{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T22:45:34Z","timestamp":1790808334442,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]],"date-time":"2019-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551398400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ADHD Atten Def Hyp Disord"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12402-018-0257-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,29]],"date-time":"2019-03-29T11:03:02Z","timestamp":1553857382000},"page":"47-58","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Reaction time variability and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: is increased reaction time variability specific to attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder? Testing predictions from the default-mode interference hypothesis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Giovanni A.","family":"Salum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o R.","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arthur G.","family":"Manfro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro M.","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ary","family":"Gadelha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria C.","family":"do Ros\u00e1rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guilherme V.","family":"Polanczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco X.","family":"Castellanos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edmund","family":"Sonuga-Barke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis A.","family":"Rohde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"257_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054712439419","author":"N Adamo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Adamo N, Di Martino A, Esu L, Petkova E, Johnson K, Kelly S, Zuddas A (2012) Increased response-time variability across different cognitive tasks in children with ADHD. J Atten Disord. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1087054712439419","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"257_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-013-0428-4","volume":"23","author":"N Adamo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Adamo N, Huo L, Adelsberg S, Petkova E, Castellanos FX, Di Martino A (2014) Response time intra-subject variability: commonalities between children with autism spectrum disorders and children with ADHD. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatr 23(2):69\u201379. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-013-0428-4","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"257_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2012.02.020","volume":"51","author":"A Angold","year":"2012","unstructured":"Angold A, Erkanli A, Copeland W, Goodman R, Fisher PW, Costello EJ (2012) Psychiatric diagnostic interviews for children and adolescents: a comparative study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 51(5):506\u2013517. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2012.02.020","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"257_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.6.1083","volume":"162","author":"J Biederman","year":"2005","unstructured":"Biederman J, Kwon A, Aleardi M, Chouinard VA, Marino T, Cole H, Faraone SV (2005) Absence of gender effects on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: findings in nonreferred subjects. Am J Psychiatry 162(6):1083\u20131089. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.6.1083","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"257_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2014.01.007","volume":"24","author":"TI Bron","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bron TI, Bijlenga D, Boonstra AM, Breuk M, Pardoen WFH, Beekman ATF, Kooij JJS (2014) OROS-methylphenidate efficacy on specific executive functioning deficits in adults with ADHD: a randomized, placebo-controlled cross-over study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 24(4):519\u2013528. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2014.01.007","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"257_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.09.002","volume":"33","author":"SJ Broyd","year":"2009","unstructured":"Broyd SJ, Demanuele C, Debener S, Helps SK, James CJ, Sonuga-Barke EJ (2009) Default-mode brain dysfunction in mental disorders: a systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 33(3):279\u2013296. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.09.002","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"5679","key":"257_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1926","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1099745","volume":"304","author":"G Buzsaki","year":"2004","unstructured":"Buzsaki G, Draguhn A (2004) Neuronal oscillations in cortical networks. Science 304(5679):1926\u20131929. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1099745","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"8","key":"257_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn896","volume":"3","author":"FX Castellanos","year":"2002","unstructured":"Castellanos FX, Tannock R (2002) Neuroscience of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: the search for endophenotypes. Nat Rev Neurosci 3(8):617\u2013628. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrn896","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"11","key":"257_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.12.005","volume":"57","author":"FX Castellanos","year":"2005","unstructured":"Castellanos FX, Sonuga-Barke EJ, Scheres A, Di Martino A, Hyde C, Walters JR (2005) Varieties of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder-related intra-individual variability. Biol Psychiatry 57(11):1416\u20131423. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.12.005","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"257_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.03.008","volume":"64","author":"A Martino Di","year":"2008","unstructured":"Di Martino A, Ghaffari M, Curchack J, Reiss P, Hyde C, Vannucci M, Castellanos FX (2008) Decomposing intra-subject variability in children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry 64(7):607\u2013614. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.03.008","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"257_CR11","unstructured":"Figueiredo VLM (2001) Uma adapta\u00e7\u00e3o brasileira do teste de intelig\u00eancia WISC-III. Curso de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Psicologia, Instituto de Psicologia\u2014Universidade de Bras\u00edlia. Bras\u00edlia, DF"},{"issue":"4","key":"257_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2008.02017.x","volume":"50","author":"D Foreman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Foreman D, Morton S, Ford T (2009) Exploring the clinical utility of the development and well-being assessment (DAWBA) in the detection of hyperkinetic disorders and associated diagnoses in clinical practice. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 50(4):460\u2013470. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2008.02017.x","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"39","key":"257_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15531","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0704380104","volume":"104","author":"P Fransson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fransson P, Skiold B, Horsch S, Nordell A, Blennow M, Lagercrantz H, Aden U (2007) Resting-state networks in the infant brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104(39):15531\u201315536. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0704380104","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"4","key":"257_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1080\/08990220500420236","volume":"22","author":"GA Gescheider","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gescheider GA, Guclu B, Sexton JL, Karalunas S, Fontana A (2005) Spatial summation in the tactile sensory system: probability summation and neural integration. Somatosens Mot Res 22(4):255\u2013268. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08990220500420236","journal-title":"Somatosens Mot Res"},{"issue":"13","key":"257_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2008.06.013","volume":"46","author":"HM Geurts","year":"2008","unstructured":"Geurts HM, Grasman RP, Verte S, Oosterlaan J, Roeyers H, van Kammen SM, Sergeant JA (2008) Intra-individual variability in ADHD, autism spectrum disorders and Tourette\u2019s syndrome. Neuropsychologia 46(13):3030\u20133041. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2008.06.013","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"8","key":"257_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1551-6709.2009.01060.x","volume":"33","author":"DL Gilden","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gilden DL (2009) Global model analysis of cognitive variability. Cogn Sci 33(8):1441\u20131467. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1551-6709.2009.01060.x","journal-title":"Cogn Sci"},{"issue":"5205","key":"257_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7892611","volume":"267","author":"DL Gilden","year":"1995","unstructured":"Gilden DL, Thornton T, Mallon MW (1995) 1\/f noise in human cognition. Science 267(5205):1837\u20131839","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"257_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"I80","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-004-1008-4","volume":"13","author":"C Gillberg","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gillberg C, Gillberg IC, Rasmussen P, Kadesjo B, Soderstrom H, Rastam M, Niklasson L (2004) Co-existing disorders in ADHD\u2014implications for diagnosis and intervention. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 13(Suppl 1):I80\u2013I92. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-004-1008-4","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"257_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2000.tb02345.x","volume":"41","author":"R Goodman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Goodman R, Ford T, Richards H, Gatward R, Meltzer H (2000) The development and well-being assessment: description and initial validation of an integrated assessment of child and adolescent psychopathology. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 41(5):645\u2013655","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"257_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-010-0219-x","volume":"46","author":"A Goodman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Goodman A, Heiervang E, Collishaw S, Goodman R (2011) The \u2018DAWBA bands\u2019 as an ordered-categorical measure of child mental health: description and validation in British and Norwegian samples. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 46(6):521\u2013532. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00127-010-0219-x","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"257_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024479","volume":"25","author":"SK Helps","year":"2011","unstructured":"Helps SK, Broyd SJ, Bitsakou P, Sonuga-Barke EJ (2011) Identifying a distinctive familial frequency band in reaction time fluctuations in ADHD. Neuropsychology 25(6):711\u2013719. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0024479","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"257_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1080\/09297040500499081","volume":"12","author":"AS Hervey","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hervey AS, Epstein JN, Curry JF, Tonev S, Eugene Arnold L, Keith Conners C, Hechtman L (2006) Reaction time distribution analysis of neuropsychological performance in an ADHD sample. Child Neuropsychol 12(2):125\u2013140. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09297040500499081","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"257_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2005.00444.x","volume":"8","author":"AM Hogan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hogan AM, Vargha-Khadem F, Kirkham FJ, Baldeweg T (2005) Maturation of action monitoring from adolescence to adulthood: an ERP study. Dev Sci 8(6):525\u2013534. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2005.00444.x","journal-title":"Dev Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"257_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027205","volume":"121","author":"CL Huang-Pollock","year":"2012","unstructured":"Huang-Pollock CL, Karalunas SL, Tam H, Moore AN (2012) Evaluating vigilance deficits in ADHD: a meta-analysis of CPT performance. J Abnorm Psychol 121(2):360\u2013371. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0027205","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"257_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2006.03.034","volume":"45","author":"KA Johnson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Johnson KA, Kelly SP, Bellgrove MA, Barry E, Cox M, Gill M, Robertson IH (2007) Response variability in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: evidence for neuropsychological heterogeneity. Neuropsychologia 45(4):630\u2013638. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2006.03.034","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"5","key":"257_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2008.01.002","volume":"46","author":"KA Johnson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Johnson KA, Barry E, Bellgrove MA, Cox M, Kelly SP, Daibhis A, Gill M (2008) Dissociation in response to methylphenidate on response variability in a group of medication naive children with ADHD. Neuropsychologia 46(5):1532\u20131541. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2008.01.002","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"257_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2012.105","author":"S Kapur","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kapur S, Phillips AG, Insel TR (2012) Why has it taken so long for biological psychiatry to develop clinical tests and what to do about it? Mol Psychiatry. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/mp.2012.105","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"257_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029936","volume":"26","author":"SL Karalunas","year":"2012","unstructured":"Karalunas SL, Huang-Pollock CL, Nigg JT (2012a) Decomposing attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-related effects in response speed and variability. Neuropsychology 26(6):684\u2013694. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0029936","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"257_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12028","author":"SL Karalunas","year":"2012","unstructured":"Karalunas SL, Huang-Pollock CL, Nigg JT (2012b) Is reaction time variability in ADHD mainly at low frequencies? J Child Psychol Psychiatry. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpp.12028","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"257_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12217","volume":"55","author":"SL Karalunas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Karalunas SL, Geurts HM, Konrad K, Bender S, Nigg JT (2014) Annual research review: reaction time variability in ADHD and autism spectrum disorders: measurement and mechanisms of a proposed trans-diagnostic phenotype. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 55(6):685\u2013710. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpp.12217","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"257_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.10.031","volume":"215","author":"T Karantinos","year":"2014","unstructured":"Karantinos T, Tsoukas E, Mantas A, Kattoulas E, Stefanis NC, Evdokimidis I, Smyrnis N (2014) Increased intra-subject reaction time variability in the volitional control of movement in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 215(1):26\u201332. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.10.031","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"257_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.6.617","volume":"62","author":"RC Kessler","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kessler RC, Chiu WT, Demler O, Merikangas KR, Walters EE (2005) Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62(6):617\u2013627. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archpsyc.62.6.617","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"257_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.04.003","volume":"60","author":"C Klein","year":"2006","unstructured":"Klein C, Wendling K, Huettner P, Ruder H, Peper M (2006) Intra-subject variability in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry 60(10):1088\u20131097. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.04.003","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"257_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2013.06.001","volume":"33","author":"MJ Kofler","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kofler MJ, Rapport MD, Sarver DE, Raiker JS, Orban SA, Friedman LM, Kolomeyer EG (2013) Reaction time variability in ADHD: a meta-analytic review of 319 studies. Clin Psychol Rev 33(6):795\u2013811. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2013.06.001","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"257_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000050","volume":"28","author":"MJ Kofler","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kofler MJ, Alderson RM, Raiker JS, Bolden J, Sarver DE, Rapport MD (2014) Working memory and intraindividual variability as neurocognitive indicators in ADHD: examining competing model predictions. Neuropsychology 28(3):459\u2013471. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/neu0000050","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"9","key":"257_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2010.21564","volume":"23","author":"S Kuhn","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kuhn S, Schmiedek F, Schott B, Ratcliff R, Heinze HJ, Duzel E, Lovden M (2011) Brain areas consistently linked to individual differences in perceptual decision-making in younger as well as older adults before and after training. J Cogn Neurosci 23(9):2147\u20132158. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/jocn.2010.21564","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"257_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2011_145","volume":"9","author":"J Kuntsi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kuntsi J, Klein C (2012) Intraindividual variability in ADHD and its implications for research of causal links. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 9:67\u201391. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/7854_2011_145","journal-title":"Curr Top Behav Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"257_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(00)00019-6","volume":"104","author":"C Leth-Steensen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Leth-Steensen C, Elbaz ZK, Douglas VI (2000) Mean response times, variability, and skew in the responding of ADHD children: a response time distributional approach. Acta Psychol (Amst) 104(2):167\u2013190","journal-title":"Acta Psychol (Amst)"},{"issue":"3","key":"257_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-005-0514-3","volume":"15","author":"K Maniadaki","year":"2006","unstructured":"Maniadaki K, Sonuga-Barke E, Kakouros E (2006) Adults\u2019 self-efficacy beliefs and referral attitudes for boys and girls with AD\/HD. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 15(3):132\u2013140. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-005-0514-3","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"257_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000205","volume":"126","author":"MM Martel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Martel MM, Pan PM, Hoffmann MS, Gadelha A, do Ros\u00e1rio MC, Mari JJ, Manfro GG, Miguel EC, Paus T, Bressan RA, Rohde LA, Salum GA,  (2017) A general psychopathology factor (P factor) in children: Structural model analysis and external validation through familial risk and child global executive function. J Abnorm Psychol 126(1):137\u2013148. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/abn0000205","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"257_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031533","volume":"27","author":"B Metin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Metin B, Roeyers H, Wiersema JR, van der Meere JJ, Thompson M, Sonuga-Barke E (2013) ADHD performance reflects inefficient but not impulsive information processing: a diffusion model analysis. Neuropsychology 27(2):193\u2013200. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0031533","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"257_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2010.12.003","volume":"50","author":"BJ Nagel","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nagel BJ, Bathula D, Herting M, Schmitt C, Kroenke CD, Fair D, Nigg JT (2011) Altered white matter microstructure in children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 50(3):283\u2013292. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2010.12.003","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"257_CR42","first-page":"145","volume":"2","author":"M Penttonen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Penttonen M, Buzs\u00e1ki G (2003) Natural logarithmic relationship between brain oscillators. Thal Relat Syst 2:145\u2013152","journal-title":"Thal Relat Syst"},{"issue":"11","key":"257_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2011.04.034","volume":"21","author":"MG Philiastides","year":"2011","unstructured":"Philiastides MG, Auksztulewicz R, Heekeren HR, Blankenburg F (2011) Causal role of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in human perceptual decision making. Curr Biol 21(11):980\u2013983. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2011.04.034","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"257_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1017\/s0140525x05000075","volume":"28","author":"T Sagvolden","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sagvolden T, Johansen EB, Aase H, Russell VA (2005) A dynamic developmental theory of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) predominantly hyperactive\/impulsive and combined subtypes. Behav Brain Sci 28(3):397\u2013419. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0140525x05000075\n                    \n                  \n                           (discussion 419\u2013368)","journal-title":"Behav Brain Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"257_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291713000639","volume":"44","author":"GA Salum","year":"2014","unstructured":"Salum GA, Sergeant J, Sonuga-Barke E, Vandekerckhove J, Gadelha A, Pan PM, Rohde LA (2014a) Specificity of basic information processing and inhibitory control in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychol Med 44(3):617\u2013631. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291713000639","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"15","key":"257_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3189","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291714000919","volume":"44","author":"GA Salum","year":"2014","unstructured":"Salum GA, Sonuga-Barke E, Sergeant J, Vandekerckhove J, Gadelha A, Moriyama TS, Rohde LA (2014b) Mechanisms underpinning inattention and hyperactivity: neurocognitive support for ADHD dimensionality. Psychol Med 44(15):3189\u20133201. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291714000919","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"257_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.1459","volume":"24","author":"GA Salum","year":"2015","unstructured":"Salum GA, Gadelha A, Pan PM, Moriyama TS, Graeff-Martins AS, Tamanaha AC, Rohde LA (2015) High risk cohort study for psychiatric disorders in childhood: rationale, design, methods and preliminary results. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 24(1):58\u201373. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mpr.1459","journal-title":"Int J Methods Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"257_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2011.02444.x","volume":"52","author":"EJ Sonuga-Barke","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sonuga-Barke EJ (2011) Editorial: ADHD as a reinforcement disorder\u2014moving from general effects to identifying (six) specific models to test. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 52(9):917\u2013918. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2011.02444.x","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"257_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2007.02.005","volume":"31","author":"EJ Sonuga-Barke","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sonuga-Barke EJ, Castellanos FX (2007) Spontaneous attentional fluctuations in impaired states and pathological conditions: a neurobiological hypothesis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 31(7):977\u2013986. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2007.02.005","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"257_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1037\/h0024963","volume":"31","author":"A Tellegen","year":"1967","unstructured":"Tellegen A, Briggs PF (1967) Old wine in new skins: grouping Wechsler subtests into new scales. J Consult Psychol 31(5):499\u2013506","journal-title":"J Consult Psychol"},{"issue":"12","key":"257_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12608","volume":"57","author":"Charlotte Tye","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tye Charlotte, Johnson Katherine A, Kelly Simon P, Asherson Philip, Kuntsi Jonna, Ashwood Karen L, Azadi Bahare, Bolton Patrick, McLoughlin Gr\u00e1inne (2016) Response time variability under slow and fast-incentive conditions in children with ASD, ADHD and ASD\u2009+\u2009ADHD. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 57(12):1414\u20131423. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpp.12608","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"257_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12417","author":"J Belle van","year":"2015","unstructured":"van Belle J, van Hulst BM, Durston S (2015a) Developmental differences in intra-individual variability in children with ADHD and ASD. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpp.12417","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"257_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2014.11.014","volume":"7","author":"J Belle van","year":"2015","unstructured":"van Belle J, van Raalten T, Bos DJ, Zandbelt BB, Oranje B, Durston S (2015b) Capturing the dynamics of response variability in the brain in ADHD. Neuroimage Clin 7:132\u2013141. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nicl.2014.11.014","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"key":"257_CR54","volume-title":"WISC-III: Escala de Intelig\u00eancia Wechsler para Crian\u00e7as: Manual","author":"D Wechsler","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wechsler D (2002) WISC-III: Escala de Intelig\u00eancia Wechsler para Crian\u00e7as: Manual, vol 3a. Casa do Psic\u00f3logo, S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"issue":"7","key":"257_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.57.7.675","volume":"57","author":"MM Weissman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Weissman MM, Wickramaratne P, Adams P, Wolk S, Verdeli H, Olfson M (2000) Brief screening for family psychiatric history: the family history screen. Arch Gen Psychiatry 57(7):675\u2013682","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"257_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1080\/13803390600678020","volume":"29","author":"BR Williams","year":"2007","unstructured":"Williams BR, Strauss EH, Hultsch DF, Hunter MA, Tannock R (2007) Reaction time performance in adolescents with attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: evidence of inconsistency in the fast and slow portions of the RT distribution. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 29(3):277\u2013289. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13803390600678020","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol"}],"container-title":["ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12402-018-0257-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12402-018-0257-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12402-018-0257-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,28]],"date-time":"2020-03-28T00:15:43Z","timestamp":1585354543000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12402-018-0257-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]}},"alternative-id":["257"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12402-018-0257-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1866-6116","1866-6647"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1866-6116","type":"print"},{"value":"1866-6647","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 December 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 June 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 March 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"Giovanni Abrah\u00e3o Salum receives support from a FAPERGS\/CAPES postdoctoral fellowship. Jo\u00e3o Ricardo Sato has no conflicts of interest to declare. Arthur Gus Manfro declares no possible conflicts of interest. Ary Gadelha receives continuing medical education support from Astra Zeneca, Eli-Lilly and Janssen-Cilag. Pedro Pan receives research support from CNPq and CAPES and continuing medical education support from Astra Zeneca, Eli-Lilly and Janssen-Cilag. Maria Concei\u00e7\u00e3o do Ros\u00e1rio receives research support from Brazilian government institutions (CNPq) and has worked in the last 5\u00a0years as a speaker for Novartis and Shire. Guilherme Vanoni Polanczyk has served as a speaker or consultant to Eli-Lilly, Novartis and Shire Pharmaceuticals, developed educational material for Janssen-Cilag and received unrestricted research support from Novartis and from the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq, Brazil). Francisco Xavier Castellanos declares no potential conflicts of interest. Edmund Sonuga-Barke is a member of advisory boards to Shire, Flynn Pharma, UCB Pharma, AstraZeneca. He has served as speaker and consultant for Shire and UCB Pharma. ESB receives current\/recent research support from Janssen-Cilag, Shire, Qbtech and Flynn Pharma. ESB received conference support from Shire. Luis Augusto Rohde was on the speakers\u2019 bureau and\/or acted as consultant for Eli-Lilly, Janssen-Cilag, Novartis and Shire in the last 3\u00a0years. The ADHD and Juvenile Bipolar Disorder Outpatient Programs chaired by him received unrestricted educational and research support from the following pharmaceutical companies in the last 3\u00a0years: Eli-Lilly, Janssen-Cilag, Novartis and Shire. He also receives research support from Brazilian government institutions (CNPq, FAPERGS, HCPA and CAPES), authorship royalties from Oxford Press and ArtMed and received travel awards for taking part of 2014 APA meeting from Shire.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and\/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Research involving human participants"}},{"value":"The authors obtained written informed consent from parents of all participants and verbal assent from all children involved in the study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}]}}