{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:22:20Z","timestamp":1792783340168,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]],"date-time":"2023-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678838400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]],"date-time":"2023-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81570759"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81570759"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81270938"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81270938"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2016YFC1305301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFC1305301"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2021YFC2701901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2701901"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Disciplines of Medicine","award":["Innovation Discipline"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Innovation Discipline"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Disciplines of Medicine","award":["11-CX24"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11-CX24"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["World J Pediatr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Recent decades have shown a rapid increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among Chinese children based on several national surveys. Restrictions due to the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak have worsened its epidemiology. This review updates the trends in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among Chinese children and adolescents and analyzes the underlying reasons to provide evidence for better policy making.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Studies published in English and Chinese were retrieved from PubMed, Google Scholar, China National Knowledge Infrastructure and Wanfang.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of overweight and obesity has been increasing for decades and varies with age, sex and geography but is more pronounced in primary school students. The increase in obesity in boys appeared to be slower, whereas that in girls showed a declining trend. The northern areas of China have persistently maintained the highest levels of obesity with a stable trend in recent years. Meanwhile, the prevalence in eastern regions has dramatically increased. Notably, the overall prevalence of obesity in children has shown a stabilizing trend in recent years. However, the occurrence of obesity-related metabolic diseases increased. The effect of migrants floating into east-coast cities should not be neglected.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The high prevalence of overweight and obesity among Chinese children and adolescents persists but with varying patterns. Obesity-related metabolic diseases occur more frequently despite a stable trend of obesity. Multiple factors are responsible for the changing prevalence. Thus, comprehensive and flexible policies are needed to effectively manage and prevent the burden of obesity and its related complications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-023-00709-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,26]],"date-time":"2023-03-26T19:26:04Z","timestamp":1679858764000},"page":"1115-1126","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":91,"title":["Trends of obesity and overweight among children and adolescents in China"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Ye","family":"Hong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahim","family":"Ullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian-Bing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6405-1251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun-Fen","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"709_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2016.171","volume":"71","author":"Y Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang Y, Wang L, Qu W. New national data show alarming increase in obesity and noncommunicable chronic diseases in China. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2017;71:149\u201350.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"709_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-018-0129-7","volume":"43","author":"Y Song","year":"2019","unstructured":"Song Y, Agardh A, Ma J, Li L, Lei Y, Stafford RS, et al. National trends in stunting, thinness and overweight among Chinese school-aged children, 1985\u20132014. Int J Obes. 2019;43:402\u201311.","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"709_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(19)30302-5","volume":"3","author":"Y Dong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dong Y, Lau PWC, Dong B, Zou Z, Yang Y, Wen B, et al. Trends in physical fitness, growth, and nutritional status of Chinese children and adolescents: a retrospective analysis of 1.5 million students from six successive national surveys between 1985 and 2014. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2019;3:871\u201380.","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"709_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(19)30075-0","volume":"7","author":"Y Dong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dong Y, Jan C, Ma Y, Dong B, Zou Z, Yang Y, et al. Economic development and the nutritional status of Chinese school-aged children and adolescents from 1995 to 2014: an analysis of five successive national surveys. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019;7:288\u201399.","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"709_CR5","first-page":"300","volume":"51","author":"S Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang S, Dong YH, Wang ZH, Zou ZY, Ma J. Trends in overweight and obesity among Chinese children of 7\u201318 years old during 1985\u20132014. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2017;51:300\u20135 (in Chinese).","journal-title":"Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"709_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15080","volume":"42","author":"ZY Zou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zou ZY, Zeng J, Ren TY, Huang LJ, Wang MY, Shi YW, et al. The burden and sexual dimorphism with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in Asian children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Liver Int. 2022;42:1969\u201380.","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"709_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-020-01052-1","volume":"19","author":"CD Bendor","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bendor CD, Bardugo A, Pinhas-Hamiel O, Afek A, Twig G. Cardiovascular morbidity, diabetes and cancer risk among children and adolescents with severe obesity. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2020;19:79.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"709_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-019-1449-8","volume":"17","author":"M Di Cesare","year":"2019","unstructured":"Di Cesare M, Sori\u0107 M, Bovet P, Miranda JJ, Bhutta Z, Stevens GA, et al. The epidemiological burden of obesity in childhood: a worldwide epidemic requiring urgent action. BMC Med. 2019;17:212.