{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T08:10:34Z","timestamp":1789027834767,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Adv Ther"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-026-03772-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T06:43:55Z","timestamp":1789022635000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Brixadi for Stimulant Use Disorder: Evolving Pharmacologic Considerations and Clinical Implications"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"M. Farris","family":"Sawaya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Molly E.","family":"McNulty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Collin J. St.","family":"Germain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibraheem A.","family":"Hachem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meissy S.","family":"Calix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rhys M.","family":"Lormand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas J. E.","family":"McComb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdallah A. Abu","family":"Shehab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Wrightson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3140-357X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed I.","family":"Anwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cy J.","family":"Fontenot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan D.","family":"Kaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin S.","family":"Murnane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"3772_CR1","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2025). Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2024 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (HHS Publication No. PEP25-07-007, NSDUH Series H-60). Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/data\/data-we-collect\/nsduh-national-survey-drug-use-andhealth\/national-releases."},{"issue":"1","key":"3772_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anclin.2023.09.003","volume":"42","author":"W Song","year":"2024","unstructured":"Song W, Simona A, Zhang P, Bates DW, Urman RD. Stimulant drugs and stimulant use disorder. Anesthesiol Clin. 2024;42(1):103\u201315.","journal-title":"Anesthesiol Clin"},{"key":"3772_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425787","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5-TR","author":"Association AP","year":"2022","unstructured":"Association AP. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5-TR. 5 ed. American Psychiatric Association; 2022.","edition":"5 ed"},{"key":"3772_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/adm.0000000000001563","author":"J Truchan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Truchan J, Schepis TS, Pasman E, McCabe VV, McCabe SE. DSM-5 stimulant use disorder severity, stimulant craving, and other clinical characteristics based on stimulant type (cocaine, methamphetamine, nonmedical prescription stimulants, or polystimulants). J Addict Med. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/adm.0000000000001563.","journal-title":"J Addict Med"},{"issue":"32","key":"3772_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7432a1","volume":"74","author":"LJ Tanz","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tanz LJ, Miller KD, Dinwiddie AT, Gladden RM, Asher A, Baldwin G, et al. Drug Overdose Deaths Involving Stimulants - United States, January 2018\u2013June 2024. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2025;74(32):491\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm7432a1. (PMID: 40875496; PMCID: PMC12393691).","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"16","key":"3772_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.120.018370","volume":"10","author":"SD Dickson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dickson SD, Thomas IC, Bhatia HS, Nishimura M, Mahmud E, Tu XM, et al. Methamphetamine-associated heart failure hospitalizations across the United States: geographic and social disparities. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021;10(16):e018370.","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"7","key":"3772_CR7","volume":"14","author":"SX Zhao","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zhao SX, Deluna A, Kelsey K, Wang C, Swaminathan A, Staniec A, et al. Socioeconomic burden of rising methamphetamine-associated heart failure hospitalizations in California from 2008 to 2018. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2008;14(7):e007638.","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes"},{"key":"3772_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1038\/s44220-024-00282-6","volume":"2","author":"DG Xing","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xing DG, Mohiuddin F, Bhuiyan MS, Hossain MI, Al-Yafeai Z, Faisal ASM, et al. Prevalence and patterns of methamphetamine use and mental health disparity in the United States. Nat Ment Health. 2024;2:951\u20139.","journal-title":"Nat Ment Health"},{"key":"3772_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115524","volume":"329","author":"DG Xing","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xing DG, Horan T, Bhuiyan MS, Faisal ASM, Densmore K, Murnane KS, et al. Social-geographic disparities in suicidal ideations among methamphetamine users in the USA. Psychiatry Res. 2023;329:115524.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"3772_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacadv.2024.100840","volume":"3","author":"Z Al-Yafeai","year":"2024","unstructured":"Al-Yafeai Z, Ali S, Brown J, Venkataraj M, Bhuiyan MS, Mosa Faisal AS, et al. Cardiomyopathy-associated hospital admissions among methamphetamine users: geographical and social disparities. JACC Adv. 2024;3(7):100840.","journal-title":"JACC Adv"},{"issue":"4","key":"3772_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2025.01.002","volume":"3","author":"ZW Adams","year":"2025","unstructured":"Adams ZW, Dellucci TV, Agley J, Bixler K, Sullivan M, Hinckley JD, et al. Estimated prevalence of substance use disorders among US adolescents and emerging adults by substance class, severity, and age, 2022. JAACAP Open. 2025;3(4):959\u201371.","journal-title":"JAACAP Open"},{"issue":"7","key":"3772_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2025.2593572","volume":"61","author":"E Janssen","year":"2026","unstructured":"Janssen E, Vuolo M, V\u00e9ron S, Spilka S. Patterns and determinants of polystimulant use among patients seeking treatment for stimulant use disorders. Subst Use Misuse. 