/tobramycin 0.3% for the treatment of blepharitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2017;25(2):267\u201374.","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"issue":"10","key":"3417_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2005.070888","volume":"89","author":"S Tatlipinar","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tatlipinar S, Akpek EK. Topical ciclosporin in the treatment of ocular surface disorders. Br J Ophthalmol. 2005;89(10):1363\u20137.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3417_CR60","first-page":"33","volume":"5","author":"AS Ismail","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ismail AS, Taharin R, Embong Z. Topical cyclosporin as an alternative treatment for vision threatening blepharokeratoconjunctivitis: a case report. Int Med Case Rep J. 2012;5:33\u20137.","journal-title":"Int Med Case Rep J"},{"issue":"11","key":"3417_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.118.11.1489","volume":"118","author":"KS Kunert","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kunert KS, Tisdale AS, Stern ME, Smith JA, Gipson IK. Analysis of topical cyclosporine treatment of patients with dry eye syndrome: effect on conjunctival lymphocytes. Arch Ophthalmol. 2000;118(11):1489\u201396.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3417_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2012.10.015","volume":"17","author":"DS Choi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Choi DS, Djalilian A. Oral azithromycin combined with topical anti-inflammatory agents in the treatment of blepharokeratoconjunctivitis in children. J AAPOS. 2013;17(1):112\u20133.","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"issue":"1","key":"3417_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4671","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-85256-z","volume":"15","author":"A Barcsay-Veres","year":"2025","unstructured":"Barcsay-Veres A, Csorba A, Kovacs I, Tothfalusi L, Maneschg OA. Corticosteroid-sparing topical treatment with cyclosporin for juvenile keratoconjunctivitis. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):4671.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"3417_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-018-0037-z","volume":"32","author":"S Parvizi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Parvizi S, Muthusamy K, Hingorani M, Dahlmann-Noor A. Topical ciclosporin 1\u00a0mg\/ml for chronic ocular surface inflammation in children. Eye (Lond). 2018;32(7):1290\u20131.","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"issue":"4","key":"3417_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ico.0000151507.49565.6e","volume":"24","author":"MA Joseph","year":"2005","unstructured":"Joseph MA, Kaufman HE, Insler M. Topical tacrolimus ointment for treatment of refractory anterior segment inflammatory disorders. Cornea. 2005;24(4):417\u201320.","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"issue":"1","key":"3417_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1080\/17469899.2022.2039628","volume":"17","author":"B Andrea","year":"2022","unstructured":"Andrea B, Osvaldo B, Samer H. Topical tacrolimus for the treatment of external eye inflammation in children. Expert Rev Ophthalmol. 2022;17(1):69\u201374.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3417_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251584141987036","DOI":"10.1177\/2515841419870366","volume":"11","author":"SL Haber","year":"2019","unstructured":"Haber SL, Benson V, Buckway CJ, Gonzales JM, Romanet D, Scholes B. Lifitegrast: a novel drug for patients with dry eye disease. Ophthalmol Eye Dis. 2019;11:2515841419870366.","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Eye Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"3417_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.09.025","volume":"124","author":"EJ Holland","year":"2017","unstructured":"Holland EJ, Luchs J, Karpecki PM, et al. Lifitegrast for the treatment of dry eye disease: results of a phase\u00a0III, randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial (OPUS-3). Ophthalmology. 2017;124(1):53\u201360.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"3","key":"3417_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-019-0844-8","volume":"19","author":"L Bielory","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bielory L, Schoenberg D. Emerging therapeutics for ocular surface disease. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2019;19(3):16.","journal-title":"Curr Allergy Asthma Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"3417_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1983.01040010555002","volume":"101","author":"MB Abelson","year":"1983","unstructured":"Abelson MB, Madiwale N, Weston JH. Conjunctival eosinophils in allergic ocular disease. Arch Ophthalmol. 1983;101(4):555\u20136.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"3417_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13334","volume":"73","author":"D Elieh Ali Komi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Elieh Ali Komi D, Rambasek T, Bielory L. Clinical implications of mast cell involvement in allergic conjunctivitis. Allergy. 