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"709_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(22)00047-X","volume":"10","author":"H Jebeile","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jebeile H, Kelly AS, O\u2019Malley G, Baur LA. Obesity in children and adolescents: epidemiology, causes, assessment, and management. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2022;10:351\u201365.","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"709_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-021-02936-1","volume":"21","author":"G Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu G, Guo J, Zhang X, Lu Y, Miao J, Xue H. Obesity is a risk factor for central precocious puberty: a case-control study. BMC Pediatr. 2021;21:509.","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"709_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1703860","volume":"377","author":"ZJ Ward","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ward ZJ, Long MW, Resch SC, Giles CM, Cradock AL, Gortmaker SL. Simulation of growth trajectories of childhood obesity into adulthood. N Engl J Med. 2017;377:2145\u201353.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"709_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.31040","volume":"4","author":"L Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang L, Chen J, Zhang J, Wu W, Huang K, Chen R, et al. Regional disparities in obesity among a heterogeneous population of Chinese children and adolescents. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4:e2131040.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"709_CR13","first-page":"935","volume":"59","author":"JN Yuan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yuan JN, Jin BH, Si ST, Yu YX, Liang L, Wang CL, et al. Changing prevalence of overweight and obesity among Chinese children aged 6\u201315 from 2009\u20132019. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi. 2021;59:935\u201341 (in Chinese).","journal-title":"Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"709_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2008.07.003","volume":"132","author":"CY Ji","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ji CY, Cheng TO. Epidemic increase in overweight and obesity in Chinese children from 1985 to 2005. Int J Cardiol. 2009;132:1\u201310.","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"709_CR15","first-page":"776","volume":"46","author":"J Ma","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ma J, Cai CH, Wang HJ, Dong B, Song Y, Hu PJ, et al. The trend analysis of overweight and obesity in Chinese students during 1985\u20132010. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2012;46:776\u201380 (in Chinese).","journal-title":"Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"709_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0053069","volume":"8","author":"Y Song","year":"2013","unstructured":"Song Y, Wang HJ, Ma J, Wang Z. Secular trends of obesity prevalence in urban Chinese children from 1985 to 2010: gender disparity. PLoS\u00a0One. 2013;8:e53069.","journal-title":"PLoS&nbsp;One"},{"key":"709_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-011904","volume":"6","author":"Y Song","year":"2016","unstructured":"Song Y, Wang HJ, Dong B, Ma J, Wang Z, Agardh A. 25-year trends in gender disparity for obesity and overweight by using WHO and IOTF definitions among Chinese school-aged children: a multiple cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2016;6:e011904.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"709_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E160","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd16.190290","volume":"16","author":"P Jia","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jia P, Ma S, Qi X, Wang Y. Spatial and temporal changes in prevalence of obesity among Chinese children and adolescents, 1985\u20132005. Prev Chronic Dis. 2019;16:E160.","journal-title":"Prev Chronic Dis"},{"key":"709_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-025559","volume":"9","author":"Y Dong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dong Y, Ma Y, Dong B, Zou Z, Hu P, Wang Z, et al. Geographical variation and urban-rural disparity of overweight and obesity in Chinese school-aged children between 2010 and 2014: two successive national cross-sectional surveys. BMJ Open. 2019;9:e025559.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"709_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.3109\/17477161003592592","volume":"5","author":"J Zhang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zhang J, Seo DC, Kolbe L, Middlestadt S, Zhao W. Trends in overweight among school children and adolescents in seven Chinese Provinces, from 1991\u20132004. Int J Pediatr Obes. 2010;5:375\u201382.","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Obes"},{"key":"709_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.3109\/17477166.2010.490262","volume":"5","author":"Z Cui","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cui Z, Huxley R, Wu Y, Dibley MJ. Temporal trends in overweight and obesity of children and adolescents from nine Provinces in China from 1991\u20132006. Int J Pediatr Obes. 2010;5:365\u201374.","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Obes"},{"key":"709_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5483-9","volume":"18","author":"J Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang J, Wang H, Wang Z, Du W, Su C, Zhang J, et al. Prevalence and stabilizing trends in overweight and obesity among children and adolescents in China, 2011\u20132015. BMC Public Health. 2018;18:571.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"709_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2020-0461","volume":"34","author":"S Ma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ma S, Hou D, Zhang Y, Yang L, Sun J, Zhao M, et al. Trends in abdominal obesity among Chinese children and adolescents, 1993\u20132015. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2021;34:163\u20139.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"709_CR24","first-page":"311","volume":"39","author":"GS Ma","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ma GS, Li YP, Wu YF, Zhai FY, Cui ZH, Hu XQ, et al. The prevalence of body overweight and obesity and its changes among Chinese people during 1992 to 2002. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2005;39:311\u20135 (in Chinese).","journal-title":"Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"709_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.333.7564.362","volume":"333","author":"Y Wu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wu Y. Overweight and obesity in China. BMJ. 2006;333:362\u20133.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"709_CR26","first-page":"131","volume":"17","author":"Y Li","year":"2008","unstructured":"Li Y, Schouten EG, Hu X, Cui Z, Luan D, Ma G. Obesity prevalence and time trend among youngsters in China, 1982\u20132002. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2008;17:131\u20137.","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"709_CR27","first-page":"710","volume":"39","author":"DM Yu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yu DM, Ju LH, Zhao LY, Fang HY, Yang ZY, Guo HJ, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of oveweight and obesity in Chinese children aged 0\u20135 years. Chin J Epidemiol. 2018;39:710\u20134 (in Chinese).","journal-title":"Chin J Epidemiol"},{"key":"709_CR28","first-page":"616","volume":"31","author":"H Li","year":"2010","unstructured":"Li H, Zong XN, Ji CY, Mi J. Body mass index cut-offs for overweight and obesity in Chinese children and adolescents aged 2\u201318 years. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi. 2010;31:616\u201320 (in Chinese).","journal-title":"Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"709_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-020-0387-z","volume":"16","author":"C Clemmensen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Clemmensen C, Petersen MB, S\u00f8rensen TIA. Will the COVID-19 pandemic worsen the obesity epidemic? Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2020;16:469\u201370.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"709_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cob.12416","volume":"10","author":"S Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang S, Guo B, Ao L, Yang C, Zhang L, Zhou J, et al. Obesity and activity patterns before and during COVID-19 lockdown among youths in China. Clin Obes. 2020;10:e12416.","journal-title":"Clin Obes"},{"key":"709_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2269","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-021-00912-4","volume":"45","author":"J Wen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wen J, Zhu L, Ji C. Changes in weight and height among Chinese preschool children during COVID-19 school closures. Int J Obes. 2021;45:2269\u201373.","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"709_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3744","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14183744","volume":"14","author":"Y He","year":"2022","unstructured":"He Y, Luo B, Zhao L, Liao S. Influences of the COVID-19 pandemic on obesity and weight-related behaviors among Chinese children: a multi-center longitudinal study. Nutrients. 2022;14:3744.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"709_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-022-00651-0","author":"X Long","year":"2022","unstructured":"Long X, Li XY, Jiang H, Shen LD, Zhang LF, Pu Z, et al. Impact of the COVID-19 kindergarten closure on overweight and obesity among 3- to 7-year-old children. World J Pediatr. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12519-022-00651-0.","journal-title":"World J Pediatr"},{"key":"709_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.12874","volume":"17","author":"D Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang D, Luo C, Feng X, Qi W, Qu S, Zhou Y, et al. Changes in obesity and lifestyle behaviours during the COVID-19 pandemic in Chinese adolescents: a longitudinal analysis from 2019 to 2020. Pediatr Obes. 2022;17:e12874.","journal-title":"Pediatr Obes"},{"key":"709_CR35","unstructured":"The State Council Information Office of the People\u2019s Republic of China. Press briefing for the report on Chinese residents\u2019 chronic diseases and nutrition. 2020. http:\/\/www.gov.cn\/xinwen\/2020-12\/24\/content_5572983.htm. Accessed 24 Dec 2022."},{"key":"709_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1111\/nbu.12576","volume":"47","author":"L Gao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gao L, Wu Y, Chen S, Zhou H, Zhao L, Wang Y. Time trends and disparities in combined overweight and obesity prevalence among children in China. Nutr Bull. 2022;47:288\u201397.","journal-title":"Nutr Bull"},{"key":"709_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.859245","volume":"13","author":"Y Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang Y, Zhang M, Yu J, Pei Z, Sun C, He J, et al. Nationwide trends of pediatric obesity and BMI z-score from 2017\u20132021 in China: comparable findings from real-world mobile- and hospital-based data. Front Endocrinol. 2022;13:859245.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"709_CR38","volume-title":"Chinese national nutrition and health survey (2010\u20132013): comprehensive summary","author":"JL Chang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chang JL, Wang Y, Liang XF, Wu LY, Ding GQ. Chinese national nutrition and health survey (2010\u20132013): comprehensive summary. Beijing: Peking University Medical Press; 2016."},{"key":"709_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.3109\/09540261.2012.688195","volume":"24","author":"Y Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang Y, Lim H. The global childhood obesity epidemic and the association between socio-economic status and childhood obesity. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2012;24:176\u201388.","journal-title":"Int Rev Psychiatry"},{"key":"709_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4656","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16234656","volume":"16","author":"Y Guo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Guo Y, Yin X, Wu H, Chai X, Yang X. Trends in overweight and obesity among children and adolescents in China from 1991 to 2015: a meta-analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16:4656.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"709_CR41","volume-title":"China blue paper on obesity prevention and control","author":"YF Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang YF, Sun MX, Yang YX. China blue paper on obesity prevention and control. Beijing: Peking University Medical Press; 2019."},{"key":"709_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1002\/cld.1027","volume":"17","author":"EL Yu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yu EL, Schwimmer JB. Epidemiology of pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Liver Dis. 2021;17:196\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis"},{"key":"709_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2012.08.043","volume":"162","author":"JA Welsh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Welsh JA, Karpen S, Vos MB. Increasing prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease among United States adolescents, 1988\u20131994 to 2007\u20132010. J Pediatr. 2013;162:496\u2013500.e1.","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"709_CR44","first-page":"764","volume":"30","author":"Y Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang Y, Yang ZR, Chen RH. Meta-analysis of the prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Chinese children. Chin J Child Health Care. 2022;30:764\u20139 (in Chinese).","journal-title":"Chin J Child Health Care"},{"key":"709_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.807380","volume":"13","author":"J Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang J, Lin H, Chiavaroli V, Jin B, Yuan J, Huang K, et al. High prevalence of cardiometabolic comorbidities among children and adolescents with severe obesity from a large metropolitan centre (Hangzhou, China). Front Endocrinol. 2022;13:807380.