2026;61(7):1064\u201371.","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"issue":"5","key":"3772_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2024.2447437","volume":"60","author":"N Pocuca","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pocuca N, Campbell G, Ellem R, Newland G, Walter Z, Dignan J, et al. Three-month polysubstance use patterns among people enrolled in outpatient treatment for methamphetamine use. Subst Use Misuse. 2025;60(5):775\u201385.","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"issue":"8","key":"3772_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0105640","volume":"9","author":"S Levy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Levy S, Katusic SK, Colligan RC, Weaver AL, Killian JM, Voigt RG, et al. Childhood ADHD and risk for substance dependence in adulthood: a longitudinal, population-based study. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(8):e105640.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"9","key":"3772_CR15","volume":"52","author":"NJ LaBossier","year":"2022","unstructured":"LaBossier NJ, Hadland SE. Stimulant misuse among youth. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care. 2022;52(9):101265.","journal-title":"Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care"},{"key":"3772_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2021.113870","volume":"299","author":"S Tang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tang S, Jones CM, Wisdom A, Lin HC, Bacon S, Houry D. Adverse childhood experiences and stimulant use disorders among adults in the United States. Psychiatry Res. 2021;299:113870.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"3772_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2025.2864","volume":"83","author":"G Bushnell","year":"2026","unstructured":"Bushnell G, Keyes KM, Zhu Y, Cerd\u00e1 M, Gerhard T, Hasin D, et al. Stimulant use disorder diagnoses in adolescent and young adult medicaid enrollees. JAMA Psychiat. 2026;83(2):196\u2013201.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat"},{"issue":"3","key":"3772_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.13501","volume":"33","author":"RK McHugh","year":"2024","unstructured":"McHugh RK, Korte FM, Bichon JA, Weiss RD. Gender differences in the prevalence of stimulant misuse in the United States: 2015\u20132019. Am J Addict. 2024;33(3):283\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Addict"},{"issue":"5","key":"3772_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.4321","volume":"78","author":"B Han","year":"2021","unstructured":"Han B, Cotto J, Etz K, Einstein EB, Compton WM, Volkow ND. Methamphetamine overdose deaths in the US by sex and race and ethnicity. JAMA Psychiat. 2021;78(5):564\u20137.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat"},{"issue":"6","key":"3772_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00770","volume":"22","author":"P Sharma","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sharma P, Sawaya MF, Dumitrescu AM, Kolluru GK, Schmoutz CD, Salinas A, et al. Novel neurotherapeutic targets for substance use disorders: neuroplasticity, neuroinflammation, gasotransmitters and non-canonical organ systems. Neurotherapeutics. 2025;22(6):e00770.","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"issue":"7","key":"3772_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1038\/s41594-019-0253-7","volume":"26","author":"M Cheng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cheng M, Bahar I. Monoamine transporters: structure, intrinsic dynamics and allosteric regulation. Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2019;26(7):545\u201356.","journal-title":"Nat Struct Mol Biol"},{"issue":"5","key":"3772_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.201711980","volume":"150","author":"D Yaffe","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yaffe D, Forrest L, Schuldiner S. The ins and outs of vesicular monoamine transporters. J Gen Physiol. 2018;150(5):671\u201382.","journal-title":"J Gen Physiol"},{"key":"3772_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06926-4","author":"D Wu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wu D, Chen Q, Yu Z, Huang B, Zhao J, Wang Y, et al. Transport and inhibition mechanisms of human VMAT2. Nature. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-023-06926-4.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"4","key":"3772_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M116.762872","volume":"292","author":"C Sweeney","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sweeney C, Tremblay B, Stockner T, Sitte H, Melikian H. Dopamine transporter amino and carboxyl termini synergistically contribute to substrate and inhibitor affinities. J Biol Chem. 2017;292(4):1302\u20139.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"3772_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/164_2018_178","volume":"252","author":"MH Baumann","year":"2018","unstructured":"Baumann MH, Walters HM, Niello M, Sitte HH. Neuropharmacology of synthetic cathinones. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2018;252:113\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/164_2018_178. (PMID: 30406443; PMCID: PMC7257813).","journal-title":"Handb Exp Pharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"3772_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.201711915","volume":"150","author":"P Hasenhuetl","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hasenhuetl P, Bhat S, Mayer F, Sitte H, Freissmuth M, Sandtner W. A kinetic account for amphetamine-induced monoamine release. J Gen Physiol. 2018;150(3):431\u201351.","journal-title":"J Gen Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3772_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2012.02145.x","volume":"168","author":"L Simmler","year":"2013","unstructured":"Simmler L, Buser T, Donzelli M, Schramm Y, Dieu L, Huwyler J, et al. Pharmacological characterization of designer cathinones in vitro. Br J Pharmacol. 2013;168(2):458\u201370.","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3772_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2005.04.016","volume":"30","author":"R Pierce","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pierce R, Kumaresan V. The mesolimbic dopamine system: the final common pathway for the reinforcing effect of drugs of abuse? Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2006;30(2):215\u201338.