2018;73(3):528\u201339.","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"3417_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2024.109982","volume":"245","author":"V Barone","year":"2024","unstructured":"Barone V, Scirocco L, Surico PL, et al. Mast cells and ocular surface: an update review. Exp Eye Res. 2024;245:109982.","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"3417_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.09.002","volume":"18","author":"W Cho","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cho W, Mittal SK, Elbasiony E, Chauhan SK. Activation of ocular surface mast cells promotes corneal neovascularization. Ocul Surf. 2020;18(4):857\u201364.","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"issue":"5","key":"3417_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-23398","volume":"59","author":"SK Sahu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sahu SK, Mittal SK, Foulsham W, Li M, Sangwan VS, Chauhan SK. Mast cells initiate the recruitment of neutrophils following ocular surface injury. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2018;59(5):1732.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"3417_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0463.2002.100501.x","volume":"110","author":"K Norrby","year":"2002","unstructured":"Norrby K. Mast cells and angiogenesis: review article. APMIS. 2002;110(5):355\u201371.","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"issue":"6","key":"3417_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3181dc9a04","volume":"87","author":"LA Jones-Jordan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jones-Jordan LA, Walline JJ, Mutti DO, et al. Gas permeable and soft contact lens wear in children. Optom Vis Sci. 2010;87(6):414\u201320.","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"3417_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.51329\/mehdiophthal1435","volume":"10","author":"RE Ruiz-Lozano","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ruiz-Lozano RE, Gomez-Elizondo DE, Colorado-Zavala MF, Loya-Garcia D, Rodriguez-Garcia A. Update on indications, complications, and outcomes of scleral contact lenses. Med Hypothesis Discov Innov Ophthalmol. 2022;10(4):165\u201378.","journal-title":"Med Hypothesis Discov Innov Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"3417_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101452","volume":"45","author":"B Severinsky","year":"2022","unstructured":"Severinsky B, Lenhart P. Scleral contact lenses in the pediatric population\u2014indications and outcomes. Contact Lens Anterior Eye. 2022;45(3):101452.","journal-title":"Contact Lens Anterior Eye"},{"issue":"2","key":"3417_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.02.002","volume":"44","author":"DS Jacobs","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jacobs DS, Carrasquillo KG, Cottrell PD, et al. CLEAR \u2013 medical use of contact lenses. Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2021;44(2):289\u2013329.","journal-title":"Cont Lens Anterior Eye"},{"key":"3417_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2225","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S52474","volume":"7","author":"K Hosseini","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hosseini K, Hutcheson J, Lindstrom RL. A phase\u00a0III clinical study to evaluate the efficacy of combined azithromycin and dexamethasone in the treatment of blepharoconjunctivitis. Clin Ophthalmol. 2013;7:2225\u201334.","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3417_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/3467620","author":"L Zhao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhao L, Sun Y, Pan Z. Topical steroids and antibiotics for adult blepharokeratoconjunctivitis (BKC): a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. J Ophthalmol. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/3467620.","journal-title":"J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3417_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ali A. Pediatric blepharokeratoconjunctivitis: an update. Can Eye Care Today. 2024;3(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.58931\/cect.2024.3246.","DOI":"10.58931\/cect.2024.3246"},{"issue":"1","key":"3417_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1185\/03007995.2010.539603","volume":"27","author":"GL Torkildsen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Torkildsen GL, Cockrum P, Meier E, Hammonds WM, Silverstein B, Silverstein S. Evaluation of clinical efficacy and safety of tobramycin\/dexamethasone ophthalmic suspension 0.3%\/0.05% compared to azithromycin ophthalmic solution 1% in the treatment of moderate to severe acute blepharitis\/blepharoconjunctivitis. Curr Med Res Opin. 2011;27(1):171\u20138.","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"issue":"9","key":"3417_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e31820770f4","volume":"30","author":"VWY Wong","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wong VWY, Lai TYY, Chi SCC, Lam DSC. Pediatric ocular surface infections: a 5-year review of demographics, clinical features, risk factors, microbiological results, and treatment. Cornea. 