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"709_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1068","volume":"1","author":"ER Perito","year":"2017","unstructured":"Perito ER, Ajmera V, Bass NM, Rosenthal P, Lavine JE, Schwimmer JB, et al. Association between cytokines and liver histology in children with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatol Commun. 2017;1:609\u201322.","journal-title":"Hepatol Commun"},{"key":"709_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.03.007","volume":"187","author":"KP Newton","year":"2017","unstructured":"Newton KP, Feldman HS, Chambers CD, Wilson L, Behling C, Clark JM, et al. Low and high birth weights are risk factors for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in children. J Pediatr. 2017;187:141\u20136.e1.","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"key":"709_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60958-1","volume":"369","author":"P Zimmet","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zimmet P, Alberti G, Kaufman F, Tajima N, Silink M, Arslanian S, et al. The metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents. Lancet. 2007;369:2059\u201361.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"709_CR49","first-page":"420","volume":"50","author":"Subspecialty Group of Endocrinologic, Hereditary and Metabolic Diseases, The Society of Pediatrics, Chinese Medical Association; Subspecialty Group of Cardiology, The Society of Pediatrics, Chinese Medical Association; Subspecialty Groups of Child Health Care, The Society of Pediatrics, Chinese Medical Association","year":"2012","unstructured":"Subspecialty Group of Endocrinologic, Hereditary and Metabolic Diseases, The Society of Pediatrics, Chinese Medical Association; Subspecialty Group of Cardiology, The Society of Pediatrics, Chinese Medical Association; Subspecialty Groups of Child Health Care, The Society of Pediatrics, Chinese Medical Association. The definition of metabolic syndrome and prophylaxis and treatment proposal in Chinese children and adolescents. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi. 2012;50:420\u20132 (in Chinese).","journal-title":"Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"709_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.5551\/jat.50591","volume":"27","author":"Y Zhu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhu Y, Zheng H, Zou Z, Jing J, Ma Y, Wang H, et al. Metabolic syndrome and related factors in Chinese children and adolescents: analysis from a Chinese national study. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2020;27:534\u201344.","journal-title":"J Atheroscler Thromb"},{"key":"709_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4350","volume":"23","author":"MP Czech","year":"2017","unstructured":"Czech MP. Insulin action and resistance in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Nat Med. 2017;23:804\u201314.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"709_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4061\/2011\/987159","volume":"2011","author":"H Xu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Xu H, Hu X, Zhang Q, Du S, Fang H, Li Y, et al. The association of hypertension with obesity and metabolic abnormalities among Chinese children. Int J Hypertens. 2011;2011:987159.","journal-title":"Int J Hypertens"},{"key":"709_CR53","first-page":"1150","volume":"9","author":"TA Mavrakanas","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mavrakanas TA, Konsoula G, Patsonis I, Merkouris BP. Childhood obesity and elevated blood pressure in a rural population of northern Greece. Rural Remote Health. 2009;9:1150.","journal-title":"Rural Remote Health"},{"key":"709_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1038\/ajh.2012.5","volume":"25","author":"ZQ Cao","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cao ZQ, Zhu L, Zhang T, Wu L, Wang Y. Blood pressure and obesity among adolescents: a school-based population study in China. Am J Hypertens. 2012;25:576\u201382.","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"709_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1687-9856-2014-3","volume":"2014","author":"JC Lo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lo JC, Chandra M, Sinaiko A, Daniels SR, Prineas RJ, Maring B, et al. Severe obesity in children: prevalence, persistence and relation to hypertension. Int J Pediatr Endocrinol. 2014;2014:3.","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Endocrinol"},{"key":"709_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1038\/jhh.2008.158","volume":"23","author":"K Karatzi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Karatzi K, Protogerou A, Rarra V, Stergiou GS. Home and office blood pressure in children and adolescents: the role of obesity. The Arsakeion School Study. J Hum Hypertens. 2009;23:512\u201320.","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"key":"709_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13276","volume":"22","author":"JF Meyer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Meyer JF, Larsen SB, Blond K, Damsgaard CT, Bjerregaard LG, Baker JL. Associations between body mass index and height during childhood and adolescence and the risk of coronary heart disease in adulthood: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2021;22:e13276.","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"709_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2329","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa072515","volume":"357","author":"JL Baker","year":"2007","unstructured":"Baker JL, Olsen LW, S\u00f8rensen TI. Childhood body-mass index and the risk of coronary heart disease in adulthood. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:2329\u201337.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"709_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E328","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20129","volume":"21","author":"L Rafalson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rafalson L, Pham TH, Willi SM, Marcus M, Jessup A, Baranowski T. The association between acanthosis nigricans and dysglycemia in an ethnically diverse group of eighth grade students. Obesity. 2013;21:E328\u201333.","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"709_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2906189","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2906189","volume":"2022","author":"AI Burguete-Garc\u00eda","year":"2022","unstructured":"Burguete-Garc\u00eda AI, Ram\u00edrez Valverde AG, Espinoza-Le\u00f3n M, V\u00e1zquez IS, Estrada Ram\u00edrez EY, Maldonado-L\u00f3pez I, et al. Severe quantitative scale of acanthosis nigricans in neck is associated with abdominal obesity, HOMA-IR, and hyperlipidemia in obese children from Mexico City: a cross-sectional study. Dermatol Res Pract. 2022;2022:2906189.","journal-title":"Dermatol Res Pract"},{"key":"709_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-019-03080-6","volume":"87","author":"S Thiagarajan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Thiagarajan S, Arun Babu T, Manivel P. Acanthosis nigricans and metabolic risk factors in obese children. Indian J Pediatr. 2020;87:162.","journal-title":"Indian J Pediatr"},{"key":"709_CR62","first-page":"604","volume":"14","author":"M Maimaiti","year":"2012","unstructured":"Maimaiti M, Xu YJ, Xu PR. Childhood benign acanthosis nigricans and metabolic abnormality. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi. 2012;14:604\u20136 (in Chinese).","journal-title":"Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"709_CR63","first-page":"SC05","volume":"11","author":"F Sayarifard","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sayarifard F, Sayarifard A, Allahverdi B, Ipakchi S, Moghtaderi M, Yaghmaei B. Prevalence of acanthosis nigricans and related factors in Iranian obese children. J Clin Diagn Res. 2017;11:SC05\u20137.","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"key":"709_CR64","first-page":"390","volume":"19","author":"Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ministry of Health of the People\u2019s Republic of China. The precocious puberty clinics guide (trial). Chin J Child Health Care. 2011;19:390\u20132 (in Chinese).","journal-title":"Chin J Child Health Care"},{"key":"709_CR65","first-page":"396","volume":"42","author":"M Zhu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhu M, Fu J, Liang L, Gong C, Xiong F, Liu G, et al. Epidemiologic study on current pubertal development in Chinese school-aged children. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2013;42:396\u2013402 (in Chinese).","journal-title":"Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban"},{"key":"709_CR66","first-page":"311","volume":"60","author":"XQ Xu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xu XQ, Zhang JW, Chen RM, Luo JS, Chen SK, Zheng RX, et al. Relationship between body mass index and sexual development in Chinese children. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi. 2022;60:311\u20136 (in Chinese).","journal-title":"Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"709_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(18)30306-7","volume":"3","author":"T Reinehr","year":"2019","unstructured":"Reinehr T, Roth CL. Is there a causal relationship between obesity and puberty? Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2019;3:44\u201354.","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"709_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-021-02630-3","volume":"72","author":"Y Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu Y, Yu T, Li X, Pan D, Lai X, Chen Y, et al. Prevalence of precocious puberty among Chinese children: a school population-based study. Endocrine. 2021;72:573\u201381.","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"709_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-014004","volume":"7","author":"C Chen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chen C, Zhang Y, Sun W, Chen Y, Jiang Y, Song Y, et al. Investigating the relationship between precocious puberty and obesity: a cross-sectional study in Shanghai China. BMJ Open. 2017;7:e014004.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"709_CR70","first-page":"961","volume":"54","author":"T Ma","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ma T, Li YH, Chen MM, Ma Y, Gao D, Chen L, et al. Associations between early onset of puberty and obesity types in children: based on both the cross-sectional study and cohort study. Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2022;54:961\u201370 (in Chinese).","journal-title":"Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban"},{"key":"709_CR71","first-page":"16","volume":"61","author":"Subspecialty Group of Endocrinologic, Hereditary and Metabolic Diseases, the Society of Pediatrics, Chinese Medical Association; Editorial Board, Chinese Journal of Pediatrics","year":"2023","unstructured":"Subspecialty Group of Endocrinologic, Hereditary and Metabolic Diseases, the Society of Pediatrics, Chinese Medical Association; Editorial Board, Chinese Journal of Pediatrics. Expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of central precocious puberty 2022. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi. 2023;61:16\u201322 (in Chinese).","journal-title":"Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"709_CR72","first-page":"1065","volume":"59","author":"JQ Pu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pu JQ, Zhang JW, Chen RM, Mireguli M, Luo JS, Chen SK, et al. Survey of height and weight of children and adolescents at different Tanner stages in urban China. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi. 2021;59:1065\u201373 (in Chinese).","journal-title":"Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"709_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2021.10.009","volume":"17","author":"JH Lee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lee JH, Cho J. Sleep and obesity. Sleep Med Clin. 2022;17:111\u20136.","journal-title":"Sleep Med Clin"},{"key":"709_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1848","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13061848","volume":"13","author":"V Calcaterra","year":"2021","unstructured":"Calcaterra V, Verduci E, Cena H, Magenes VC, Todisco CF, Tenuta E, et al. Polycystic ovary syndrome in insulin-resistant adolescents with obesity: the role of nutrition therapy and food supplements as a strategy to protect fertility. Nutrients. 2021;13:1848.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"709_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1827","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgz285","volume":"105","author":"S Simon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Simon S, Rahat H, Carreau AM, Garcia-Reyes Y, Halbower A, Pyle L, et al. Poor sleep is related to metabolic syndrome severity in adolescents with PCOS and obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020;105:e1827\u201334.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"709_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1080\/01443615.2017.1318840","volume":"37","author":"L Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li L, Feng Q, Ye M, He Y, Yao A, Shi K. Metabolic effect of obesity on polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescents: a meta-analysis. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2017;37:1036\u201347.","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"709_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(21)00118-2","volume":"9","author":"Y Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang Y, Zhao L, Gao L, Pan A, Xue H. Health policy and public health implications of obesity in China. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021;9:446\u201361.","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"709_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-019-0456-z","volume":"15","author":"S Cuevas Garc\u00eda-Dorado","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cuevas Garc\u00eda-Dorado S, Cornselsen L, Smith R, Walls H. Economic globalization, nutrition and health: a review of quantitative evidence. Global Health. 2019;15:15.","journal-title":"Global Health"},{"key":"709_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2014.05.001","volume":"47","author":"BM Popkin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Popkin BM. Nutrition, agriculture and the global food system in low and middle income countries. Food Policy. 