{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T21:26:34Z","timestamp":1792531594566,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,1]],"date-time":"2016-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1467331200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arab J Geosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-016-2580-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,12]],"date-time":"2016-07-12T08:42:10Z","timestamp":1468312930000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Application of WetSpass model to estimate groundwater recharge variability in the Nile Delta aquifer"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Asaad M.","family":"Armanuos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdelazim","family":"Negm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Yoshimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver C. Saavedra","family":"Valeriano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2580_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdelaty IM, Hany FA, Maha RF, and Gamal MA (2014) Investigation of some potential parameters and its impacts on saltwater intrusion in Nile Delta aquifer, Journal of Engineering Sciences, Assiut University, Faculty of Engineering 42(4):931\u2013955","DOI":"10.21608\/jesaun.2014.115039"},{"issue":"1","key":"2580_CR2","first-page":"155","volume":"35","author":"AM Aish","year":"2009","unstructured":"Aish AM, Batelaan O, De Smedt F (2009) Distributed recharge estimation for groundwater modeling using WetSpass model, case study Gaza strip, Palestine. Arab J Sci Eng 35(1):155","journal-title":"Arab J Sci Eng"},{"key":"2580_CR3","unstructured":"Aish A. M., 2014. Estimation of water balance components in the Gaza Strip with GIS based WetSpass model. Civil Environ Res 6(11)"},{"key":"2580_CR4","unstructured":"Ajjur, S. B., 2012. Effects of climate change on groundwater resources (Northern Gaza strip case study). Master thesis. Science of civil\/ infrastructure engineering. Gaza, Philistine"},{"key":"2580_CR5","unstructured":"Allen R. G., Pereira L. S., Dirk P. and Smith B. M., 2006. Crop evapotranspiration (guidelines for computing crop water requirements). FAO irrigation and drainage paper, M-56, ISBN 92\u20135\u2013104219-5."},{"key":"2580_CR6","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Application of geographic information systems in hydrology and water resources management. IAHS publication no. 235","author":"O Batelaan","year":"1996","unstructured":"Batelaan O, Wang Z-M, De Smedt F (1996) An adaptive GIS toolbox for hydrological modelling. In: Kovar K, Nachtnebel HP (eds) Application of geographic information systems in hydrology and water resources management. IAHS publication no. 235. IAHS press, Wallingford, pp. 3\u20139"},{"key":"2580_CR7","unstructured":"Batelaan, O. and De Smedt, F., 2001. WetSpass: a flexible, GIS based, distributed recharge methodology for regional groundwater modeling. Gehrels, H., Peters, J., Hoehn, E., Jensen, K., Leibundgut, C., Griffioen, J., Webb, B. and Zaadnoordijk, W-J. (Eds.), 2001. Impact of human activity on groundwater dynamics. IAHS Publ. 269, 11\u201317."},{"key":"2580_CR8","unstructured":"Batelaan O. and Woldeamlak S.T., 2007. User guide of WetSpass. Available in the website http:\/\/www.vub.ac.be\/WetSpa\/introduction_wetspass.htm ."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"2580_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2007.02.001","volume":"337","author":"O Batelaan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Batelaan O, De Smedt F (2007) GIS based recharge estimation by coupling surface-subsurface water balances. J Hydrol 337(3\u20134):337\u2013355","journal-title":"J Hydrol"},{"key":"2580_CR10","unstructured":"Brooks, R.H., and Corey, A.T., 1964. Hydraulic properties of porous media. Technical Report. Hydrology Paper 3, Colorado State University."},{"key":"2580_CR11","unstructured":"Christpher T., 2006. Introduction to mathematical modeling of crop growth: how the equations are derived and assembled to computer model, Brawn Walker press. Boca Raton, Florida. ISBN 1\u201358112\u2013999-8."},{"key":"2580_CR12","unstructured":"Dahab, K. A., 1993. Hydrological evaluation of the Nile Delta after the high dam construction. PhD thesis. Faculty of Science. Monofia University. Egypt, PP.30."},{"issue":"35","key":"2580_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00077.x","volume":"3","author":"AAM Ebraheem","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ebraheem AAM, Senosy MM, Dahab KA (1997) Geoelectrical and hydrological studies for delineating groundwater contamination due to saltwater intrusion in the northern part of the ND, Egypt. Groundwater 3(35):216\u2013222","journal-title":"Groundwater"},{"key":"2580_CR14","unstructured":"EEAA,\u00a0Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency, 2001. The National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP), Cairo, Egypt."},{"key":"2580_CR15","unstructured":"EGSA (Egyptian General Survey and Mining), 1997. Topographical maps cover Nile Delta, scale 1:1500000 and 1:10000."},{"key":"2580_CR16","unstructured":"ElGanzori, A., 2012. Towards climate change adaption strategy for the water sector in Egypt. UNESCO."},{"key":"2580_CR17","unstructured":"El Kashouty, M., and AA El Sabbagh 2005. Hydrology and hydro-chemistry of the quaternary aquifer in the middle Nile Delta area, Egypt. Ninth International Water Technology Conference, IWTC, Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt."},{"key":"2580_CR18","unstructured":"ELashmawy, FM., 2013. Current status and priority needs of climate monitoring and predicting in Egypt. WMO Workshop on Climate Monitoring including the implementation of climate watch systems for Arab countries in west Asia. Amman. Jordan."},{"issue":"4","key":"2580_CR19","first-page":"1","volume":"2010","author":"Elewa","year":"2010","unstructured":"Elewa (2010) Potentialities of water resources pollution of the Nile River Delta, Egypt. Open Hydrol J 2010(4):1\u201313","journal-title":"Open Hydrol J"},{"key":"2580_CR20","unstructured":"Farid, M. S., 1980. Nile Delta groundwater study. MSc Thesis. Faculty of Engineering. Cairo University. Giza, Egypt."},{"key":"2580_CR21","unstructured":"FAO-UNESCO, 1988. Soil map of the world. Revised Geographies Informatica. Mexico. Pp 818\u2013833. Legend. Reprinted with corrections. World Soil Resources report 60. FAO, Rome."},{"issue":"3","key":"2580_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1029\/WR015i003p00555","volume":"15","author":"CA Federer","year":"1979","unstructured":"Federer CA (1979) A soil\u2013plant\u2013atmosphere model for transpiration and availability of soil water. Water Resour Res 15(3):555\u2013562","journal-title":"Water Resour Res"},{"key":"2580_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graf and Jan. 2014. Estimation of shallow groundwater recharge using a GIS-based distributed water balance model. QUAESTIONES GEOGRAPHICAE, 33(3).","DOI":"10.2478\/quageo-2014-0027"},{"key":"2580_CR24","unstructured":"Graf R., and Kajewski I., 2013. Forming of the water balance elements in the Mogilnica catchment on the basis of simulating Investigation, NPT."},{"key":"2580_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graf and Jan 2014. Estimation of shallow groundwater recharge using a GIS-based distributed water balance model. QUAESTIONES GEOGRAPHICAE, 33(3).","DOI":"10.2478\/quageo-2014-0027"},{"key":"2580_CR26","unstructured":"J\u00f8rgensen, S. E., and Mejer, FH 1979. Handbook of environmental data and ecological parameters: environmental, International Society of Ecological Modeling. British Library Cataloguing in publication data, Vol 6."},{"key":"2580_CR27","unstructured":"MARA. 2011, The Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, Arab Republic of Egypt, Bulletin of The Agricultural Statistics, winter crops 2009\u20132010, available on http:\/\/www.agr-egypt.gov.eg\/StudiesAll.aspx ."},{"key":"2580_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10873","DOI":"10.5194\/hessd-10-10873-2013","volume":"10","author":"MB Mabrouk","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mabrouk MB, Jonoski A, Solomatine D, Uhlenbrook S (2013) A review of seawater intrusion in the Nile Delta groundwater system\u2014the basis for assessing impacts due to climate changes and water resources development. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci Discuss 10:10873\u201310911","journal-title":"Hydrol Earth Syst Sci Discuss"},{"key":"2580_CR29","unstructured":"MacArthur C. D. and Haines P. A., 1982 The roughness lengths associated with regions of heterogeneous vegetation and elevation, Defense Technical Information Center."},{"issue":"8","key":"2580_CR30","first-page":"136","volume":"1","author":"Y Mogheir","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mogheir Y, Ajjur S (2013) Effects of climate change on groundwater resources (Gaza strip case study). Int J Sustain Energy Environ 1(8):136\u2013149","journal-title":"Int J Sustain Energy Environ"},{"key":"2580_CR31","first-page":"205","volume-title":"The state and movement of water in living organisms","author":"JL Monteith","year":"1965","unstructured":"Monteith JL (1965) Evaporation and the environment. In: G.E F (ed) The state and movement of water in living organisms. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 205\u2013234"},{"key":"2580_CR32","unstructured":"Morsy, WS., 2009. Environmental management to groundwater resources for Nile Delta region, PhD thesis, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt."},{"key":"2580_CR33","unstructured":"NOAA, 1999a. Monthly metrological report, 1960. The Egyptian metrological authority Cairo. Information managing cooperation, Imaging Subcontractor. Rocket Center. West Virginia. Available on www.reference@nodac.noaa.gov."},{"key":"2580_CR34","unstructured":"NOAA, 1999b. Annually metrological report, 1970. The Egyptian metrological authority Cairo. Information managing cooperation. Imaging Subcontractor. Rocket Center. West Virginia. Available on www.reference@nodac.noaa.gov."},{"key":"2580_CR35","unstructured":"NOAA, 1999c. Monthly metrological report, 1980. The Egyptian metrological authority Cairo. Information managing cooperation. Imaging Subcontractor. Rocket Center. West Virginia. Available on www.reference@nodac.noaa.gov."