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"3772_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2014.06.006","volume":"282","author":"J Walsh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Walsh J, Han M. The heterogeneity of ventral tegmental area neurons: projection functions in a mood-related context. Neuroscience. 2014;282:101\u20138.","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"14","key":"3772_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5274","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.14.5274","volume":"85","author":"G Di Chiara","year":"1988","unstructured":"Di Chiara G, Imperato A. Drugs abused by humans preferentially increase synaptic dopamine concentrations in the mesolimbic system of freely moving rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1988;85(14):5274\u20138.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"3772_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2015.07.044","volume":"764","author":"I dela Pena","year":"2015","unstructured":"dela Pena I, Gevorkiana R, Shi W. Psychostimulants affect dopamine transmission through both dopamine transporter-dependent and independent mechanisms. Eur J Pharmacol. 2015;764:562\u201370.","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3772_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)01038-6","volume":"49","author":"WC Drevets","year":"2001","unstructured":"Drevets WC, Gautier C, Price JC, Kupfer DJ, Kinahan PE, Grace AA, et al. Amphetamine-induced dopamine release in human ventral striatum correlates with euphoria. Biol Psychiatry. 2001;49(2):81\u201396.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"3772_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)35115-8","volume":"291","author":"ND Volkow","year":"1999","unstructured":"Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Fowler JS, Logan J, Gatley SJ, Wong C, et al. Reinforcing effects of psychostimulants in humans are associated with increases in brain dopamine and occupancy of D(2) receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999;291(1):409\u201315.","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"issue":"6","key":"3772_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.12686","volume":"129","author":"J Segura\u2010Aguilar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Segura\u2010Aguilar J, Paris I, Mu\u00f1oz P, Ferrari E, Zecca L, Zucca FA. Protective and toxic roles of dopamine in Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Neurochem. 2014;129(6):898\u2013915.","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"issue":"20","key":"3772_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6512","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201811122","volume":"58","author":"E Monzani","year":"2019","unstructured":"Monzani E, Nicolis S, Dell\u2019Acqua S, Capucciati A, Bacchella C, Zucca FA, et al. Dopamine, oxidative stress and protein\u2013quinone modifications in Parkinson\u2019s and other neurodegenerative diseases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2019;58(20):6512\u201327.","journal-title":"Angew Chem Int Ed Engl"},{"issue":"9","key":"3772_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5300","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.091039298","volume":"98","author":"I Sora","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sora I, Hall F, Andrews A, Itokawa M, Li X, Wei H, et al. Molecular mechanisms of cocaine reward: combined dopamine and serotonin transporter knockouts eliminate cocaine place preference. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2001;98(9):5300\u20135.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"1","key":"3772_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.10078","volume":"191","author":"M Hummel","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hummel M, Unterwald E. D1 dopamine receptor: a putative neurochemical and behavioral link to cocaine action. J Cell Physiol. 2002;191(1):17\u201327.","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"issue":"14","key":"3772_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.188950","volume":"117","author":"J McCord","year":"2008","unstructured":"McCord J, Jneid H, Hollander J, de Lemos J, Cercek B, Hsue P, et al. Management of cocaine-associated chest pain and myocardial infarction\u2014a scientific statement from the American heart association acute cardiac care committee of the council on clinical cardiology. Circulation. 2008;117(14):1897\u2013907.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"3","key":"3772_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2011.03.022","volume":"61","author":"L Kirby","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kirby L, Zeeb F, Winstanley C. Contributions of serotonin in addiction vulnerability. Neuropharmacology. 2011;61(3):421\u201332.","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"issue":"8010","key":"3772_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07290-7","volume":"629","author":"J Ye","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ye J, Chen H, Wang K, Wang Y, Ammerman A, Awasthi S, et al. Structural insights into vesicular monoamine storage and drug interactions. Nature. 2024;629(8010):235\u201343.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"5","key":"3772_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.0135","volume":"74","author":"A Ashok","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ashok A, Mizuno Y, Volkow N, Howes O. Association of stimulant use with dopaminergic alterations in users of cocaine, amphetamine, or methamphetamine a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiat. 2017;74(5):511\u20139.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat"},{"issue":"3","key":"3772_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2014.12.012","volume":"25","author":"A Rickli","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rickli A, Hoener M, Liechti M. Monoamine transporter and receptor interaction profiles of novel psychoactive substances: para-halogenated amphetamines and pyrovalerone cathinones. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2015;25(3):365\u201376.","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"3772_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2016.04.011","volume":"126","author":"RA Glennon","year":"2016","unstructured":"Glennon RA, Young R. Neurobiology of 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) and alpha-pyrrolidinovalerophenone (alpha-PVP). Brain Res Bull. 2016;126(Pt 1):111\u201326.","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"issue":"9","key":"3772_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4043","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.9b00284","volume":"10","author":"BJ Yadav-Samudrala","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yadav-Samudrala BJ, Eltit JM, Glennon RA. Synthetic cathinone analogues structurally related to the central stimulant methylphenidate as dopamine reuptake inhibitors. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2019;10(9):4043\u201350.","journal-title":"ACS Chem Neurosci"},{"key":"3772_CR45","unstructured":"Inc B. BRIXADI (buprenorphine) extended-release injection prescribing information [Internet]. 2026. https:\/\/www.brixadi.com\/pdfs\/brixadi-prescribing-information.pdf"},{"issue":"12","key":"3772_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.14782","volume":"30","author":"G D\u2019Onofrio","year":"2023","unstructured":"D\u2019Onofrio G, Perrone J, Hawk KF, Cowan E, McCormack R, Coupet E Jr, et al. Early emergency department experience with 7-day extended-release injectable buprenorphine for opioid use disorder. Acad Emerg Med. 2023;30(12):1264\u201371.","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"3772_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-023-01288-6","volume":"62","author":"M Bjornsson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bjornsson M, Acharya C, Strandgarden K, Tiberg F. Population pharmacokinetic analysis supports initiation treatment and bridging from sublingual buprenorphine to subcutaneous administration of a buprenorphine depot (CAM2038) in the treatment of opioid use disorder. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2023;62(10):1427\u201343.","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"issue":"4","key":"3772_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1080\/10550490902925862","volume":"18","author":"D Mysels","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mysels D, Sullivan MA. The kappa-opiate receptor impacts the pathophysiology and behavior of substance use. Am J Addict. 2009;18(4):272\u20136.","journal-title":"Am J Addict"},{"key":"3772_CR49","unstructured":"Kumar R, Viswanath O, Saadabadi A. Buprenorphine. [Updated 2024 Jun 8]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2026 Jan. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK459126\/."},{"key":"3772_CR50","first-page":"859","volume":"8","author":"IK Khanna","year":"2015","unstructured":"Khanna IK, Pillarisetti S. Buprenorphine\u2014an attractive opioid with underutilized potential in treatment of chronic pain. J Pain Res. 2015;8:859\u201370.","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"3772_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/164_2020_421","volume":"271","author":"PM Estave","year":"2015","unstructured":"Estave PM, Spodnick MB, Karkhanis AN. KOR control over addiction processing: an exploration of the mesolimbic dopamine pathway. Handbook Exp Pharmacol 2022;271:351\u2013377.\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/164_2020_421.","journal-title":"Handbook Exp Pharmacol"},{"issue":"8","key":"3772_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7049","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-017-0844-4","volume":"55","author":"I Bazov","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bazov I, Sarkisyan D, Kononenko O, Watanabe H, Yakovleva T, Hansson AC, Sommer WH, Spanagel R, Bakalkin G. Dynorphin and \u03ba-Opioid Receptor dysregulation in the dopaminergic reward system of human alcoholics. Molecular Neurobiol 2018;55(8):7049\u20137061. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12035-017-0844-4.","journal-title":"Molecular Neurobiol"},{"key":"3772_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2014.00170","volume":"5","author":"L Lalanne","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lalanne L, Ayranci G, Kieffer BL, Lutz PE. The kappa opioid receptor: from addiction to depression, and back. Front Psychiatry. 2014;5:170.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"3772_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X15666170504095823","volume":"15","author":"C Chaves","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chaves C, Remiao F, Cisternino S, Decleves X. Opioids and the blood-brain barrier: a dynamic interaction with Consequences on Drug Disposition in Brain. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2017;15(8):1156\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1570159X15666170504095823.","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"3772_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s40267-024-01055-y","volume":"40","author":"HA Blair","year":"2024","unstructured":"Blair HA. Buprenorphine extended-release injection (Brixadi\u00ae) in the management of opioid use disorder: a profile of its use in the USA. Drugs Ther Perspect. 2024;40:61\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40267-024-01055-y.","journal-title":"Drugs Ther Perspect"},{"issue":"1","key":"3772_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-019-00143-6","volume":"9","author":"J Gudin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gudin J, Fudin J. A narrative pharmacological review of buprenorphine: a unique opioid for the treatment of chronic pain. Pain Ther. 2020;9(1):41\u201354.","journal-title":"Pain Ther"},{"key":"3772_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52965\/001c.37517","author":"S Poliwoda","year":"2022","unstructured":"Poliwoda S, Noor N, Jenkins JS, Stark CW, Steib M, Hasoon J, et al. Buprenorphine and its formulations: a comprehensive review. Health Psychol Res. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.52965\/001c.37517.","journal-title":"Health Psychol Res"},{"key":"3772_CR58","unstructured":"Abuse NIoD. Methamphetamine. 2024. https:\/\/nida.nih.gov\/research-topics\/methamphetamine. Accessed 9 June 2026."},{"key":"3772_CR59","unstructured":"Administration FaD. Brixadi (buprenorphine) extended-release injection for subcutaneous use: prescribing information. 2023. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2023\/210136s000lbl.pdf?utm_s."},{"key":"3772_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.837671","volume":"13","author":"ML Dalefield","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dalefield ML, Scouller B, Bibi R, Kivell BM. The kappa opioid receptor: a promising therapeutic target for multiple pathologies. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:837671.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"11","key":"3772_CR61","first-page":"735","volume":"22","author":"S Page","year":"2019","unstructured":"Page S, Mavrikaki MM, Lintz T, Puttick D, Roberts E, Rosen H, et al. Behavioral pharmacology of novel kappa opioid receptor antagonists in rats. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2019;22(11):735\u201345.","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"3772_CR62","first-page":"17","volume-title":"Vitamins and hormones","author":"G Ferr\u00e9","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ferr\u00e9 G, Czaplicki G, Demange P, Milon A. Chapter two\u2014structure and dynamics of dynorphin peptide and its receptor. In: Litwack G, editor. Vitamins and hormones, vol. 111. Academic Press; 2019. p. 17\u201347."},{"issue":"10","key":"3772_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2012.05.005","volume":"35","author":"ER Butelman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Butelman ER, Yuferov V, Kreek MJ. \u03ba-opioid receptor\/dynorphin system: genetic and pharmacotherapeutic implications for addiction. Trends Neurosci. 2012;35(10):587\u201396.","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"3772_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-010-1825-8","volume":"210","author":"S Wee","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wee S, Koob GF. The role of the dynorphin-kappa opioid system in the reinforcing effects of drugs of abuse. Psychopharmacology. 2010;210(2):121\u201335.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"1","key":"3772_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-019-0512-7","volume":"45","author":"D Blevins","year":"2020","unstructured":"Blevins D, Martinez D. Role for kappa-opioid system in stress-induced cocaine use uncovered with PET. Neuropsychopharmacol Off Publ American Coll Neuropsychopharmacol. 2020;45(1):233\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41386-019-0512-7","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol Off Publ American Coll Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"3772_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2014.00170","volume":"5","author":"L Lalanne","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lalanne L, Ayranci G, Kieffe BL, Lutz PE. The kappa opioid receptor: from addiction to depression, and back. Front Psychiatry. 2014;5:170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2014.00170.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"3772_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4296","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1978-13.2015","volume":"35","author":"TW Whitfield","year":"2015","unstructured":"Whitfield TW, Schlosburg JE, Wee S, Gould A, George O, Grant Y, et al. \u03ba Opioid receptors in the nucleus accumbens shell mediate escalation of methamphetamine intake. J Neurosci. 2015;35(10):4296.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"3772_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-024-02128-y","volume":"85","author":"M Davis","year":"2025","unstructured":"Davis M. Buprenorphine pharmacodynamics: a bridge to understanding buprenorphine clinical benefits. Drugs. 2025;85(2):215\u201330.","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"issue":"9","key":"3772_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.13323","volume":"28","author":"YJ Cheng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cheng YJ, Deng YZ, Deng D, Wu MQ, Chai JR, Wang YJ, et al. Prelimbic cortex dynorphin\/\u03ba opioid receptor system modulates methamphetamine-induced cognitive impairment. Addict Biol. 2023;28(9):e13323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/adb.13323. (PMID: 37644896).","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"issue":"112518","key":"3772_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2024.112518","volume":"266","author":"ML Banks","year":"2025","unstructured":"Banks ML, Rice KC. Effects of the kappa-opioid receptor antagonist nor-binaltorphimine on methamphetamine-vs-food choice in male rhesus monkeys. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2025;266(112518):112518.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"1","key":"3772_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-017-2007-3","volume":"18","author":"J Ahmadi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ahmadi J, Razeghian Jahromi L. Comparing the effect of buprenorphine and methadone in the reduction of methamphetamine craving: a randomized clinical trial. Trials. 2017;18(1):259.","journal-title":"Trials"},{"issue":"1","key":"3772_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-020-00949-3","volume":"26","author":"WM Compton","year":"2021","unstructured":"Compton WM, Valentino RJ, DuPont RL. Polysubstance use in the U.S. opioid crisis. Mol Psychiatry. 2021;26(1):41\u201350.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"3772_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1080\/14659891.2024.2372093","volume":"30","author":"M Lee-Easton","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lee-Easton M, Magura S, Abu-Obaid R, Reed P, Allgaier B, Fish E, et al. Polysubstance use patterns among individuals applying for opioid use disorder treatment in the U.S. J Subst Use. 2025;30(4):568\u201375.","journal-title":"J Subst Use"},{"issue":"17","key":"3772_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6817a3","volume":"68","author":"M Kariisa","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kariisa M, Scholl L, Wilson N, Seth P, Hoots B. Drug overdose deaths involving cocaine and psychostimulants with abuse potential\u2014United States, 2003-2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2003;68(17):388\u201395.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"3772_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2025.308041","volume":"115","author":"SV Aronowitz","year":"2025","unstructured":"Aronowitz SV, Reed MK. The evolving overdose crisis: United States needs robust policy change to address the fourth wave. Am J Public Health. 2025;115(4):457\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"3772_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2024-070433","author":"C Buchholz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Buchholz C, Friedman JR, Williams AR, Lim JK, Glass M, Hadland SE. Polysubstance-involved opioid overdose deaths among US youths: 2020 to 2023. Pediatrics. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2024-070433.