2014;47:91\u20136.","journal-title":"Food Policy"},{"key":"709_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13111112","volume":"13","author":"Y Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang Y, Wang L, Xue H, Qu W. A review of the growth of the fast food industry in China and its potential impact on obesity. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2016;13:1112.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"709_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2017.07.018","volume":"103","author":"J Min","year":"2017","unstructured":"Min J, Xue H, Wang VHC, Li M, Wang Y. Are single children more likely to be overweight or obese than those with siblings? The influence of China\u2019s one-child policy on childhood obesity. Prev Med. 2017;103:8\u201313.","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"709_CR82","volume-title":"Guidelines for prevention and control of overweight and obesity in among school-age children and adolescents in China (trial)","author":"CM Chen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chen CM, Ma GS, Ji CY, Wang SL, Du SM, Li YP, et al. Guidelines for prevention and control of overweight and obesity in among school-age children and adolescents in China (trial). Beijing: People\u2019s Medical Publishing House; 2007."},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"709_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13240","volume":"22","author":"M Vilar-Compte","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vilar-Compte M, Bustamante AV, L\u00f3pez-Olmedo N, Gait\u00e1n-Rossi P, Torres J, Peterson KE, et al. Migration as a determinant of childhood obesity in the United States and Latin America. Obes Rev. 2021;22(Suppl 3):e13240.","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"709_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031711","volume":"19","author":"J Moncho","year":"2022","unstructured":"Moncho J, Mart\u00ednez-Garc\u00eda A, Trescastro-L\u00f3pez EM. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in children of immigrant origin in Spain: a cross-sectional study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19:1711.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"709_CR85","unstructured":"Wang GX. Research on characteristics of China\u2019s inter-provincial migration: based on the data of China\u2019s seventh population census. Chin J Popul Sci. 2022;2\u201316 (in Chinese)."},{"key":"709_CR86","volume-title":"The research on the impact of school-age population changes on the allocation of compulsory education resources","author":"DY Guo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Guo DY. The research on the impact of school-age population changes on the allocation of compulsory education resources. Changchun: Jilin University; 2022."},{"key":"709_CR87","first-page":"53","volume":"3","author":"H He","year":"2019","unstructured":"He H, Zhang J, Xiu D. China\u2019s migrant population and health. CPDS. 2019;3:53\u201366.","journal-title":"CPDS"},{"key":"709_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.13640","volume":"106","author":"H Ren","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ren H, Zhou Z, Liu WK, Wang X, Yin Z. Excessive homework, inadequate sleep, physical inactivity and screen viewing time are major contributors to high paediatric obesity. Acta Paediatr. 2017;106:120\u20137.","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"709_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-8257-0","volume":"20","author":"S Zhou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou S, Cheng Y, Cheng L, Wang D, Li Q, Liu Z, et al. Association between convenience stores near schools and obesity among school-aged children in Beijing. China BMC Public Health. 2020;20:150.","journal-title":"China BMC Public Health"},{"key":"709_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-792","volume":"11","author":"M Li","year":"2011","unstructured":"Li M, Dibley MJ, Yan H. School environment factors were associated with BMI among adolescents in Xi\u2019an City. China BMC Public Health. 2011;11:792.","journal-title":"China BMC Public Health"},{"key":"709_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2017.04.031","volume":"100","author":"M Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li M, Xue H, Jia P, Zhao Y, Wang Z, Xu F, et al. Pocket money, eating behaviors, and weight status among Chinese children: the childhood obesity study in China mega-cities. Prev Med. 2017;100:208\u201315.","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"709_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3003","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-020-02475-y","volume":"60","author":"J Zheng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zheng J, Gao L, Xue H, Xue B, Zhao L, Wang Y, et al. Eating-out behaviors, associated factors and associations with obesity in Chinese school children: findings from the childhood obesity study in China mega-cities. Eur J Nutr. 2021;60:3003\u201312.","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"key":"709_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1017\/S136898001800006X","volume":"21","author":"T Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang T, Cai L, Jing J, Ma L, Ma J, Chen Y. Parental perception of child weight and its association with weight-related parenting behaviours and child behaviours: a Chinese national study. Public Health Nutr. 2018;21:1671\u201380.","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"709_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-015-0251-z","volume":"12","author":"B Li","year":"2015","unstructured":"Li B, Adab P, Cheng KK. The role of grandparents in childhood obesity in China-evidence from a mixed methods study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2015;12:91.","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"key":"709_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1089\/chi.2018.0338","volume":"15","author":"\u00c9M Butler","year":"2019","unstructured":"Butler \u00c9M, Suhag A, Hong Y, Liang L, Gong C, Xiong F, et al. Parental perceptions of obesity in school children and subsequent action. Child Obes. 2019;15:459\u201367.","journal-title":"Child Obes"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"709_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12124","volume":"15","author":"FY Zhai","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhai FY, Du SF, Wang ZH, Zhang JG, Du WW, Popkin BM. Dynamics of the Chinese diet and the role of urbanicity, 1991\u20132011. Obes Rev. 2014;15(Suppl 1):16\u201326.","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"709_CR97","volume-title":"Chinese national nutrition and health survey (2002): comprehensive summary","author":"L Wang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wang L. Chinese national nutrition and health survey (2002): comprehensive summary. Beijing: People\u2019s Medical Publishing House; 2005."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"709_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12120","volume":"15","author":"BM Popkin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Popkin BM. Synthesis and implications: China\u2019s nutrition transition in the context of changes across other low- and middle-income countries. Obes Rev. 2014;15(Suppl 1):60\u20137.","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"709_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2015.07.001","volume":"55","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhou Y, Du S, Su C, Zhang B, Wang H, Popkin BM. The food retail revolution in China and its association with diet and health. Food Policy. 