{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T22:18:42Z","timestamp":1781907522967,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,19]],"date-time":"2019-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1547856000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arab J Geosci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-019-4237-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,19]],"date-time":"2019-01-19T12:02:28Z","timestamp":1547899348000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":207,"title":["Drought indices and indicators revisited"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yohannes","family":"Yihdego","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Babak","family":"Vaheddoost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Radwan A.","family":"Al-Weshah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"4237_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1002\/2014RG000456","volume":"53","author":"A AghaKouchak","year":"2015","unstructured":"AghaKouchak A, Farahmand A, Melton FS, Teixeira J, Anderson MC, Wardlow BD, Hain CR (2015) Remote sensing of drought: progress, challenges and opportunities. Rev Geophys 53(2):452\u2013480","journal-title":"Rev Geophys"},{"key":"4237_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alam NM, Sharma GC, Moreira E, Jana C, Mishra PK, Sharma NK, Mandal D (2017) Evaluation of drought using SPEI drought class transitions and log-linear models for different agro-ecological regions of India. Phys Chem Earth, Parts A\/B\/C","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pce.2017.02.008"},{"key":"4237_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1984)023<1100:TPDSIL>2.0.CO;2","volume":"23","author":"WM Alley","year":"1984","unstructured":"Alley WM (1984) The Palmer Drought Severity Index: limitations and assumptions. J Appl Meteorol Climatol 23:1100\u20131109","journal-title":"J Appl Meteorol Climatol"},{"key":"4237_CR4","first-page":"104","volume":"21","author":"WM Alley","year":"1985","unstructured":"Alley WM (1985) The Palmer Drought Severity Index as a measure of hydrologic drought. Wat Res Bult 21:104\u2013114","journal-title":"Wat Res Bult"},{"key":"4237_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2222","DOI":"10.1002\/2015WR017834","volume":"52","author":"M Azmi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Azmi M, R\u00fcdiger C, Walker J (2016) A data fusion-based drought index. Water Resour Res 52:2222\u20132239. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2015WR017834","journal-title":"Water Resour Res"},{"key":"4237_CR6","unstructured":"Blumenstock Jr G (1942) Drought in the United States analyzed by means of the theory of probability. USDA, p. 5"},{"issue":"4","key":"4237_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024716530289","volume":"17","author":"B Bonaccorso","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bonaccorso B, Bordi I, Cancelliere A, Rossi G, Sutera A (2003) Spatial variability of drought: an analysis of the SPI in Sicily. Water Resour Manag 17(4):273\u2013296","journal-title":"Water Resour Manag"},{"issue":"1","key":"4237_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.2747\/1548-1603.45.1.16","volume":"45","author":"JF Brown","year":"2008","unstructured":"Brown JF, Wardlow BD, Tadesse T, Hayes MJ, Reed BC (2008) The Vegetation Drought Response Index (VegDri): an integrated approach for monitoring drought stress in vegetation. GIS Sci Rem Sens 45(1):16\u201346","journal-title":"GIS Sci Rem Sens"},{"issue":"14","key":"4237_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-016-2638-9","volume":"9","author":"J Chang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chang J, Li Y, Ren Y, Wang Y (2016) Assessment of precipitation and drought variability in the Weihe River Basin, China. Arab J Geosci 9(14):633","journal-title":"Arab J Geosci"},{"key":"4237_CR10","first-page":"43","volume-title":"Drought: its effect and measures of control in Nebraska. Nebraska Conservation Bull. 25th Conservation and Survey Division","author":"GE Condra","year":"1944","unstructured":"Condra GE (1944) Drought: its effect and measures of control in Nebraska. Nebraska Conservation Bull. 25th Conservation and Survey Division. University of Nebraska, Lincoln, p 43"},{"issue":"1","key":"4237_CR11","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"BI Cook","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cook BI, Ault TR, merdon JE (2015) Unprecedented 21st century drought risk in the American Southwest and Central Plains. Sci Adv 1(1):1\u20137","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"issue":"5","key":"4237_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2060","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JD023929","volume":"121","author":"BI Cook","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cook BI, Anchukaitis KJ, Touchan R, Meko DM, Cook ER (2016) Spatiotemporal drought variability in the Mediterranean over the last 900 years. J Geophys Res Atmos 121(5):2060\u20132074","journal-title":"J Geophys Res Atmos"},{"issue":"1","key":"4237_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1002\/wcc.81","volume":"2","author":"A Dai","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dai A (2011) Drought under global warming: a review. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Clim Chang 2(1):45\u201365","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip Rev Clim Chang"},{"issue":"3","key":"4237_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-016-1705-2","volume":"144","author":"A Dai","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dai A, Zhao T (2017) Uncertainties in historical changes and future projections of drought. Part I: estimates of historical drought changes. Clim Chang 144(3):519\u2013533","journal-title":"Clim Chang"},{"issue":"11","key":"4237_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4463","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-012-0695-2","volume":"6","author":"MRM Daneshvar","year":"2013","unstructured":"Daneshvar MRM, Bagherzadeh A, Khosravi M (2013) Assessment of drought hazard impact on wheat cultivation using standardized precipitation index in Iran. Arab J Geosci 6(11):4463\u20134473","journal-title":"Arab J Geosci"},{"key":"4237_CR16","first-page":"7","volume":"45","author":"RR Dickson","year":"1958","unstructured":"Dickson RR (1958) A note on the computation of agricultural drought days. WWCB 45:7\u20138","journal-title":"WWCB"},{"key":"4237_CR17","unstructured":"Doesken NJ, Garen D (1991) Drought monitoring in the western United States using a surface water supply index. In: Seventh Conference on Applied Climatology. September 10\u201313, Salt Lake City, Utah. USA, pp 266\u2013269"},{"key":"4237_CR18","unstructured":"Doesken NJ, McKee TB, Kleist JD (1991) Development of a surface water supply index for the western United States. Climatol Rep 91\u20133"},{"key":"4237_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1029\/WR016i002p00289","volume":"16","author":"JA Dracup","year":"1980","unstructured":"Dracup JA, Lee KS, Paulson EG Jr (1980) On the statistical characteristics of drought events. Water Resour Res 16:289\u2013296","journal-title":"Water Resour Res"},{"key":"4237_CR20","volume-title":"United States Historical Climatology Network (US HCN), Monthly Temperature and Precipitation Data","author":"DR Easterling","year":"1996","unstructured":"Easterling DR (1996) United States Historical Climatology Network (US HCN), Monthly Temperature and Precipitation Data. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA"},{"key":"4237_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.1126\/science.289.5487.2068","volume":"289","author":"DR Easterling","year":"2000","unstructured":"Easterling DR, Meehl GA, Parmesan C, Changnon SA, Karl TR, Mearns LO (2000) Climate extremes: observations, modeling, and impacts. Science 289:2068\u20132074","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"4237_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s40333-016-0022-y","volume":"9","author":"C Escalante-Sandoval","year":"2017","unstructured":"Escalante-Sandoval C, Nunez-Garcia P (2017) Meteorological drought features in northern and northwestern parts of Mexico under different climate change scenarios. J Arid Land 9(1):65\u201375","journal-title":"J Arid Land"},{"key":"4237_CR23","volume-title":"Handbook of engineering hydrology: modeling, climate change, and variability","author":"S Eslamian","year":"2014","unstructured":"Eslamian S (2014) Handbook of engineering hydrology: modeling, climate change, and variability, 1st edn. CRC Press, London","edition":"1"},{"issue":"1","key":"4237_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0000396","volume":"17","author":"S Eslamian","year":"2012","unstructured":"Eslamian S, Hassanzadeh H, Abedi-Koupai J, Gheysari M (2012) Application of L-moments for regional frequency analysis of monthly drought indices. J Hydrol Eng 17(1):32\u201342","journal-title":"J Hydrol Eng"},{"issue":"7","key":"4237_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0000688","volume":"18","author":"M Fakhri","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fakhri M, Farzaneh MR, Eslamian S, Khordadi MJ (2012) Confidence interval assessment to estimate dry and wet spells under climate change in Shahrekord Station, Iran. J Hydrol Eng 18(7):911\u2013918","journal-title":"J Hydrol Eng"},{"key":"4237_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)1084-0699(1999)4:4(297)","volume":"4","author":"B Fernandez","year":"1999","unstructured":"Fernandez B, Salas JD (1999a) Return period and risk of hydrologic events. I: Mathematical formulation. J Hydrol Eng 4:297\u2013307","journal-title":"J Hydrol Eng"},{"issue":"4","key":"4237_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)1084-0699(1999)4:4(308)","volume":"4","author":"B Fernandez","year":"1999","unstructured":"Fernandez B, Salas JD (1999b) Return period and risk of hydrologic events. II: applications. J Hydrol Eng 4(4):308\u2013316","journal-title":"J Hydrol Eng"},{"issue":"1","key":"4237_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13717-017-0112-6","volume":"7","author":"LE Flint","year":"2018","unstructured":"Flint LE, Flint AL, Mendoza J, Kalansky J, Ralph FM (2018) Characterizing drought in California: new drought indices and scenario-testing in support of resource management. Ecol Process 7(1):1","journal-title":"Ecol Process"},{"issue":"6","key":"4237_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9429(1990)116:6(733)","volume":"116","author":"DM Frick","year":"1990","unstructured":"Frick DM, Bode D, Salas JD (1990a) Effect of drought on urban water supplies. I: drought analysis. J Hydraul Eng 