{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T21:09:19Z","timestamp":1792012159786,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002597","name":"Kyung Hee University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20230895"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20230895"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002597","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["World J Pediatr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-025-00924-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,7]],"date-time":"2025-06-07T01:52:04Z","timestamp":1749261124000},"page":"447-467","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Potential gut\u2013brain axis-targeted therapies for autism spectrum disorder in children: opportunities and challenges"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Min Kyung","family":"Shin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yejun","family":"Son","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong Keon","family":"Yon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8580-490X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinseok","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"924_CR1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"A Ritter","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ritter A. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Washington: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013.","edition":"5"},{"key":"924_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13534","volume":"63","author":"E Pellicano","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pellicano E, den Houting J. Annual research review: shifting from \u2018normal science\u2019 to neurodiversity in autism science. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2022;63:381\u201396.","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"924_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss7202a1","volume":"72","author":"MJ Maenner","year":"2023","unstructured":"Maenner MJ, Warren Z, Williams AR, Amoakohene E, Bakian AV, Bilder DA, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years\u2014autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 sites, United States, 2020. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2023;72:1\u201314.","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill Summ"},{"key":"924_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.23661","volume":"329","author":"T Hirota","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hirota T, King BH. Autism spectrum disorder: a review. JAMA. 2023;329:157\u201368.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"924_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1916","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.3228","volume":"17","author":"C Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li C, He WQ. Prevalence and treatment of autism spectrum disorder in the United States, 2016\u20132022. Autism Res. 2024;17:1916\u201327.","journal-title":"Autism Res"},{"key":"924_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-024-01916-2","volume":"29","author":"L Qin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Qin L, Wang H, Ning W, Cui M, Wang Q. New advances in the diagnosis and treatment of autism spectrum disorders. Eur J Med Res. 2024;29:322.","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"key":"924_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.2174\/0109298673252910230920151332","volume":"31","author":"K Yenkoyan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yenkoyan K, Ounanian Z, Mirumyan M, Hayrapetyan L, Zakaryan N, Sahakyan R, et al. Advances in the treatment of autism spectrum disorder: current and promising strategies. Curr Med Chem. 2024;31:1485\u2013511.","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem"},{"key":"924_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2023.108564","volume":"253","author":"S Salloum-Asfar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Salloum-Asfar S, Zawia N, Abdulla SA. Retracing our steps: a review on autism research in children, its limitation and impending pharmacological interventions. Pharmacol Ther. 2024;253:108564.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"924_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-024-00585-6","volume":"15","author":"H Choi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Choi H, Kim JH, Yang HS, Kim JY, Cortese S, Smith L, et al. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for irritability in autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis with the GRADE assessment. Mol Autism. 2024;15:7.","journal-title":"Mol Autism"},{"key":"924_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S371013","volume":"18","author":"J Maniram","year":"2022","unstructured":"Maniram J, Karrim SBS, Oosthuizen F, Wiafe E. Pharmacological management of core symptoms and comorbidities of autism spectrum disorder in children and adolescents: a systematic review. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2022;18:1629\u201344.","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"924_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1080\/14728214.2024.2313650","volume":"29","author":"A Shamabadi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shamabadi A, Karimi H, Arabzadeh Bahri R, Motavaselian M, Akhondzadeh S. Emerging drugs for the treatment of irritability associated with autism spectrum disorder. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2024;29:45\u201356.","journal-title":"Expert Opin Emerg Drugs"},{"key":"924_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000775","volume":"35","author":"D Baribeau","year":"2022","unstructured":"Baribeau D, Vorstman J, Anagnostou E. Novel treatments in autism spectrum disorder. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2022;35:101\u201310.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychiatry"},{"key":"924_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.B2300864","volume":"25","author":"P Tan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tan P, Shen X, Zeng L, Weng X, Geng H. Pharmacotherapy for the core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2024;25:956\u201371.","journal-title":"J Zhejiang Univ Sci B"},{"key":"924_CR14","first-page":"170","volume":"30","author":"X Lin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lin X, Wang G, Shen S, Zhan J. Advances in the diagnosis and treatment of autism spectrum disorders in children. Altern Ther Health Med. 2024;30:170\u20135.","journal-title":"Altern Ther Health Med"},{"key":"924_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2021.05.010","volume":"48","author":"JT McCracken","year":"2021","unstructured":"McCracken JT, Anagnostou E, Arango C, Dawson G, Farchione T, Mantua V, et al. Drug development for autism spectrum disorder (ASD): progress, challenges, and future directions. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2021;48:3\u201331.","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"924_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59091584","volume":"59","author":"A Mondal","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mondal A, Sharma R, Abiha U, Ahmad F, Karan A, Jayaraj RL, et al. A spectrum of solutions: unveiling non-pharmacological approaches to manage autism spectrum disorder. Medicina. 2023;59:1584.","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"key":"924_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chc.2022.08.004","volume":"32","author":"P Vandana","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vandana P, Simkin DR, Hendren RL, Arnold LE. Autism spectrum disorder and complementary-integrative medicine. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2023;32:469\u201394.","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am"},{"key":"924_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01479-w","volume":"27","author":"AP Shoubridge","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shoubridge AP, Choo JM, Martin AM, Keating DJ, Wong ML, Licinio J, et al. The gut microbiome and mental health: advances in research and emerging priorities. Mol Psychiatry. 2022;27:1908\u201319.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"924_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.915701","volume":"12","author":"MA Taniya","year":"2022","unstructured":"Taniya MA, Chung HJ, Al Mamun A, Alam S, Aziz MA, Emon NU, et al. Role of gut microbiome in autism spectrum disorder and its therapeutic regulation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2022;12:915701.","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"924_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15071620","volume":"15","author":"VN Dargenio","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dargenio VN, Dargenio C, Castellaneta S, de Giacomo A, Laguardia M, Schettini F, et al. Intestinal barrier dysfunction and microbiota-gut-brain axis: possible implications in the pathogenesis and treatment of autism spectrum disorder. Nutrients. 2023;15:1620.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"924_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.3390\/bs13070548","volume":"13","author":"A De Sales-Mill\u00e1n","year":"2023","unstructured":"De Sales-Mill\u00e1n A, Aguirre-Garrido JF, Gonz\u00e1lez-Cervantes RM, Vel\u00e1zquez-Arag\u00f3n JA. Microbiome-gut-mucosal-immune-brain axis and autism spectrum disorder (ASD): a novel proposal of the role of the gut microbiome in ASD aetiology. Behav Sci (Basel). 2023;13:548.","journal-title":"Behav Sci (Basel)"},{"key":"924_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.122357","volume":"337","author":"CL Gon\u00e7alves","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves CL, Doifode T, Rezende VL, Costa MA, Rhoads JM, Soutullo CA. The many faces of microbiota-gut-brain axis in autism spectrum disorder. Life Sci. 2024;337:122357.","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"924_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11245","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911245","volume":"23","author":"A G\u00f3ralczyk-Bi\u0144kowska","year":"2022","unstructured":"G\u00f3ralczyk-Bi\u0144kowska A, Szmajda-Krygier D, Koz\u0142owska E. The microbiota-gut-brain axis in psychiatric disorders. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23:11245.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"924_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4476","volume":"20","author":"TC Fung","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fung TC, Olson CA, Hsiao EY. Interactions between the microbiota, immune and nervous systems in health and disease. Nat Neurosci. 2017;20:145\u201355.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"924_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7613","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22147613","volume":"22","author":"H Usuda","year":"2021","unstructured":"Usuda H, Okamoto T, Wada K. Leaky gut: effect of dietary fiber and fats on microbiome and intestinal barrier. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22:7613.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"924_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28020619","volume":"28","author":"RS Aleman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Aleman RS, Moncada M, Aryana KJ. Leaky gut and the ingredients that help treat it: a review. Molecules. 