2011;30(9):995\u20131002.","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"issue":"5","key":"3417_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-012-0018-8","volume":"29","author":"R Belfort","year":"2012","unstructured":"Belfort R, Gabriel L, Martins Bispo PJ, et al. Safety and efficacy of moxifloxacin-dexamethasone eyedrops as treatment for bacterial ocular infection associated with bacterial blepharitis. Adv Ther. 2012;29(5):416\u201326.","journal-title":"Adv Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"3417_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199704000-00025","volume":"16","author":"JO Klein","year":"1997","unstructured":"Klein JO. History of macrolide use in pediatrics. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1997;16(4):427\u201331.","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"issue":"4","key":"3417_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)72383-9","volume":"111","author":"L Ficker","year":"1991","unstructured":"Ficker L, Ramakrishnan M, Seal D, Wright P. Role of cell-mediated immunity to staphylococci in blepharitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1991;111(4):473\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"3417_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.3928\/01913913-20240508-06","volume":"61","author":"ES Sari","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sari ES, Ozmen AT, Yildiz M, Akova B, Baykara M, Hasanova S. Long-term, low-dose oral azithromycin treatment for chronic severe bilateral blepharokeratoconjunctivitis in pediatric patients. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2024;61(5):358\u201364.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"issue":"3","key":"3417_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.12666","volume":"44","author":"A Al-Hity","year":"2016","unstructured":"Al-Hity A, Lockington D. Oral azithromycin as the systemic treatment of choice in the treatment of meibomian gland disease. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2016;44(3):199\u2013201.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3417_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(01)00410-1","volume":"18","author":"GW Amsden","year":"2001","unstructured":"Amsden GW. Advanced-generation macrolides: tissue-directed antibiotics. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2001;18:11\u20135.","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"issue":"1","key":"3417_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-199920010-00004","volume":"20","author":"N Principi","year":"1999","unstructured":"Principi N, Esposito S. Comparative tolerability of erythromycin and newer macrolide antibacterials in paediatric patients. Drug Saf. 1999;20(1):25\u201341.","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"key":"3417_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang Z, Gan G, Yao H. Gastrointestinal safety of oral erythromycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin in pediatric patients: a FAERS pharmacovigilance study. Pediatr Res. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41390-025-04312-6.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-025-04312-6"},{"issue":"10","key":"3417_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201402-0385CI","volume":"189","author":"RK Albert","year":"2014","unstructured":"Albert RK, Schuller JL. COPD Clinical Research Network Macrolide antibiotics and the risk of cardiac arrhythmias. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2014;189(10):1173\u201380.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3417_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.26799","volume":"128","author":"AK Ikeda","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ikeda AK, Prince AA, Chen JX, Lieu JEC, Shin JJ. Macrolide-associated sensorineural hearing loss: a systematic review. Laryngoscope. 2018;128(1):228\u201336.","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"8","key":"3417_CR95","first-page":"56","volume":"37","author":"JM Kline","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kline JM, Wietholter JP, Kline VT, Confer J. Pediatric antibiotic use: a focused review of fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines. US Phar. 2012;37(8):56\u20139.","journal-title":"US Phar"},{"issue":"4","key":"3417_CR96","first-page":"351","volume":"103","author":"JM Conchie","year":"1970","unstructured":"Conchie JM, Munroe JD, Anderson DO. The incidence of staining of permanent teeth by the tetracyclines. Can Med Assoc J. 1970;103(4):351\u20136.","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"issue":"4","key":"3417_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0285","volume":"84","author":"KR Tan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tan KR, Magill AJ, Parise ME, Arguin PM. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Doxycycline for malaria chemoprophylaxis and treatment: report from the CDC expert meeting on malaria chemoprophylaxis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2011;84(4):517\u201331.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"3","key":"3417_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.47.3.567","volume":"47","author":"ER Grossman","year":"1971","unstructured":"Grossman ER, Walchek A, Freedman H. Tetracyclines and permanent teeth: the relation between dose and tooth color. Pediatrics. 