116(6):733\u2013753","journal-title":"J Hydraul Eng"},{"issue":"6","key":"4237_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9429(1990)116:6(754)","volume":"116","author":"DM Frick","year":"1990","unstructured":"Frick DM, Bode D, Salas JD (1990b) Effect of drought on urban water supplies. II: water-supply analysis. J Hydraul Eng 116(6):754\u2013764","journal-title":"J Hydraul Eng"},{"key":"4237_CR31","unstructured":"Friedman DG (1957) The prediction of long-continuing drought in south and southwest Texas. In: Occasional Papers in Meteorology, No. 1. The Travelers Weather Research Center, Hartford, CT. 182 pp"},{"key":"4237_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuchs BA, Svoboda MD, Wilhite DA, Hayes HJ (2014) Drought indices for drought risk assessment in a changing climate. Handbook of Engineering Hydrology, Chapter 12. Model Clim Chang Var","DOI":"10.1201\/b16683-13"},{"issue":"4","key":"4237_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9496(1993)119:4(437)","volume":"119","author":"DC Garen","year":"1993","unstructured":"Garen DC (1993) Revised surface-water supply index for western United States. J Water Res Plan 119(4):437\u2013454","journal-title":"J Water Res Plan"},{"key":"4237_CR34","unstructured":"Gibbs WJ, Maher JV (1967) Rainfall deciles as drought indicators. In: Bureau of Meteorology, Bulletin No. 48, Melbourne. Australia"},{"issue":"10","key":"4237_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3179","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-014-0665-4","volume":"28","author":"M Gocic","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gocic M, Trajkovic S (2014) Drought characterisation based on Water Surplus Variability Index. Water Resour Manag 28(10):3179\u20133191","journal-title":"Water Resour Manag"},{"key":"4237_CR36","unstructured":"Gommes R, Petrassi F (1994) Rainfall variability and drought in sub-Saharan Africa since 1960. In: Agrometeorology Series Working Paper 9. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy. 100 pp"},{"issue":"5","key":"4237_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-1688.1991.tb01478.x","volume":"27","author":"NB Guttman","year":"1991","unstructured":"Guttman NB (1991) A sensitivity analysis of the Palmer Hydrologic Drought Index. J Am Water Resour Assoc 27(5):797\u2013807","journal-title":"J Am Water Resour Assoc"},{"issue":"12","key":"4237_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2309","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(1993)006<2309:TUOLMI>2.0.CO;2","volume":"6","author":"NB Guttman","year":"1993","unstructured":"Guttman NB (1993) The use of L-moments in the determination of regional precipitation climates. J Clim 6(12):2309\u20132325","journal-title":"J Clim"},{"key":"4237_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-1688.1998.tb05964.x","volume":"34","author":"NB Guttman","year":"1997","unstructured":"Guttman NB (1997) Comparing the palmer drought index and the standardized precipitation index. J Am Water Resour Assoc 34:113\u2013121","journal-title":"J Am Water Resour Assoc"},{"issue":"2","key":"4237_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-1688.1999.tb03592.x","volume":"35","author":"NB Guttman","year":"1999","unstructured":"Guttman NB (1999) Accepting the standardized precipitation index: a calculation algorithm. J Am Water Resour Assoc 35(2):311\u2013322","journal-title":"J Am Water Resour Assoc"},{"key":"4237_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advwatres.2013.03.009","volume":"57","author":"Z Hao","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hao Z, AghaKouchak A (2013) Multivariate standardized drought index: a parametric multi-index model. Adv Water Resour 57:12\u201318","journal-title":"Adv Water Resour"},{"issue":"1","key":"4237_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-12-0160.1","volume":"15","author":"Z Hao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hao Z, AghaKouchak A (2014) A nonparametric multivariate multi-index drought monitoring framework. J Hydrometeorol 15(1):89\u2013101","journal-title":"J Hydrometeorol"},{"key":"4237_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2015.05.031","volume":"527","author":"Z Hao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hao Z, Singh VP (2015) Drought characterization from a multivariate perspective: A review. J Hydrol 527:668\u2013678","journal-title":"J Hydrol"},{"issue":"14","key":"4237_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-018-3670-8","volume":"11","author":"A Hashemi Nasab","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hashemi Nasab A, Ansary H, Sanaei-Nejad SH (2018) Analyzing drought history using Fuzzy Integrated Drought Index (FIDI): a case study in the Neyshabour basin, Iran. Arab J Geosci 11(14):390","journal-title":"Arab J Geosci"},{"issue":"1\/2","key":"4237_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1504\/IJHST.2011.040742","volume":"1","author":"H Hassanzadeh","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hassanzadeh H, Eslamian S, Abedi-Koupai J, Gheysari M (2011) Application of L-moment for evaluating drought indices of cumulative precipitation deficit (CPD) and maximum precipitation deficit (MPD) based on regional frequency analysis. Int J Hydrol Sci Technol 1(1\/2):88\u2013104","journal-title":"Int J Hydrol Sci