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"3772_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2019.305412","volume":"110","author":"TJ Cicero","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cicero TJ, Ellis MS, Kasper ZA. Polysubstance use: a broader understanding of substance use during the opioid crisis. Am J Public Health. 2020;110(2):244\u201350.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"3772_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00569","volume":"14","author":"EA Crummy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Crummy EA, O\u2019Neal TJ, Baskin BM, Ferguson SM. One is not enough: understanding and modeling polysubstance use. Front Neurosci. 2020;14:569.","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"issue":"8","key":"3772_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(16)00104-8","volume":"3","author":"GF Koob","year":"2016","unstructured":"Koob GF, Volkow ND. Neurobiology of addiction: a neurocircuitry analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2016;3(8):760\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2215-0366(16)00104-8.","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"3772_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.03.965","author":"PA Spagnolo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Spagnolo PA, Kimes A, Schwandt ML, Shokri-Kojori E, Thada S, Phillips KA, et al. Striatal dopamine release in response to morphine: a [11C]-raclopride positron emission tomography study in healthy men. Biol Psychiatry. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.03.965.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"3772_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.07.046","volume":"162","author":"N Volkow","year":"2015","unstructured":"Volkow N, Morales M. The brain on drugs: from reward to addiction. Cell. 2015;162(4):712\u201325.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"3772_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2026.108673","volume":"178","author":"EN Marino","year":"2026","unstructured":"Marino EN, Bone C, Perez MC, Robles RC, Potter JS. Stimulant use predicts high-risk substance use behaviors during medication treatment for opioid use disorder. Addict Behav. 2026;178:108673.","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"3772_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2019.10.005","volume":"109","author":"JI Tsui","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tsui JI, Mayfield J, Speaker EC, Yakup S, Ries R, Funai H, et al. Association between methamphetamine use and retention among patients with opioid use disorders treated with buprenorphine. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2020;109:80\u20135.","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"key":"3772_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2025.100330","author":"C Coles","year":"2025","unstructured":"Coles C, Batts C, Bae J, Le\u00f3n G, Schmidt A, McPherson SM, et al. Impact of recent stimulant use on treatment outcomes amongst individuals initiating medications for opioid use disorders: secondary analysis of a multisite randomized controlled trial. Drug Alcohol Depend Rep. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dadr.2025.100330.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend Rep"},{"key":"3772_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2022.108830","author":"AM Bunting","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bunting AM, Krawczyk N, Choo T-H, Pavlicova M, McNeely J, Tofighi B, et al. Polysubstance use before and during treatment with medication for opioid use disorder: prevalence and association with treatment outcomes. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsat.2022.108830.","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"issue":"2","key":"3772_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s40267-024-01055-y","volume":"40","author":"H Blair","year":"2024","unstructured":"Blair H. Buprenorphine extended-release injection (Brixadi\u00ae) in the management of opioid use disorder: a profile of its use in the USA. Drugs Ther Perspect. 2024;40(2):61\u201371.","journal-title":"Drugs Ther Perspect"},{"issue":"4","key":"3772_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.21m14112","volume":"83","author":"KY Xu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xu KY, Mintz CM, Presnall N, Bierut LJ, Grucza RA. Association of bupropion, naltrexone, and opioid agonist treatment with stimulant-related admissions among people with opioid use disorder: a case-crossover analysis. J Clin Psychiatry. 2022;83(4):61\u201371.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry."},{"key":"3772_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.835816","volume":"13","author":"JC Strickland","year":"2022","unstructured":"Strickland JC, Gipson CD, Dunn KE. Dopamine supersensitivity: a novel hypothesis of opioid-induced neurobiological mechanisms underlying opioid-stimulant co-use and opioid relapse. Front Psychiatry. 2022;13:835816.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"3772_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2018.1052","volume":"178","author":"MR Lofwall","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lofwall MR, Walsh SL, Nunes EV, Bailey GL, Sigmon SC, Kampman KM, et al. Weekly and monthly subcutaneous buprenorphine depot formulations vs daily sublingual buprenorphine with naloxone for treatment of opioid use disorder: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2018;178(6):764\u201373.","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"3772_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j1550","volume":"357","author":"L Sordo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sordo L, Barrio G, Bravo MJ, Indave BI, Degenhardt L, Wiessing L, Ferri M, Pastor-Barriuso R. Mortality risk during and after opioid substitution treatment: systematic review and meta-analysis of cohortstudies. BMJ. 2017;357: j1550. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.j1550.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"3772_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.7326\/M17-3107","volume":"169","author":"MR Larochelle","year":"2018","unstructured":"Larochelle MR, Bernson D, Land T, Stopka TJ, Wang N, Xuan Z, et al. Medication for opioid use disorder after nonfatal opioid overdose and association with mortality: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2018;169(3):137\u201345.