1971;47(3):567\u201370.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"7598","key":"3417_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(69)91787-5","volume":"1","author":"G Forti","year":"1969","unstructured":"Forti G, Benincori C. Doxycycline and the teeth. Lancet. 1969;1(7598):782.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"3417_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2022.116377","volume":"159","author":"AJ Warner","year":"2022","unstructured":"Warner AJ, Hathaway-Schrader JD, Lubker R, Davies C, Novince CM. Tetracyclines and bone: unclear actions with potentially lasting effects. Bone. 2022;159:116377.","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"3417_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1413944\/full","author":"Y Qiao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Qiao Y, Chen Y, Wang Q, et al. Safety profiles of doxycycline, minocycline, and tigecycline in pediatric patients: a real-world pharmacovigilance analysis based on the FAERS database. Front Pharmacol. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2024.1413944\/full.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"3417_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0b013e32833df9f4","volume":"10","author":"J Liu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Liu J, Sheha H, Tseng SC. Pathogenic role of Demodex mites in blepharitis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;10(5):505\u201310.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3417_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S9","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000001361","volume":"36","author":"X Luo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Luo X, Li J, Chen C, Tseng S, Liang L. Ocular demodicosis as a potential cause of ocular surface inflammation. Cornea. 2017;36(1):S9-14.","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"issue":"4","key":"3417_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2011.10746.x","volume":"166","author":"N O\u2019Reilly","year":"2012","unstructured":"O\u2019Reilly N, Bergin D, Reeves EP, McElvaney NG, Kavanagh K. Demodex-associated bacterial proteins induce neutrophil activation: Demodex-associated bacterial proteins induce neutrophil activation. Br J Dermatol. 2012;166(4):753\u201360.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"3417_CR105","volume":"2020","author":"K Savla","year":"2020","unstructured":"Savla K, Le JT, Pucker AD. Tea tree oil for Demodex blepharitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;2020(6):CD013333.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"11","key":"3417_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.13.11.22","volume":"13","author":"HY Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang HY, Shen D, Qi MY, et al. Efficacy of terpinen-4-ol combined with eyelid deep cleaning for the treatment of Demodex blepharitis: a randomized, open-label trial. Trans Vis Sci Tech. 2024;13(11):22.","journal-title":"Trans Vis Sci Tech"},{"issue":"12","key":"3417_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e3181e2eac5","volume":"29","author":"L Liang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Liang L, Safran S, Gao Y, Sheha H, Raju VK, Tseng SCG. Ocular demodicosis as a potential cause of pediatric blepharoconjunctivitis. Cornea. 2010;29(12):1386\u201391.","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"issue":"15","key":"3417_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3249","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-023-02500-4","volume":"37","author":"BD Ayres","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ayres BD, Donnenfeld E, Farid M, et al. Clinical diagnosis and management of Demodex blepharitis: the Demodex expert panel on treatment and eyelid health (DEPTH). Eye. 2023;37(15):3249\u201355.","journal-title":"Eye"},{"issue":"10-a Suppl","key":"3417_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.18553\/jmcp.2024.30.10-a.s1","volume":"30","author":"MR Page","year":"2024","unstructured":"Page MR. Multidisciplinary perspectives in Demodex blepharitis: a new view of treatment from clinical, payer, and patient perspectives. JMCP. 2024;30(10-a Suppl):S1-8.","journal-title":"JMCP"},{"issue":"10","key":"3417_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2023.05.030","volume":"130","author":"IB Gaddie","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gaddie IB, Donnenfeld ED, Karpecki P, et al. Lotilaner ophthalmic solution 0.25% for Demodex blepharitis. Ophthalmology. 2023;130(10):1015\u201323.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"15","key":"3417_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare12151487","volume":"12","author":"PG Davey","year":"2024","unstructured":"Davey PG, Farid M, Karpecki P, et al. Lotilaner ophthalmic solution, 0.25%, for the treatment of Demodex blepharitis. Healthcare. 2024;12(15):1487.","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"issue":"9","key":"3417_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000000940","volume":"35","author":"AT Epitropoulos","year":"2016","unstructured":"Epitropoulos AT, Donnenfeld ED, Shah ZA, et al. Effect of oral re-esterified omega-3 nutritional supplementation on dry eyes. Cornea. 