2015;55:92\u2013100.","journal-title":"Food Policy"},{"key":"709_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9121302","volume":"9","author":"ZH Gui","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gui ZH, Zhu YN, Cai L, Sun FH, Ma YH, Jing J, et al. Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and risks of obesity and hypertension in Chinese children and adolescents: a national cross-sectional analysis. Nutrients. 2017;9:1302.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"709_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-017-0598-4","volume":"14","author":"T Dearth-Wesley","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dearth-Wesley T, Howard AG, Wang H, Zhang B, Popkin BM. Trends in domain-specific physical activity and sedentary behaviors among Chinese school children, 2004\u20132011. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2017;14:141.","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"key":"709_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-6515-9","volume":"19","author":"Z Zhu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhu Z, Tang Y, Zhuang J, Liu Y, Wu X, Cai Y, et al. Physical activity, screen viewing time, and overweight\/obesity among Chinese children and adolescents: an update from the 2017 physical activity and fitness in China-the youth study. BMC Public Health. 2019;19:197.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"709_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2017.10.019","volume":"56","author":"M Withers","year":"2018","unstructured":"Withers M, Kharazmi N, Lim E. Traditional beliefs and practices in pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum: a review of the evidence from Asian countries. Midwifery. 2018;56:158\u201370.","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"key":"709_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(16)30217-0","volume":"4","author":"L Poston","year":"2016","unstructured":"Poston L, Caleyachetty R, Cnattingius S, Corval\u00e1n C, Uauy R, Herring S, et al. Preconceptional and maternal obesity: epidemiology and health consequences. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016;4:1025\u201336.","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"709_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2014.05.005","volume":"114","author":"SB Procter","year":"2014","unstructured":"Procter SB, Campbell CG. Position of the academy of nutrition and dietetics: nutrition and lifestyle for a healthy pregnancy outcome. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2014;114:1099\u2013103.","journal-title":"J Acad Nutr Diet"},{"key":"709_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2010.00810.x","volume":"11","author":"B Rokholm","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rokholm B, Baker JL, S\u00f8rensen TIA. The levelling off of the obesity epidemic since the year 1999\u2014a review of evidence and perspectives. Obes Rev. 2010;11:835\u201346.","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"709_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-12-17","volume":"12","author":"M Wabitsch","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wabitsch M, Moss A, Kromeyer-Hauschild K. Unexpected plateauing of childhood obesity rates in developed countries. BMC Med. 2014;12:17.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"709_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2627","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32129-3","volume":"390","author":"NCD Risk Factor Collaboration","year":"2017","unstructured":"NCD Risk Factor Collaboration. Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128\u00b79 million children, adolescents, and adults. Lancet. 2017;390:2627\u201342.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"709_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.14590","volume":"324","author":"CL Ogden","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ogden CL, Fryar CD, Martin CB, Freedman DS, Carroll MD, Gu Q, et al. Trends in obesity prevalence by race and Hispanic origin-1999-2000 to 2017\u20132018. JAMA. 2020;324:1208\u201310.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"709_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2410","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.5158","volume":"319","author":"CL Ogden","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ogden CL, Fryar CD, Hales CM, Carroll MD, Aoki Y, Freedman DS. Differences in obesity prevalence by demographics and urbanization in US children and adolescents, 2013\u20132016. JAMA. 2018;319:2410\u20138.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"709_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2292","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.6361","volume":"315","author":"CL Ogden","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Lawman HG, Fryar CD, Kruszon-Moran D, Kit BK, et al. Trends in obesity prevalence among children and adolescents in the United States, 1988\u20131994 through 2013\u20132014. JAMA. 2016;315:2292\u20139.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"709_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-3459","volume":"141","author":"AC Skinner","year":"2018","unstructured":"Skinner AC, Ravanbakht SN, Skelton JA, Perrin EM, Armstrong SC. Prevalence of obesity and severe obesity in US children, 1999\u20132016. Pediatrics. 2018;141:e20173459.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"709_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2021-053708","volume":"150","author":"SA Cunningham","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cunningham SA, Hardy ST, Jones R, Ng C, Kramer MR, Narayan KMV. Changes in the incidence of childhood obesity. Pediatrics. 2022;150:e2021053708.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"709_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00798-4","volume":"398","author":"L Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang L, Zhou B, Zhao Z, Yang L, Zhang M, Jiang Y, et al. Body-mass index and obesity in urban and rural China: findings from consecutive nationally representative surveys during 2004\u201318. Lancet. 2021;398:53\u201363.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"709_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4154","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14194154","volume":"14","author":"H Huang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huang H, Gao Y, Zhu N, Yuan G, Li X, Feng Y, et al. The effects of breastfeeding for four months on thinness, overweight, and obesity in children aged 3 to 6 years: a retrospective cohort study from national physical fitness surveillance of Jiangsu Province. China Nutrients. 