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"3772_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.20622","volume":"3","author":"SE Wakeman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wakeman SE, Larochelle MR, Ameli O, Chaisson CE, McPheeters JT, Crown WH, et al. Comparative effectiveness of different treatment pathways for opioid use disorder. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(2):e1920622.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"12","key":"3772_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002715","volume":"15","author":"F De Crescenzo","year":"2018","unstructured":"De Crescenzo F, Ciabattini M, D\u2019Al\u00f2 GL, De Giorgi R, Del Giovane C, Cassar C, et al. Comparative efficacy and acceptability of psychosocial interventions for individuals with cocaine and amphetamine addiction: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2018;15(12):e1002715.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"3772_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1977.tb07532.x","volume":"60","author":"A Cowan","year":"1977","unstructured":"Cowan A, Lewis JW, Macfarlane IR. Agonist and antagonist properties of buprenorphine, a new antinociceptive agent. Br J Pharmacol. 1977;60(4):537\u201345.","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"3772_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/adar.2022.10254","author":"AB Namchuk","year":"2022","unstructured":"Namchuk AB, Lucki I, Browne CA. Buprenorphine as a treatment for major depression and opioid use disorder. Adv Drug Alcohol Res. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/adar.2022.10254.","journal-title":"Adv Drug Alcohol Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"3772_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.12740\/PP\/102658","volume":"54","author":"B Stefanowski","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stefanowski B, Antosik-W\u00f3jci\u0144ska A, \u015awi\u0119cicki \u0141. The use of buprenorphine in the treatment of drug-resistant depression\u2014an overview of the studies. Psychiatr Pol. 2020;54(2):199\u2013207.","journal-title":"Psychiatr Pol"},{"key":"3772_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19082410","author":"G Serafini","year":"2018","unstructured":"Serafini G, Adavastro G, Canepa G, De Berardis D, Valchera A, Pompili M, et al. The efficacy of buprenorphine in major depression, treatment-resistant depression and suicidal behavior: a systematic review. Int J Mol Sci. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms19082410.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"3772_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0b013e31818638a4","volume":"28","author":"PW Nyhuis","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nyhuis PW, Gastpar M, Scherbaum N. Opiate treatment in depression refractory to antidepressants and electroconvulsive therapy. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2008;28(5):593\u20135.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"9","key":"3772_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2344","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2016.38","volume":"41","author":"E Falcon","year":"2016","unstructured":"Falcon E, Browne CA, Leon RM, Fleites VC, Sweeney R, Kirby LG, et al. Antidepressant-like effects of buprenorphine are mediated by kappa opioid receptors. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2016;41(9):2344\u201351.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"3","key":"3772_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)11427-4","volume":"260","author":"NK Mello","year":"1992","unstructured":"Mello NK, Lukas SE, Kamien JB, Mendelson JH, Drieze J, Cone EJ. The effects of chronic buprenorphine treatment on cocaine and food self-administration by rhesus monkeys. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1992;260(3):1185\u201393.","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"3772_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-006-0485-1","volume":"188","author":"RE Sorge","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sorge RE, Stewart J. The effects of chronic buprenorphine on intake of heroin and cocaine in rats and its effects on nucleus accumbens dopamine levels during self-administration. Psychopharmacology. 2006;188(1):28\u201341.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"3","key":"3772_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)39443-7","volume":"267","author":"SD Comer","year":"1993","unstructured":"Comer SD, Lac ST, Curtis LK, Carroll ME. Effects of buprenorphine and naltrexone on reinstatement of cocaine-reinforced responding in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1993;267(3):1470\u20137.","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"3772_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clpt.2003.09.004","volume":"75","author":"ID Montoya","year":"2004","unstructured":"Montoya ID, Gorelick DA, Preston KL, Schroeder JR, Umbricht A, Cheskin LJ, et al. Randomized trial of buprenorphine for treatment of concurrent opiate and cocaine dependence. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2004;75(1):34\u201348.","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"146","key":"3772_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3003948","volume":"4","author":"S Wee","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wee S, Vendruscolo LF, Misra KK, Schlosburg JE, Koob GF. A combination of buprenorphine and naltrexone blocks compulsive cocaine intake in rodents without producing dependence. Sci Transl Med. 2012;4(146):146ra10.","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"3772_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2012.11.002","volume":"34","author":"LJ Mooney","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mooney LJ, Nielsen S, Saxon A, Hillhouse M, Thomas C, Hasson A, et al. Cocaine use reduction with buprenorphine (CURB): rationale, design, and methodology. Contemp Clin Trials. 2013;34(2):196\u2013204.","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Trials"},{"issue":"8","key":"3772_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13375","volume":"111","author":"W Ling","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ling W, Hillhouse MP, Saxon AJ, Mooney LJ, Thomas CM, Ang A, et al. Buprenorphine\u00a0+\u00a0naloxone plus naltrexone for the treatment of cocaine dependence: the Cocaine Use Reduction with Buprenorphine (CURB) study. Addiction. 2016;111(8):1416\u201327.