2023;28:619.","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"924_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-023-03374-w","volume":"19","author":"F di Vincenzo","year":"2024","unstructured":"di Vincenzo F, del Gaudio A, Petito V, Lopetuso LR, Scaldaferri F. Gut microbiota, intestinal permeability, and systemic inflammation: a narrative review. Intern Emerg Med. 2024;19:275\u201393.","journal-title":"Intern Emerg Med"},{"key":"924_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-020-01272-7","volume":"37","author":"A Capuco","year":"2020","unstructured":"Capuco A, Urits I, Hasoon J, Chun R, Gerald B, Wang JK, et al. Current perspectives on gut microbiome dysbiosis and depression. Adv Ther. 2020;37:1328\u201346.","journal-title":"Adv Ther"},{"key":"924_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gpsych-2019-100056","volume":"32","author":"B Yang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang B, Wei J, Ju P, Chen J. Effects of regulating intestinal microbiota on anxiety symptoms: a systematic review. Gen Psychiatr. 2019;32:e100056.","journal-title":"Gen Psychiatr"},{"key":"924_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15389","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232315389","volume":"23","author":"F Muhammad","year":"2022","unstructured":"Muhammad F, Fan B, Wang R, Ren J, Jia S, Wang L, et al. The molecular gut-brain axis in early brain development. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23:15389.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"924_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1159\/000540379","volume":"42","author":"D Compare","year":"2024","unstructured":"Compare D, Sgamato C, Rocco A, Coccoli P, Ambrosio C, Nardone G. The leaky gut and human diseases: \u201ccan\u2019t fill the cup if you don\u2019t plug the holes first.\u201d Dig Dis. 2024;42:548\u201366.","journal-title":"Dig Dis"},{"key":"924_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2015.04.002","volume":"37","author":"AI Petra","year":"2015","unstructured":"Petra AI, Panagiotidou S, Hatziagelaki E, Stewart JM, Conti P, Theoharides TC. Gut-microbiota-brain axis and its effect on neuropsychiatric disorders with suspected immune dysregulation. Clin Ther. 2015;37:984\u201395.","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"924_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.755171","volume":"12","author":"C Puricelli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Puricelli C, Rolla R, Gigliotti L, Boggio E, Beltrami E, Dianzani U, et al. The gut-brain-immune axis in autism spectrum disorders: a state-of-art report. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:755171.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"924_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031363","volume":"23","author":"A Alharthi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alharthi A, Alhazmi S, Alburae N, Bahieldin A. The human gut microbiome as a potential factor in autism spectrum disorder. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23:1363.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"924_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-023-01361-0","volume":"26","author":"JT Morton","year":"2023","unstructured":"Morton JT, Jin DM, Mills RH, Shao Y, Rahman G, McDonald D, et al. Multi-level analysis of the gut\u2013brain axis shows autism spectrum disorder-associated molecular and microbial profiles. Nat Neurosci. 2023;26:1208\u201317.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"924_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1080\/17474124.2021.1869938","volume":"15","author":"CR Settanni","year":"2021","unstructured":"Settanni CR, Bibb\u00f2 S, Ianiro G, Rinninella E, Cintoni M, Mele MC, et al. Gastrointestinal involvement of autism spectrum disorder: focus on gut microbiota. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;15:599\u2013622.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"924_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.963102","volume":"13","author":"J Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang J, Ma B, Wang J, Zhang Z, Chen O. Global prevalence of autism spectrum disorder and its gastrointestinal symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Psychiatry. 2022;13:963102.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"924_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1120728","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2023.1120728","volume":"11","author":"H Gan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gan H, Su Y, Zhang L, Huang G, Lai C, Lv Y, et al. Questionnaire-based analysis of autism spectrum disorders and gastrointestinal symptoms in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Pediatr. 2023;11:1120728.","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"924_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-023-04292-8","volume":"23","author":"H Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang H, Liu S, Xie L, Wang J. Gut microbiota signature in children with autism spectrum disorder who suffered from chronic gastrointestinal symptoms. BMC Pediatr. 2023;23:476.","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"924_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613231155324","volume":"27","author":"EB Warreman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Warreman EB, Nooteboom LA, Terry MB, Hoek HW, Leenen P, van Rossum E, et al. Psychological, behavioural and biological factors associated with gastrointestinal symptoms in autistic adults and adults with autistic traits. Autism. 