},{"key":"2580_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.12677\/JWRR.2012.14035","volume":"1","author":"Y Pan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pan Y, Zhu L, i Du L, Xu H, Liu C (2012) Estimation of rainfall infiltration in Beijing plain using WetSpass. J Water Resour Res 1:245\u2013250","journal-title":"J Water Resour Res"},{"key":"2580_CR37","unstructured":"RIGW (Research Institute for Groundwater), 1980. Projected of the Safe Yield Study for Groundwater Aquifer in the Nile Delta and Upper Egypt, part1 (in Arabic). Ministry of Irrigation, Academy of Scientific Research and Technology, and Organization of atomic Energy, Egypt."},{"key":"2580_CR38","unstructured":"RIGW, 1992. Hydrogeological map of Nile Delta. Scale 1: 500,000. 1st Edn. ND. 1992a."},{"key":"2580_CR39","volume-title":"Nile Delta groundwater modeling report. Research Institute for Groundwater","author":"RIGW","year":"2002","unstructured":"RIGW (2002) Nile Delta groundwater modeling report. Research Institute for Groundwater. Kanater El-Khairia, Egypt"},{"key":"2580_CR40","unstructured":"RIGW\/IWACO (1990a) Hydrological inventory and groundwater development plan western Nile Delta region, TN77. 01300\u20139-02 Research Inst. for Groundwater, Kanater El-Khairia, Egypt"},{"issue":"4","key":"2580_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1029\/WR002i004p00739","volume":"2","author":"J Rubin","year":"1966","unstructured":"Rubin J (1966) Theory of rainfall uptake by soils initially drier than their field capacity and its applications. Water Resour Res 2(4):739\u2013749","journal-title":"Water Resour Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2580_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.3923\/ja.2010.119.125","volume":"9","author":"A Saleem","year":"2010","unstructured":"Saleem A, Al-Z\u00f9bi Y, Rimawi O, Al-Z\u00f9bi J, Alouran N (2010) Estimation of water balance components in the Hasa Basin with GIS based WetSpass model. J Agron 9(3):119\u2013125","journal-title":"J Agron"},{"key":"2580_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmugge, T. J., and Andr\u00e9 J. C., 1991. Land surface evaporation, measurement and parameterization. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978\u20131\u20134612-3032-8.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-3032-8"},{"key":"2580_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1085(19990615)13:8<1277::AID-HYP765>3.0.CO;2-W","volume":"13","author":"M Sherif","year":"1999","unstructured":"Sherif M, Sign VP (1999) Effect of climate change on sea water intrusion in coastal aquifers. Hydrol Process 13:1277\u20131287","journal-title":"Hydrol Process"},{"issue":"2","key":"2580_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1111\/gwat.12058","volume":"52","author":"Sefelnasr","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sefelnasr, Sherif M (2014) Impacts of seawater rise on seawater intrusion in the Nile Delta aquifer, Egypt. Groundwater 52(2):264\u2013276","journal-title":"Groundwater"},{"key":"2580_CR46","volume-title":"Land drainage","author":"LK Smedema","year":"1988","unstructured":"Smedema LK, Rycroft DW (1988) Land drainage. B.T. Batsford Ltd., London"},{"key":"2580_CR47","unstructured":"Subramanya K (2008) Engineering hydrology. Tata McGraw-Hill"},{"key":"2580_CR48","volume-title":"Methodology for constructing monthly water balance models on basin scale, vol. VUB-Hydrologie 20","author":"GL Vandewiele","year":"1991","unstructured":"Vandewiele GL, Xu C-Y, Ni-Lar-Win (1991) Methodology for constructing monthly water balance models on basin scale, vol. VUB-Hydrologie 20. Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels"},{"key":"2580_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Task Committee on Hydrology Handbook of Management Group D of ASCE, 1996. Chapter 4, Evaporation and transpiration. Hydrology handbook: second edition. American Society of Civil Engineers, 125\u2013252.","DOI":"10.1061\/9780784401385.ch04"},{"key":"2580_CR50","unstructured":"Tesfamichael, G., 2009. Regional groundwater flow modeling of the Geba Basin, northern Ethiopia. PhD Thesis. Vrije Universiteit, Brussel (unpubl)."},{"key":"2580_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.2307\/210739","volume":"38","author":"CW Thornthwaite","year":"1948","unstructured":"Thornthwaite CW (1948) An approach toward a rational classification of climate. Geographical review. Geogr Rev 38:55\u201394","journal-title":"Geogr Rev"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-016-2599-z","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,1]],"date-time":"2016-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1470009600000}}],"container-title":["Arabian Journal of Geosciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12517-016-2580-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12517-016-2580-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12517-016-2580-x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,3]],"date-time":"2022-07-03T00:06:59Z","timestamp":1656806819000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12517-016-2580-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]}},"alternative-id":["2580"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12517-016-2580-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1866-7511","1866-7538"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1866-7511","type":"print"},{"value":"1866-7538","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"article-number":"553"}}