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This study aimed to investigate the molecular epidemiology and evolutionary characteristics of CVA16.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Throat swabs were collected from children with HFMD and suspected HFMD during 2010\u20132019. Enteroviruses (EVs) were detected and typed by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and RT-PCR. The genotype, evolutionary rate, the most recent common ancestor, population dynamics and selection pressure of CVA16 were analyzed based on viral protein gene (\n                      <jats:italic>VP1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) by bioinformatics software.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 4709 throat swabs were screened. EVs were detected in 3180 samples and 814 were CVA16 positive. More than 81% of CVA16-positive children were under 5\u00a0years old. The prevalence of CVA16 showed obvious periodic fluctuations with a high level during 2010\u20132012 followed by an apparent decline during 2013\u20132017. However, the activities of CVA16 increased gradually during 2018\u20132019. All the Beijing CVA16 strains belonged to sub-genotype B1, and B1b was the dominant strain. One B1c strain was detected in Beijing for the first time in 2016. The estimated mean evolutionary rate of\n                      <jats:italic>VP1<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene was 4.49\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                      <jats:sup>\u20133<\/jats:sup>\n                      substitution\/site\/year. Methionine gradually fixed at site-23 of VP1 since 2012. Two sites were detected under episodic positive selection, one of which (site-223) located in neutralizing linear epitope PEP71.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The dominant strains of CVA16 belonged to clade B1b and evolved in a fast evolutionary rate during 2010\u20132019 in Beijing. To provide more favorable data for HFMD prevention and control, it is necessary to keep attention on molecular epidemiological and evolutionary characteristics of CVA16.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-021-00451-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,27]],"date-time":"2021-08-27T23:27:55Z","timestamp":1630106875000},"page":"508-516","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Molecular epidemiology of coxsackievirus A16 circulating in children in Beijing, China from 2010 to 2019"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ya-Fang","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li-Ping","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang-Yuan","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li-Ying","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qin-Wei","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui-Jin","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin-Qing","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1146-7610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ru-Nan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"451_CR1","first-page":"490","volume-title":"Fields virology","author":"MA Pallansch","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pallansch MA, Oberste MS, Whitton JL. 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Author QY is a member of the Editorial Board for World Journal of Pediatrics. The paper was handled by the other Editor and has undergone rigorous peer review process. Author QY was not involved in the journal's review of, or decisions related to, this manuscript.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The datasets generated and\/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Data availability"}}]}}