2023;27:2173\u201386.","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"924_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2024.115775","volume":"335","author":"Y Jung","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jung Y, Lee T, Oh HS, Hyun Y, Song S, Chun J, et al. Gut microbial and clinical characteristics of individuals with autism spectrum disorder differ depending on the ecological structure of the gut microbiome. Psychiatry Res. 2024;335:115775.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"924_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2018.05.007","volume":"190","author":"SR Sharma","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sharma SR, Gonda X, Tarazi FI. Autism spectrum disorder: classification, diagnosis and therapy. Pharmacol Ther. 2018;190:91\u2013104.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"924_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2017.12.027","volume":"194","author":"Y Yang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yang Y, Tian J, Yang B. Targeting gut microbiome: a novel and potential therapy for autism. Life Sci. 2018;194:111\u20139.","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"924_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-016-0225-7","volume":"5","author":"DW Kang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kang DW, Adams JB, Gregory AC, Borody T, Chittick L, Fasano A, et al. Microbiota transfer therapy alters gut ecosystem and improves gastrointestinal and autism symptoms: an open-label study. Microbiome. 2017;5:10.","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"924_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5821","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-42183-0","volume":"9","author":"DW Kang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kang DW, Adams JB, Coleman DM, Pollard EL, Maldonado J, McDonough-Means S, et al. Long-term benefit of microbiota transfer therapy on autism symptoms and gut microbiota. Sci Rep. 2019;9:5821.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"924_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.759435","volume":"11","author":"N Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li N, Chen H, Cheng Y, Xu F, Ruan G, Ying S, et al. Fecal microbiota transplantation relieves gastrointestinal and autism symptoms by improving the gut microbiota in an open-label study. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2021;11:759435.","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"924_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.928785","volume":"10","author":"ZY Pan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pan ZY, Zhong HJ, Huang DN, Wu LH, He XX. Beneficial effects of repeated washed microbiota transplantation in children with autism. Front Pediatr. 2022;10:928785.","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"924_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S355233","volume":"18","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Zhang J, Pan Z, He X. Effects of washed fecal bacteria transplantation in sleep quality, stool features and autism symptomatology: a Chinese preliminary observational study. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2022;18:1165\u201373.","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"924_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11040820","volume":"11","author":"YW Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu YW, Liong MT, Chung YE, Huang HY, Peng WS, Cheng YF, et al. Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum PS128 on children with autism spectrum disorder in Taiwan Province of China: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Nutrients. 2019;11:820.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"924_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.550593","volume":"11","author":"E Santocchi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Santocchi E, Guiducci L, Prosperi M, Calderoni S, Gaggini M, Apicella F, et al. Effects of probiotic supplementation on gastrointestinal, sensory and core symptoms in autism spectrum disorders: a randomized controlled trial. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:550593.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"924_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.01084","volume":"10","author":"M Niu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Niu M, Li Q, Zhang J, Wen F, Dang W, Duan G, et al. Characterization of intestinal microbiota and probiotics treatment in children with autism spectrum disorders in China. Front Neurol. 2019;10:1084.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"924_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2036","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13062036","volume":"13","author":"MM Mensi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mensi MM, Rogantini C, Marchesi M, Borgatti R, Chiappedi M. Lactobacillus plantarum PS128 and other probiotics in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: a real-world experience. Nutrients. 2021;13:2036.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"924_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5263","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11185263","volume":"11","author":"C Guidetti","year":"2022","unstructured":"Guidetti C, Salvini E, Viri M, Deidda F, Amoruso A, Visciglia A, et al. Randomized double-blind crossover study for evaluating a probiotic mixture on gastrointestinal and behavioral symptoms of autistic children. J Clin Med. 2022;11:5263.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"924_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2023.11.021","volume":"32","author":"L Mazzone","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mazzone L, Dooling SW, Volpe E, Uljarevi\u0107 M, Waters JL, Sabatini A, et al. Precision microbial intervention improves social behavior but not autism severity: a pilot double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial. Cell Host Microbe. 