Technol"},{"key":"4237_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1999)080<0429:MTDUTS>2.0.CO;2","volume":"80","author":"MJ Hayes","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hayes MJ, Svoboda MD, Wilhite DA, Vanyarkho OV (1999) Monitoring the 1996 drought using the Standardized Precipitation Index. Bull Am Meteor 80:429\u2013438","journal-title":"Bull Am Meteor"},{"issue":"3","key":"4237_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s40333-017-0014-6","volume":"9","author":"K Hazaymeh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hazaymeh K, Hassan QK (2017) A remote sensing-based agricultural drought indicator and its implementation over a semi-arid region, Jordan. J Arid Land 9(3):319\u2013330","journal-title":"J Arid Land"},{"key":"4237_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477-83.8.1149","volume":"83","author":"RR Heim Jr","year":"2002","unstructured":"Heim RR Jr (2002) A review of twentieth-century drought indices used in the United States. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 83:1149\u20131165","journal-title":"Bull Am Meteorol Soc"},{"issue":"4","key":"4237_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1007\/s40333-016-0009-8","volume":"8","author":"Y Hou","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hou Y, Niu Z, Zheng F, Wang J, Li Z, Chen H, Zhang X (2016) Drought fluctuations based on dendrochronology since 1786 for the Lenglongling Mountains at the northwestern fringe of the East Asian summer monsoon region. J Arid Land 8(4):492\u2013505","journal-title":"J Arid Land"},{"issue":"7","key":"4237_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4517","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-014-1576-7","volume":"8","author":"R Huang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Huang R, Yan D, Liu S (2015) Combined characteristics of drought on multiple time scales in Huang-Huai-Hai River basin. Arab J Geosci 8(7):4517\u20134526","journal-title":"Arab J Geosci"},{"key":"4237_CR51","volume-title":"Climate change 2013: the physical sciences basis","author":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)","year":"2013","unstructured":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2013) Climate change 2013: the physical sciences basis. University Press, Cambridge"},{"issue":"2","key":"4237_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1007\/s40333-017-0007-5","volume":"9","author":"S Jiang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jiang S, Ren L, Zhou M, Yong B, Zhang Y, Ma M (2017) Drought monitoring and reliability evaluation of the latest TMPA precipitation data in the Weihe River Basin, Northwest China. J Arid Land 9(2):256\u2013269","journal-title":"J Arid Land"},{"issue":"4","key":"4237_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/s40333-016-0048-1","volume":"8","author":"J Jin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jin J, Wang Q (2016) Assessing ecological vulnerability in western China based on time-integrated NDVI data. J Arid Land 8(4):533\u2013545","journal-title":"J Arid Land"},{"issue":"6","key":"4237_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1007\/s40333-016-0089-5","volume":"8","author":"J Jin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jin J, Wang Q, Li L (2016) Long-term oscillation of drought conditions in the western China: an analysis of PDSI on a decadal scale. J Arid Land 8(6):819\u2013831","journal-title":"J Arid Land"},{"issue":"10","key":"4237_CR55","first-page":"1303","volume":"27","author":"RS Kangas","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kangas RS, Brown TJ (2007) Characteristics of US drought and pluvials from a high-resolution spatial dataset. J Appl Meteorol Climatol 27(10):1303\u20131325","journal-title":"J Appl Meteorol Climatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4237_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1007\/s40333-015-0011-6","volume":"7","author":"M Karabulut","year":"2015","unstructured":"Karabulut M (2015) Drought analysis in Antakya-Kahramanmara\u015f Graben, Turkey. J Arid Land 7(6):741\u2013754","journal-title":"J Arid Land"},{"issue":"1","key":"4237_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1986)025<0077:TSOTPD>2.0.CO;2","volume":"25","author":"TR Karl","year":"1986","unstructured":"Karl TR (1986) The sensitivity of the Palmer Drought Severity Index and Palmer\u2019s Z-index to their calibration coefficients including potential evapotranspiration. J Appl Meteorol Climatol 25(1):77\u201386","journal-title":"J Appl Meteorol Climatol"},{"key":"4237_CR58","volume-title":"Atlas of monthly Palmer moisture anomaly indices (1931\u20131984) for the contiguous United States (Vol. 3)","author":"T Karl","year":"1985","unstructured":"Karl T, Knight RW (1985) Atlas of monthly Palmer moisture anomaly indices (1931\u20131984) for the contiguous United States (Vol. 3). National Climatic Data Center, USA"},{"issue":"8","key":"4237_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477-83.8.1167","volume":"83","author":"J Keyantash","year":"2002","unstructured":"Keyantash J, Dracup JA (2002) The quantification of drought: an evaluation of drought indices. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 83(8):1167\u20131180","journal-title":"Bull Am Meteorol Soc"},{"key":"4237_CR60","first-page":"210","volume-title":"Drought. A global assessment","author":"WR Kinninmonth","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kinninmonth WR, Voice ME, Beard GS, De Hoedt GC, Mullen CE (2000) Australian climate services for drought management. In: Wilhite DA (ed) Drought. A global assessment. Routledge, New York, pp 210\u2013222"},{"issue":"6","key":"4237_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1007\/s12205-010-0827-8","volume":"14","author":"HJ Kwon","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kwon HJ, Kim SJ (2010) Assessment of distributed hydrological drought based on hydrological unit map using SWSI drought index in South Korea. KSCE J Civ Eng 14(6):923\u2013929","journal-title":"KSCE J Civ Eng"},{"issue":"1","key":"4237_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s40333-013-0193-8","volume":"6","author":"R Li","year":"2014","unstructured":"Li R, Tsunekawa A, Tsubo M (2014) Index-based assessment of agricultural drought in a semi-arid region of Inner Mongolia. J Arid Land 6(1):3\u201315","journal-title":"J Arid Land"},{"issue":"3","key":"4237_CR63","first-page":"46","volume":"31","author":"HY Liu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Liu HY, Wang YW, Guan XZ (2012) Research on suitable ecological water level in Poyang Lake wetland: a case study in Xingzi Hydrological Station. J Nan Ins Tech 31(3):46\u201350","journal-title":"J Nan Ins Tech"},{"key":"4237_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.02.064","volume":"177","author":"J Martinez-Fernandez","year":"2016","unstructured":"Martinez-Fernandez J, Gonzalez-Zamora A, Sanchez N, Gumuzzio A, Herrero-Jimenez CM (2016) Satellite soil moisture for agricultural drought monitoring: assessment of the SMOS derived Soil Water Deficit Index. Remote Sens Environ 177:277\u2013286","journal-title":"Remote Sens Environ"},{"key":"4237_CR65","unstructured":"McKee TB, Doesken NJ, Kleist J (1993) The relationship of drought frequency and duration to time scales. In: Proceedings of the 8th Conference on Applied Climatology (Vol. 17, No. 22). American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA, pp 179\u2013183"},{"key":"4237_CR66","first-page":"233","volume-title":"Drought monitoring with multiple-time scales. Preprints Ninth Conference on Applied Climatology","author":"TB McKee","year":"1995","unstructured":"McKee TB, Doesken NJ, Kleist J (1995) Drought monitoring with multiple-time scales. Preprints Ninth Conference on Applied Climatology. American Meteorological Society, Boston, pp 233\u2013236"},{"key":"4237_CR67","unstructured":"Meehl GA, Stocker TF, Collins WD, Friedlingstein P, Gaye AT, Gregory JM, Kitoh A, Knutti R, Murphy JM, Noda A, Raper SCB (2007) Global climate projections. In: Climate change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA"},{"issue":"6","key":"4237_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2084","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2010.02357.x","volume":"17","author":"M Michaelian","year":"2011","unstructured":"Michaelian M, Hogg EH, Hall RJ, Arsenault E (2011) Massive mortality of aspen following severe drought along the southern edge of the Canadian boreal forest. Glob Change Biol 17(6):2084\u20132094","journal-title":"Glob Change Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4237_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2010.07.012","volume":"391","author":"AK Mishra","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mishra AK, Singh VP (2010) A review of drought concepts. J Hydrol 391(1):202\u2013216","journal-title":"J Hydrol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4237_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-018-3433-6","volume":"11","author":"AH Mohammad","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mohammad AH, Jung HC, Odeh T, Bhuiyan C, Hussein H (2018) Understanding the impact of droughts in the Yarmouk Basin, Jordan: monitoring droughts through meteorological and hydrological drought indices. Arab J Geosci 11(5):103","journal-title":"Arab J Geosci"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"4237_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2006.05.022","volume":"331","author":"EE Moreira","year":"2006","unstructured":"Moreira EE, Paulo AA, Pereira LS, Mexia JT (2006) Analysis of SPI drought class transitions using loglinear models. J Hydrol 331(1-2):349\u2013359","journal-title":"J Hydrol"},{"issue":"11","key":"4237_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1916)44<642:GMORAC>2.0.CO;2","volume":"44","author":"TT Munger","year":"1916","unstructured":"Munger TT (1916) Graphic method of representing and comparing drought intensities. Mon Weather Rev 44(11):642\u2013643","journal-title":"Mon Weather Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"4237_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2005.07.012","volume":"133","author":"B Narasimhan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Narasimhan B, Srinivasan R (2005) Development and evaluation of Soil Moisture Deficit Index (SMDI) and Evapotranspiration Deficit Index (ETDI) for agricultural drought monitoring. Agric for Meteorol 133(1):69\u201388","journal-title":"Agric for Meteorol"},{"key":"4237_CR74","unstructured":"National Drought Mitigation Center (NDMC) (2006a) What is drought? Understanding and Defining Drought. National Climatic Data Center. \n                    http:\/\/www.drought.unl.edu\/whatis\/concept.htm\n                    \n                  . Accessed 22 April 2011"},{"key":"4237_CR75","unstructured":"National Drought Mitigation Center (NDMC) (2006b) Impacts of drought. National Climatic Data Center. \n                    http:\/\/www.drought.unl.edu\/risk\/impacts.htm\n                    \n                  . Accessed 22 April 2011"},{"key":"4237_CR76","unstructured":"National Drought Mitigation Center (NDMC) (2006c) Monitoring drought. The Standardized Precipitation Index. Interpretation of SPI Maps. National Climatic Data Center. \n                    http:\/\/www.drought.unl.edu\/monitor\/interp.htm\n                    \n                   (22 April 2011)"},{"key":"4237_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ofwono M, Dabrowska-Zielinska K, Kaduk J, Nicol\u00e1s-Perea V (2017) Satellite derived information for drought detection and estimation of water balance. Eart Observ Lan Emerg Monit 285\u2013299","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118793787.ch15"},{"issue":"11","key":"4237_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9111168","volume":"9","author":"M Pablos","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pablos M, Martinez-Fernandez J, Sanchez N, Gonzalez-Zamora A (2017) Temporal and spatial comparison of agricultural drought indices from moderate resolution satellite soil moisture data over northwest Spain. Rem Sens 9(11):1168","journal-title":"Rem Sens"},{"key":"4237_CR79","volume-title":"Meteorological drought","author":"WC Palmer","year":"1965","unstructured":"Palmer WC (1965) Meteorological drought, vol 30. US Department of Commerce, Weather Bureau, Washington"},{"key":"4237_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1080\/00431672.1968.9932814","volume":"21","author":"WC Palmer","year":"1968","unstructured":"Palmer WC (1968) Keeping track of crop moisture conditions, nationwide: the new crop moisture index. Weatherwise 21:156\u2013161","journal-title":"Weatherwise"},{"key":"4237_CR81","unstructured":"Potop V, Mozny M (2011) The application a new drought index\u2013standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index in the Czech Republic. In: Mikroklima a mezoklima krajinnych structur a antropogenn\u00edch prostredi, vol 2. pp 2\u201314"},{"issue":"3","key":"4237_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-018-3396-7","volume":"11","author":"G Rahman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rahman G, Dawood M (2018) Spatial and temporal variation of rainfall and drought in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan during 1971\u20132015. Arab J Geosci 11(3):46","journal-title":"Arab J Geosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"4237_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1007\/s40333-017-0070-y","volume":"9","author":"N Salehnia","year":"2017","unstructured":"Salehnia N, Alizadeh A, Sanaeinejad H, Bannayan M, Zarrin A, Hoogenboom G (2017) Estimation of meteorological drought indices based on AgMERRA precipitation data and station-observed precipitation data. J Arid Land 9(6):797\u2013809","journal-title":"J Arid Land"},{"key":"4237_CR84","unstructured":"Shafer BA, Desman LE (1982) Development of a surface water supply index (SWSI) to assess the severity of drought conditions in snow pack runoff areas. Proc Western Snow Conference. 164\u2013175 pp"},{"key":"4237_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781849775250","volume-title":"Drought: past problems and future scenarios","author":"J Sheffield","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sheffield J, Wood EF (2012) Drought: past problems and future scenarios. Routledge, Washington DC"},{"issue":"7424","key":"4237_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11575","volume":"491","author":"J Sheffield","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sheffield J, Wood EF, Roderick ML (2012) Little change in global drought over the past 60 years. Nature 491(7424):435\u2013438","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"4237_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-11-33-2011","volume":"11","author":"PM Sousa","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sousa PM, Trigo RM, Aizpurua P, Nieto R, Gimeno L, Garcia-Herrera R (2011) Trends and extremes of drought indices throughout the 20th century in the Mediterranean. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 11(1):33\u201351","journal-title":"Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci"},{"issue":"13","key":"4237_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4027","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.4267","volume":"35","author":"JH Stagge","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stagge JH, Tallaksen LM, Gudmundsson L, Van Loon AF, Stahl K (2015) Candidate distributions for climatological drought indices (SPI and SPEI). Int J Climatol 35(13):4027\u20134040","journal-title":"Int J Climatol"},{"key":"4237_CR89","unstructured":"Steila D (1972) Drought in Arizona. University of Arizona, Division of Economic and Business Research, Tucson, p 78"},{"issue":"4","key":"4237_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-14-0234.1","volume":"16","author":"A Steinemann","year":"2015","unstructured":"Steinemann A, Iacobellis SF, Cayan DR (2015) Developing and evaluating drought indicators for decision-making. J Hydrometeorol 16(4):1793\u20131803","journal-title":"J Hydrometeorol"},{"issue":"8","key":"4237_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477-83.8.1181","volume":"83","author":"M Svoboda","year":"2002","unstructured":"Svoboda M, LeComte D, Hayes M, Heim R, Gleason K, Angel J, Rippey B, Tinker R, Palecki M, Stooksbury D, Miskus D (2002) The drought monitor. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 83(8):1181\u20131190","journal-title":"Bull Am Meteorol Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"4237_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.2307\/210739","volume":"38","author":"CW Thornthwaite","year":"1948","unstructured":"Thornthwaite CW (1948) An Approach toward a Rational Classification of Climate. Geogr Rev 38(1):55","journal-title":"Geogr Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"4237_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1023\/B:WARM.0000015410.47014.a4","volume":"18","author":"G Tsakiris","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tsakiris G, Vangelis H (2004) Towards a drought watch system based on spatial SPI. Water Resour Manag 18(1):1\u201312","journal-title":"Water Resour Manag"},{"issue":"5","key":"4237_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-006-9105-4","volume":"21","author":"G Tsakiris","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tsakiris G, Pangalou D, Vangelis H (2007) Regional drought assessment based on the Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI). Water Resour Manag 21(5):821\u2013833","journal-title":"Water Resour Manag"},{"key":"4237_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vance TR, Roberts JL, Plummer CT, Kiem AS, van Ommen TD (2017) Comment on drought variability in the eastern Australia and New Zealand summer drought atlas (ANZDA, CE 1500--2012) modulated by the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation. Environ. Res. Lett 12(6)","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/aa7282"},{"key":"4237_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vazifehkhah, S, Kahya E (2018) Hydrological drought associations with extreme phases of the North Atlantic and Arctic Oscillations over Turkey and northern Iran. Int J Climatol (in press). \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/joc.5680","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.5680"},{"key":"4237_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JCLI2909.1","volume":"23","author":"SM Vicente-Serrano","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vicente-Serrano SM, Begueria S, Lopez-Moreno JI (2010) A multiscalar drought index sensitive to global warming: the standardized precipitation evaportranspiration index. J Clim 23:1696\u20131718","journal-title":"J Clim"},{"key":"4237_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2335","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(2004)017<2335:ASPDSI>2.0.CO;2","volume":"17","author":"N Wells","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wells N, Goddard S, Hayes MJ (2004) A self-calibrating Palmer Drought Severity Index. J Clim 17:2335\u20132351","journal-title":"J Clim"},{"issue":"12","key":"4237_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10193","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-015-1938-9","volume":"8","author":"B Weng","year":"2015","unstructured":"Weng B, Zhang P, Li S (2015) Drought risk assessment in China with different spatial scales. Arab J Geosci 8(12):10193\u201310202","journal-title":"Arab J Geosci"},{"key":"4237_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420028386","volume-title":"Drought and water crises: Science, Technology, and Management Issues","author":"DA Wilhite","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wilhite DA (2005) Drought and water crises: Science, Technology, and Management Issues. CRC Press, USA"},{"key":"4237_CR101","unstructured":"Wilhite DA (2009) The role of monitoring as a component of preparedness planning: delivery of information and decision support tools. In: Coping with drought risk in agriculture and water supply systems: Drought Management and Policy Development in the Mediterranean. Springer Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands"},{"issue":"3","key":"4237_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1080\/02508068508686328","volume":"10","author":"DA Wilhite","year":"1985","unstructured":"Wilhite DA, Glantz MH (1985) Understanding: the drought phenomenon: the role of definitions. Water Int 10(3):111\u2013120","journal-title":"Water Int"},{"key":"4237_CR103","unstructured":"Willeke G, Hosking JRM, Wallis JR, Guttman NB (1994) The national drought atlas. Institute for water resources report, 94. USA"},{"key":"4237_CR104","unstructured":"World Meteorological Organization (WMO) (2011) Proceedings of an Expert Meeting 2\u20134 June, 2010, Murcia, Spain"},{"key":"4237_CR105","unstructured":"World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Global Water Partnership (GWP) (2017) Handbook of drought indicators and indices (M. Svoboda and B.A. Fuchs). Integrated Drought Management Program (IDMP), Integrated Drought Management Tools and Guidelines Series 2. Geneva. ISBN 978\u201392\u201363-11173-9"},{"issue":"5","key":"4237_CR106","first-page":"1024","volume":"35","author":"L Xu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Xu L, Wang H, Duan Q, Ma J (2013) The temporal and spatial distribution of