2016;35(9):1185\u201391.","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"issue":"7","key":"3417_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2024.1482","volume":"142","author":"Y Eom","year":"2024","unstructured":"Eom Y, Jun I, Jeon HS, et al. Re-esterified triglyceride \u03c9-3 fatty acids in dry eye disease with meibomian gland dysfunction: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2024;142(7):617.","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3417_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2861","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S368319","volume":"16","author":"EJ Holland","year":"2022","unstructured":"Holland EJ, Loh J, Bloomenstein M, Thompson V, Wirta D, Dhamdhere K. A comparison of tearcare and lipiflow systems in reducing dry eye disease symptoms associated with meibomian gland disease. Clin Ophthalmol. 2022;16:2861\u201371.","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"10","key":"3417_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3253","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-022-02320-7","volume":"42","author":"R Huang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huang R, Su C, Fang L, Lu J, Chen J, Ding Y. Dry eye syndrome: comprehensive etiologies and recent clinical trials. Int Ophthalmol. 2022;42(10):3253\u201372.","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3417_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-022-02516-x","volume":"43","author":"Z Meng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Meng Z, Chu X, Zhang C, et al. Efficacy and safety evaluation of a single thermal pulsation system treatment (Lipiflow\u00ae) on meibomian gland dysfunction: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Int Ophthalmol. 2023;43(4):1175\u201384.","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3417_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001892","volume":"99","author":"G Wesley","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wesley G, Bickle K, Downing J, et al. Comparison of two thermal pulsation systems in the treatment of meibomian gland dysfunction: a randomized. Multicenter Study Optom Vis Sci. 2022;99(4):323\u201332.","journal-title":"Multicenter Study Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"14","key":"3417_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S234008","volume":"12","author":"J Tauber","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tauber J, Owen J, Bloomenstein M, Hovanesian J, Bullimore MA. Comparison of the iLUX and the LipiFlow for the treatment of meibomian gland dysfunction and symptoms: a randomized clinical tria. Clin Ophthalmol. 2020;12(14):405\u201318.","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3417_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2016.01.005","volume":"51","author":"PK Gupta","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gupta PK, Vora GK, Matossian C, Kim M, Stinnett S. Outcomes of intense pulsed light therapy for treatment of evaporative dry eye disease. Can J Ophthalmol. 2016;51(4):249\u201353.","journal-title":"Can J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3417_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3143469","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/3143469","volume":"2019","author":"F Ruan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ruan F, Zang Y, Sella R, et al. Intense pulsed light therapy with optimal pulse technology as an adjunct therapy for moderate to severe blepharitis-associated keratoconjunctivitis. J Ophthalmol. 2019;2019:3143469.","journal-title":"J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"18","key":"3417_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5338","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11185338","volume":"11","author":"R Arita","year":"2022","unstructured":"Arita R, Fukuoka S. Therapeutic efficacy and safety of intense pulsed light for refractive multiple recurrent chalazia. J Clin Med. 2022;11(18):5338.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"3417_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.06.002","volume":"41","author":"KY Seo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Seo KY, Kang SM, Ha DY, Chin HS, Jung JW. Long-term effects of intense pulsed light treatment on the ocular surface in patients with rosacea-associated meibomian gland dysfunction. Contact Lens Anterior Eye. 2018;41(5):430\u20135.","journal-title":"Contact Lens Anterior Eye"},{"issue":"14","key":"3417_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3645","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-54161-2","volume":"13","author":"J Jiang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jiang J, Yang X, Du F, Zheng W, Yang Y. Therapeutic effect of intense pulsed light on different types of chalazion in children. Sci Rep. 2024;13(14):3645.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"11","key":"3417_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3080","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11113080","volume":"11","author":"Z Zhai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhai Z, Jiang H, Wu Y, Yang P, Zhou S, Hong J. Safety and feasibility of low fluence intense pulsed light for treating pediatric patients with moderate-to-severe blepharitis. J Clin Med. 2022;11(11):3080.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"3417_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000000200","volume":"33","author":"S Bondalapati","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bondalapati S, Cabrera MT. Sub-tenon triamcinolone acetonide injections for topical medication intolerance in chronic blepharokeratoconjunctivitis. Cornea. 2014;33(9):999\u20131001.","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"issue":"3","key":"3417_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2022.0174","volume":"39","author":"SE Wilson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wilson SE. Topical losartan: practical guidance for clinical trials in the prevention and treatment of corneal scarring fibrosis and other eye diseases and disorders. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2023;39(3):191\u2013206.","journal-title":"J Ocul Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"3417_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108940","volume":"216","author":"LP Sampaio","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sampaio LP, Hilgert GSL, Shiju TM, Murillo SE, Santhiago MR, Wilson SE. Topical losartan inhibits corneal scarring fibrosis and collagen type\u00a0IV deposition after Descemet\u2019s membrane-endothelial excision in rabbits. Exp Eye Res. 2022;216:108940.","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"3417_CR128","volume":"16","author":"J Lima Barrientos","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lima Barrientos J, Rojas Huerta A, Perez Mendoza A, et al. The relationship between gut microbiome and ophthalmologic diseases: a comprehensive review. Cureus. 2024;16(8):e66808.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"2","key":"3417_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1080\/08164622.2024.2422479","volume":"108","author":"S Berzack","year":"2024","unstructured":"Berzack S, Galor A. Microbiome-based therapeutics for ocular diseases. Clin Exp Optom. 2024;108(2):115\u201322.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"3417_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"\u00c7ak\u0131r B, S\u00f6nmezo\u011flu BG, \u015eahin E\u00d6, K\u00f6ro\u011flu M, Aksoy N\u00d6. Evaluation of ocular surface microbiota in children with blepharoconjunctivitis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00417-025-06836-3.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-025-06836-3"},{"key":"3417_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.759333","volume":"11","author":"W Xue","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xue W, Li JJ, Zou Y, Zou B, Wei L. Microbiota and ocular diseases. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2021;11:759333.","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"3417_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4593","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-22119","volume":"58","author":"A Kugadas","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kugadas A, Wright Q, Geddes-McAlister J, Gadjeva M. Role of microbiota in strengthening ocular mucosal barrier function through secretory IgA. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2017;58(11):4593.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"3417_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5616","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-0588","volume":"48","author":"JE Graham","year":"2007","unstructured":"Graham JE, Moore JE, Jiru X, et al. Ocular pathogen or commensal: a PCR-based study of surface bacterial flora in normal and dry eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007;48(12):5616.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"3417_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e31802e3a54","volume":"26","author":"KE Donaldson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Donaldson KE, Karp CL, Dunbar MT. Evaluation and treatment of children with ocular rosacea. Cornea. 2007;26(1):42\u20136.","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"issue":"2","key":"3417_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.3928\/01913913-20100308-13","volume":"47","author":"N Mavrakanas","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mavrakanas N, Schutz JS, Dosso AA. Pediatric ocular rosacea. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2010;47(2):117\u201320.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"issue":"4","key":"3417_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.5301\/ejo.5000103","volume":"22","author":"AIM Miguel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Miguel AIM, Salgado MB, Lisboa MS, Henriques F, Paiva MC, Castela GPL. Pediatric ocular rosacea: 2 cases. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2012;22(4):664\u20136.","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3417_CR137","first-page":"65","volume":"13","author":"AM Gokhale","year":"1965","unstructured":"Gokhale AM, Limaye SR. Etiology of phlyctenulosis. J All India Ophthalmol Soc. 1965;13(2):65\u20137.","journal-title":"J All India Ophthalmol Soc"},{"issue":"2","key":"3417_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-5155(99)00185-9","volume":"44","author":"J Rohatgi","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rohatgi J. Phlyctenular eye disease a reappraisal. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2000;44(2):146\u201350.","journal-title":"Jpn J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"3417_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-620X.169884","volume":"8","author":"P Gautam","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gautam P, Shrestha G, Sharma A. Phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis among children in the tertiary eye hospital of Kathmandu, Nepal. Oman J Ophthalmol. 2015;8(3):147.","journal-title":"Oman J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"9","key":"3417_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.63.9.627","volume":"63","author":"MK Al-Hussaini","year":"1979","unstructured":"Al-Hussaini MK, Khalifa R, Al-Ansary AT, Hussain GH, Moustafa KM. Phlyctenular eye disease in association with Hymenolepis nana in Egypt. Br J Ophthalmol. 1979;63(9):627\u201331.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3417_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E014","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523817000219","volume":"35","author":"TK Hensch","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hensch TK, Quinlan EM. Critical periods in amblyopia. Vis Neurosci. 2018;35:E014.","journal-title":"Vis Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"3417_CR142","first-page":"229","volume":"39","author":"D Opa\u010di\u0107","year":"2015","unstructured":"Opa\u010di\u0107 D, Miljak S, \u0106uruvija-Opa\u010di\u0107 K. The level of improvement of visual acuity in high corneal astigmatism with rigid gas permeable contact lenses. Coll Antropol. 2015;39(1):229\u201332.","journal-title":"Coll Antropol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3417_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.4103\/sjopt.sjopt_268_21","volume":"37","author":"KH Noufal","year":"2023","unstructured":"Noufal KH, Babu SP. Short-term visual outcome with sclerocorneal contact lens on irregular cornea. Saudi J Ophthalmol. 2023;37(1):43\u20137.","journal-title":"Saudi J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3417_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000618","volume":"46","author":"\u00d6\u00d6 U\u00e7akhan","year":"2020","unstructured":"U\u00e7akhan \u00d6\u00d6, Ye\u015filta\u015f YS. Correction of irregular astigmatism with new-generation hybrid contact lenses. Eye Contact Lens. 2020;46(2):91\u20138.","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"issue":"4","key":"3417_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2015.05.010","volume":"19","author":"JL Sujuan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sujuan JL, Handa S, Perera C, Chia A. The psychological impact of eyedrops administration in children. J AAPOS. 2015;19(4):338\u201343.","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"issue":"1","key":"3417_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-021-01998-0","volume":"21","author":"K Koh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Koh K, Jun I, Kim TI, Kim EK, Seo KY. Long-term results of topical 0.02% tacrolimus ointment for refractory ocular surface inflammation in pediatric patients. BMC Ophthalmol. 2021;21(1):247.","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3417_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-023-06281-0","volume":"262","author":"F Valvecchia","year":"2024","unstructured":"Valvecchia F, Greco L, Perrone F, et al. Topical ivermectin ointment treatment of Demodex blepharitis: a 6-year retrospective study. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2024;262(4):1281\u20138.","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"7","key":"3417_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.85.7.842","volume":"85","author":"F Schaefer","year":"2001","unstructured":"Schaefer F, Bruttin O, Zografos L, Guex-Crosier Y. Bacterial keratitis: a prospective clinical and microbiological study. Br J Ophthalmol. 2001;85(7):842\u20137.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["Advances in Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12325-025-03417-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12325-025-03417-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12325-025-03417-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T11:03:00Z","timestamp":1769770980000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12325-025-03417-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]]},"references-count":148,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["3417"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12325-025-03417-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0741-238X","1865-8652"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0741-238X","type":"print"},{"value":"1865-8652","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Catherine Wang, Anne Zeng, Hajirah N Saeed, Ali R Djalilian, and Mehmet C Mocan have no relevant disclosures.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"This article is based on previously conducted studies and does not contain any new studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}}]}}