2022;14:4154.","journal-title":"China Nutrients"},{"key":"709_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s13006-022-00522-4","volume":"17","author":"W Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li W, Yuan J, Wang L, Qiao Y, Liu E, Wang S, et al. The association between breastfeeding and childhood obesity\/underweight: a population-based birth cohort study with repeated measured data. Int Breastfeed J. 2022;17:82.","journal-title":"Int Breastfeed J"},{"key":"709_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-022-03394-z","volume":"22","author":"F Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu F, Lv D, Wang L, Feng X, Zhang R, Liu W, et al. Breastfeeding and overweight\/obesity among children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatr. 2022;22:347.","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"709_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8234","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17218234","volume":"17","author":"Q Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li Q, Tian J, Xu F, Binns C. Breastfeeding in China: a review of changes in the past decade. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17:8234.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"709_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-10211-2","volume":"21","author":"L Kang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kang L, Liang J, He C, Miao L, Li X, Dai L, et al. Breastfeeding practice in China from 2013 to 2018: a study from a national dynamic follow-up surveillance. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:329.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"709_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-12574-6","volume":"22","author":"L Song","year":"2022","unstructured":"Song L, Zhang Y, Chen T, Maitusong P, Lian X. Association of body perception and dietary weight management behaviours among children and adolescents aged 6\u201317 years in China: cross-sectional study using CHNS (2015). BMC Public Health. 2022;22:175.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"709_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1007\/s11596-019-2116-1","volume":"39","author":"TT Qin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Qin TT, Xiong HG, Yan MM, Sun T, Qian L, Yin P. Body weight misperception and weight disorders among Chinese children and adolescents: a latent class analysis. Curr Med Sci. 2019;39:852\u201362.","journal-title":"Curr Med Sci"},{"key":"709_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.3390\/children8020135","volume":"8","author":"A Stavridou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stavridou A, Kapsali E, Panagouli E, Thirios A, Polychronis K, Bacopoulou F, et al. Obesity in children and adolescents during COVID-19 pandemic. Children. 2021;8:135.","journal-title":"Children"},{"key":"709_CR123","first-page":"916","volume":"29","author":"JX Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang JX, Tian T, Wang YY, Xie W, Zhu QR, Dai Y. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among children and adolescents aged 7\u201317 years in Jiangsu Province, 2016\u20132017. Pract Prev Med. 2022;29:916\u20139.","journal-title":"Pract Prev Med"},{"key":"709_CR124","unstructured":"State Council. Healthy China 2030 plan. 2016. http:\/\/english.www.gov.cn\/news\/video\/2016\/10\/28\/content_281475477055521.htm. Accessed 9 Jan 2023."},{"key":"709_CR125","unstructured":"State Council. Healthy China program (2019\u20132030). 2019. http:\/\/english.www.gov.cn\/policies\/latestreleases\/201907\/15\/content_WS5d2c7b11c6d05cbd94d67a12.html. Accessed 9 Jan 2023."},{"key":"709_CR126","unstructured":"National Health Commission, State Administration for Market Regulation, Ministry of Education, State Sport General Administration, Central Committee of the Communist Youth League, All-China Women\u2019s Federation. The plan of obesity control and prevention in children and adolescents. 2020. http:\/\/www.gov.cn\/zhengce\/zhengceku\/2020-10\/24\/content_5553848.htm. Accessed 9 Jan 2023."},{"key":"709_CR127","first-page":"507","volume":"60","author":"Subspecialty Group of Endocrinologic, Hereditary and Metabolic Diseases, the Society of Pediatrics, Chinese Medical Association; Subspecialty Group of Child Health Care, the Society of Pediatrics, Chinese Medical Association; Subspecialty Group of Clinical Nutrition, the Society of Pediarics, Chinese Medical Association; Editorial Board, Chinese Journal of Pediatrics","year":"2022","unstructured":"Subspecialty Group of Endocrinologic, Hereditary and Metabolic Diseases, the Society of Pediatrics, Chinese Medical Association; Subspecialty Group of Child Health Care, the Society of Pediatrics, Chinese Medical Association; Subspecialty Group of Clinical Nutrition, the Society of Pediarics, Chinese Medical Association; Editorial Board, Chinese Journal of Pediatrics. Expert consensus on diagnosis, assessment, and management of obesity in Chinese children. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi. 2022;60:507\u201315 (in Chinese).","journal-title":"Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"709_CR128","unstructured":"Chinese Nutrition Society. Nutritional guidelines for weight management of school-aged children. 2021. https:\/\/www.cnsoc.org\/otherNotice\/762100200.html. Accessed 9 Jan 2023."},{"key":"709_CR129","unstructured":"National Working Committee on Children and Women under State Council. Outline of China\u2019s children\u2019s development (2021\u20132030). 2021. https:\/\/www.nwccw.gov.cn\/2021-09\/27\/content_295436.htm. Accessed 12 Dec 2022."},{"key":"709_CR130","unstructured":"National Health Commission of the People\u2019s Republic of China. Healthy children program promotion (2021\u20132025). 2021. http:\/\/www.gov.cn\/zhengce\/zhengceku\/2021-11\/05\/content_5649019.htm. Accessed 12 Dec 2022."}],"container-title":["World Journal of Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12519-023-00709-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12519-023-00709-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12519-023-00709-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,21]],"date-time":"2023-10-21T03:12:10Z","timestamp":1697857930000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12519-023-00709-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]]},"references-count":130,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["709"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12519-023-00709-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1708-8569","1867-0687"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1708-8569","type":"print"},{"value":"1867-0687","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 October 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 February 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 March 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"No financial or non-financial benefits have been received or will be received from any party related directly or indirectly to the subject of this article. Author Jun-Fen Fu is a member of the Editorial Board for <i>World Journal of Pediatrics<\/i>. The paper was handled by the other Editor and has undergone rigorous peer review process. Author Jun-Fen Fu was not involved in the journal's review of, or decisions related to, this manuscript. The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}