droughts during summer corn growth in Yunnan Province based on SPEI. Resour Sci 35(5):1024\u20131034","journal-title":"Resour Sci"},{"key":"4237_CR107","unstructured":"Yihdego Y (2015) Water reuse in Hilly Urban Area, Urban Water Reuse Handbook (UWRH), chapter 70. In: Eslamian S (ed) Taylor and Francis, CRC Press. Print ISBN: 978\u20131\u20134822-2914-1. eBook ISBN: 978\u20131\u20134822-2915-8. CAT# K22608. page 1141. pp 903\u2013913. \n                    https:\/\/www.crcpress.com\/Urban-Water-Reuse-Handbook\/Eslamian\/p\/book\/9781482229141http:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2306-5338\/4\/1\/10"},{"key":"4237_CR108","unstructured":"Yihdego Y (2016) Drought and pest management initiatives. In: Eslamian S, Eslamian FA (eds) Handbook of Drought and Water Scarcity (HDWS): Vol. 3, chapter 11: Management of Drought and Water Scarcity. Taylor and Francis, CRC Group. \n                    https:\/\/www.crcpress.com\/Handbook-of-Drought-and-Water-Scarcity-Environmental-Impacts-and-Analysis\/Eslamian-Eslamian\/p\/book\/9781498731041"},{"key":"4237_CR109","unstructured":"Yihdego Y, Eslamian S (2016) Drought management initiatives and objectives. In: Eslamian S, Eslamian FA (eds) Handbook of drought and water scarcity (HDWS): Vol. 3, chapter 1: Management of Drought and Water Scarcity. Taylor and Francis, CRC Group. \n                    https:\/\/www.crcpress.com\/Handbook-of-Drought-and-Water-Scarcity-environmental-Impacts-and-Analysis\/Eslamian-Eslamian\/p\/book\/9781498731041"},{"key":"4237_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-016-5310-7","volume":"188","author":"Y Yihdego","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yihdego Y, Webb JA (2016) Validation of a model with climatic and flow scenario analysis: case of Lake Burrumbeet in southeastern Australia. Environ Monit Assess 188:308. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10661-016-5310-7\n                    \n                   \n                    http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007%2Fs10661-016-5310-7","journal-title":"Environ Monit Assess"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"4237_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1111\/wej.12162","volume":"30","author":"Y Yihdego","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yihdego Y, Reta G, Becht R (2016) Hydrological analysis as a technical tool to support strategic and economic development: case of Lake Navaisha, Kenya. Water Environ J 30(1\u20132):40\u201348. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/wej.12162\n                    \n                   \n                    http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/wej.12162\/full","journal-title":"Water Environ J"},{"issue":"1","key":"4237_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/hydrology4010010","volume":"4","author":"Y Yihdego","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yihdego Y, Webb JA, Vaheddoost B (2017) Highlighting the role of groundwater in lake-aquifer interaction to reduce vulnerability and enhance resilience to climate change. Hydrology 4(1):1\u201310. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/hydrology4010010","journal-title":"Hydrology"},{"issue":"NA","key":"4237_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1139\/a11-013","volume":"19","author":"A Zargar","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zargar A, Sadiq R, Naser B, Khan FI (2011) A review of drought indices. Environ Rev 19(NA):333\u2013349","journal-title":"Environ Rev"},{"issue":"7","key":"4237_CR114","first-page":"768","volume":"10","author":"A Zeynolabedin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zeynolabedin A, Olyaei MA, Ghiasi B (2016) Comprehensive Regional Drought Assessment Index. WASETechnology. Int J Environ Chem Eco Geo Geo Eng 10(7):768\u2013772","journal-title":"Int J Environ Chem Eco Geo Geo Eng"},{"issue":"3","key":"4237_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-016-1742-x","volume":"144","author":"T Zhao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhao T, Dai A (2017) Uncertainties in historical changes and future projections of drought. Part II: model-simulated historical and future drought changes. Clim Change 144(3):535\u2013548","journal-title":"Clim Change"}],"container-title":["Arabian Journal of Geosciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12517-019-4237-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12517-019-4237-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12517-019-4237-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,3]],"date-time":"2020-02-03T14:17:27Z","timestamp":1580739447000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12517-019-4237-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,19]]},"references-count":115,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]}},"alternative-id":["4237"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12517-019-4237-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1866-7511","1866-7538"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1866-7511","type":"print"},{"value":"1866-7538","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 August 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 January 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 January 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"69"}}