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"3772_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romero DV, Partilla JS, Zheng QX, Heyliger SO, Ni Q, Rice KC, et al. Opioid peptide receptor studies. 12. Buprenorphine is a potent and selective mu\/kappa antagonist in the [35S]-GTP-gamma-S functional binding assay. Synapse. 1999;34(2):83\u201394.","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2396(199911)34:2<83::AID-SYN1>3.0.CO;2-S"},{"key":"3772_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2019.100182","volume":"11","author":"SA Robinson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Robinson SA, Hill-Smith TE, Lucki I. Buprenorphine prevents stress-induced blunting of nucleus accumbens dopamine response and approach behavior to food reward in mice. Neurobiol Stress. 2019;11:100182.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Stress"},{"key":"3772_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.983595","volume":"13","author":"F Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang F, Shen W, Cai Y, Zhang X, Du H, Lai M, et al. Buprenorphine reduces methamphetamine intake and drug seeking behavior via activating nociceptin\/orphanin FQ peptide receptor in rats. Front Psychiatry. 2022;13:983595.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"3772_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159043359477","volume":"2","author":"K Lutfy","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lutfy K, Cowan A. Buprenorphine: a unique drug with complex pharmacology. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2004;2(4):395\u2013402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1570159043359477.","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol."},{"issue":"7","key":"3772_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200544070-00001","volume":"44","author":"A Elkader","year":"2005","unstructured":"Elkader A, Sproule B. Buprenorphine: clinical pharmacokinetics in the treatment of opioid dependence. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2005;44(7):661\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2165\/00003088-200544070-00001.","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet."},{"issue":"4","key":"3772_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsr1706626","volume":"377","author":"ND Volkow","year":"2017","unstructured":"Volkow ND, Collins FS. The role of science in addressing the opioid crisis. New Engl J Med. 2017;377(4):391\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMsr1706626.","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"3772_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002207.pub4","volume":"2014","author":"RP Mattick","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mattick RP, Breen C, Kimber J, Davoli M. Buprenorphine maintenance versus placebo or methadone maintenance for opioid dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;2014(2):2207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD002207.pub4.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"issue":"12","key":"3772_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1080\/17581869.2025.2555164","volume":"15","author":"N Lintzeris","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lintzeris N, Dunlop AJ. Buvidal\/Brixadi - a long-acting injectable buprenorphine formulation for the treatment of opioid dependence. Pain Manag. 2025;15(12):897\u2013910. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17581869.2025.2555164.","journal-title":"Pain Manag."},{"issue":"2","key":"3772_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2007.06.011","volume":"116","author":"TS Shippenberg","year":"2007","unstructured":"Shippenberg TS, Zapata A, Chefer VI. Dynorphin and the pathophysiology of drug addiction. Pharmacol Ther. 2007;116(2):306\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2007.06.011.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther."},{"issue":"32","key":"3772_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7432a1","volume":"74","author":"LJ Tanz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tanz LJ, Miller KD, Dinwiddie AT, Gladden RM, Asher A, Baldwin G, et al. Drug overdose deaths involving stimulants\u2014United States, January 2018\u2013June 2024. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018;74(32):491\u20139.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"10","key":"3772_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaax9140","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aax9140","volume":"5","author":"MJ Kreek","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kreek MJ, Reed B, Butelman ER. Current status of opioid addiction treatment and related preclinical research. Sci Adv. 2019;5(10):eaax9140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.aax9140.","journal-title":"Sci Adv."}],"container-title":["Advances in Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12325-026-03772-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12325-026-03772-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12325-026-03772-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T08:05:26Z","timestamp":1789027526000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12325-026-03772-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"references-count":117,"alternative-id":["3772"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12325-026-03772-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0741-238X","1865-8652"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0741-238X","type":"print"},{"value":"1865-8652","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 June 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"M. Farris Sawaya, Molly E. McNulty, Collin J. St. Germain, Ibraheem A. Hachem, Meissy S. Calix, Rhys M. Lormand, Nicholas J.E. McComb, Abdallah A. Abu Shehab, James Wrightson, Ahmed I. Anwar, Cy J. Fontenot, and Kevin S. Murnane have nothing to disclose. Alan D. Kaye also has nothing to disclose and is a Editorial Board member of\n                      Advances in Therapy\n                      . Alan D. Kaye was not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for this manuscript nor any of the subsequent editorial decisions.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of Interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This article is based on previously conducted studies and does not contain any new studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics Approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}