2024;32:106\u201216.e6.","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"924_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-017-0088-z","volume":"32","author":"O El-Rashidy","year":"2017","unstructured":"El-Rashidy O, El-Baz F, El-Gendy Y, Khalaf R, Reda SK. Ketogenic diet versus gluten free casein free diet in autistic children: a case-control study. Metab Brain Dis. 2017;32:1935\u201341.","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"key":"924_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e500","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.13108","volume":"104","author":"HD Pusponegoro","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pusponegoro HD, Ismael S, Firmansyah A, Sastroasmoro S, Vandenplas Y. Gluten and casein supplementation does not increase symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorder. Acta Paediatr. 2015;104:e500\u20135.","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"924_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3533","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-023-06074-8","volume":"54","author":"A Acosta","year":"2024","unstructured":"Acosta A, Khokhlovich E, Reis H, Vyshedskiy A. Dietary factors impact developmental trajectories in young autistic children. J Autism Dev Disord. 2024;54:3533\u201348.","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"924_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-016-0040-z","volume":"12","author":"F Ghalichi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ghalichi F, Ghaemmaghami J, Malek A, Ostadrahimi A. Effect of gluten free diet on gastrointestinal and behavioral indices for children with autism spectrum disorders: a randomized clinical trial. World J Pediatr. 2016;12:436\u201342.","journal-title":"World J Pediatr"},{"key":"924_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-019-04266-9","volume":"50","author":"A Piwowarczyk","year":"2020","unstructured":"Piwowarczyk A, Horvath A, Pisula E, Kawa R, Szajewska H. Gluten-free diet in children with autism spectrum disorders: a randomized, controlled, single-blinded trial. J Autism Dev Disord. 2020;50:482\u201390.","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"924_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-019-04333-1","volume":"50","author":"PJ Gonz\u00e1lez-Domenech","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Domenech PJ, D\u00edaz Atienza F, Garc\u00eda Pablos C, Fern\u00e1ndez Soto ML, Mart\u00ednez-Ortega JM, Guti\u00e9rrez-Rojas L. Influence of a combined gluten-free and casein-free diet on behavior disorders in children and adolescents diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder: a 12-month follow-up clinical trial. J Autism Dev Disord. 2020;50:935\u201348.","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"924_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1179\/1476830515Y.0000000019","volume":"19","author":"K Saad","year":"2016","unstructured":"Saad K, Abdel-Rahman AA, Elserogy YM, Al-Atram AA, Cannell JJ, Bj\u00f8rklund G, et al. Vitamin D status in autism spectrum disorders and the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in autistic children. Nutr Neurosci. 2016;19:346\u201351.","journal-title":"Nutr Neurosci"},{"key":"924_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2015.1123847","volume":"20","author":"J Feng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Feng J, Shan L, Du L, Wang B, Li H, Wang W, et al. Clinical improvement following vitamin D3 supplementation in autism spectrum disorder. Nutr Neurosci. 2017;20:284\u201390.","journal-title":"Nutr Neurosci"},{"key":"924_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-015-0010-7","volume":"6","author":"D Mankad","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mankad D, Dupuis A, Smile S, Roberts W, Brian J, Lui T, et al. A randomized, placebo controlled trial of omega-3 fatty acids in the treatment of young children with autism. Mol Autism. 2015;6:18.","journal-title":"Mol Autism"},{"key":"924_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2015.0159","volume":"26","author":"RL Hendren","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hendren RL, James SJ, Widjaja F, Lawton B, Rosenblatt A, Bent S. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of methyl B12 for children with autism. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2016;26:774\u201383.","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"924_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-017-1096-1","volume":"17","author":"J Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu J, Liu X, Xiong XQ, Yang T, Cui T, Hou NL, et al. Effect of vitamin A supplementation on gut microbiota in children with autism spectrum disorders\u2014a pilot study. BMC Microbiol. 2017;17:204.","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"924_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2015.28","volume":"69","author":"YP Ooi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ooi YP, Weng SJ, Jang LY, Low L, Seah J, Teo S, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids in the management of autism spectrum disorders: findings from an open-label pilot study in Singapore. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2015;69:969\u201371.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"924_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-018-3860-y","volume":"49","author":"H Mazahery","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mazahery H, