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From menarche to menopause, hormonal fluctuations influence fat distribution, energy balance, and metabolic risk, contributing to sex-specific trajectories of weight gain. Moreover, women-specific conditions, such as pregnancy-related weight retention, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, and polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome, further amplify long-term cardiometabolic risk. Women with obesity have an increased risk of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and ischemia with non-obstructive coronary arteries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Emerging pharmacological treatments for obesity, including incretin-based therapies, offer an evidence-based addition to lifestyle interventions and metabolic and bariatric surgery and have demonstrated substantial weight loss effects and cardiovascular benefits. However, sex-specific differences in efficacy, tolerability, and long-term outcomes of these new pharmacological treatments remain insufficiently researched. Moreover, concerns regarding reproductive health and access to care uniquely affect women. This review addresses the need for a\u00a0life course and sex-specific approach to obesity and its treatment, integrating metabolic, reproductive, and cardiovascular perspectives.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12471-026-02084-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T12:03:47Z","timestamp":1789560227000},"page":"341-351","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Obesity, incretin-based therapies, and cardiovascular disease in women"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Miro","family":"Salih","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yannicke A. J.","family":"Sloots","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin E. 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L.M.G.\u00a0Meems reports speaker fees from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Boehringer Ingelheim, Daiichi Sankyo, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, and Pfizer; serves on a steering committee and\/or as local investigator for trials coordinated by Novo Nordisk, Pfizer and Relaxera. M.J.G.\u00a0Leening reports receiving support for investigator initiated research from Amgen; AstraZeneca; Eli Lilly; Novartis; Novo Nordisk; Sanofi; educational grants from Amarin; and Amgen; speaker fees from Amgen; Daiichi Sankyo; Merck Sharpe & Dohme; Novartis; Novo Nordisk, and Sanofi; served on advisory boards for AstraZeneca; Daiichi Sankyo; Merck Sharpe & Dohme; Novartis; and Sanofi; serves on a steering committee and\/or as a local investigator for trials coordinated by Amgen; AstraZeneca; Daiichi Sankyo; Novartis; and Sanofi. C.\u00a0Ghossein-Doha reports receiving support for investigator-initiated research from Roche, Abbott and Novo Nordisk; an educational grant from Amarin; speaker fees from Abbott, Amgen, Daiichi Sankyo, Novartis; Novo Nordisk, and Sanofi; served on advisory boards for AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo; Novartis, and Sanofi. M.\u00a0Salih and Y.A.J.\u00a0Sloots, declare that they have no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}