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This study investigated associations between PWS domain gene expression in umbilical cord tissue and prenatal and postnatal growth, considering potential sex differences.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Relative gene expression of paternally expressed <jats:italic>MAGEL2<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>NDN<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>SNURF-SNRPN<\/jats:italic>, and the small nucleolar RNAs <jats:italic>SNORD116<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>SNORD115<\/jats:italic> were determined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction in umbilical cord tissue from 122 healthy newborns (59 girls and 63 boys). Gene expression levels were correlated with auxological measures at birth, infancy, and childhood (ages 2, 4, and 6\u00a0years).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:italic>MAGEL2<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>NDN<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>SNORD116<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>SNORD115<\/jats:italic> expression in the umbilical cord was negatively associated with birth weight, length, and placental weight (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Postnatally, these genes were positively associated with weight and length at 3\u00a0months (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and weight gain from birth to ages 1, 2, and 4\u00a0years (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01). Negative associations at birth were stronger in girls (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), while positive associations during infancy and childhood were stronger in boys (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). <jats:italic>MAGEL2<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>SNORD116<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>SNORD115<\/jats:italic> expression predicted early-postnatal growth, explaining the higher growth rate in boys compared to girls and accounting for sex differences up to 1.5\u00a0kg in weight and 3\u00a0cm in height during infancy.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Paternally expressed PWS domain gene expression in the umbilical cord was negatively associated with prenatal growth and positively with early-postnatal growth in healthy infants. This gene expression may predict early human postnatal growth and promote the well-known sex dimorphism in growth. These results can also help in understanding the etiology of PWS, which remains unclear.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Graphical abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-024-00865-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]],"date-time":"2025-01-22T02:44:15Z","timestamp":1737513855000},"page":"100-112","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Sex dimorphic associations of Prader\u2013Willi imprinted gene expressions in umbilical cord with prenatal and postnatal growth in healthy infants"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Berta","family":"Mas-Par\u00e9s","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gemma","family":"Carreras-Badosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ariadna","family":"G\u00f3mez-Vilarrubla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"De Arriba-Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"Lafalla-Bernard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Prats-Puig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francis","family":"De Zegher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lourdes","family":"Iba\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea M.","family":"Haqq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Judit","family":"Bassols","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abel","family":"Lopez-Bermejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"865_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gde.2010.01.009","volume":"20","author":"MV Koerner","year":"2010","unstructured":"Koerner MV, Barlow DP. 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Informed consent to participate in the study has been obtained from the participants (or their parent or legal guardian in the case of children under 16).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"HAM has served as a Principal Investigator for Rhythm Pharmaceuticals, Acadia Pharmaceuticals, Levo Therapeutics and Eli Lilly; has received consulting fees from Rhythm Pharmaceuticals, Pfizer Canada, Novo Nordisk Canada; has received honoraria from Rhythm Pharmaceuticals; has participated on an Advisory board for Rhythm Pharmaceuticals, Novo Nordisk Canada. The remaining authors report no conflict of interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}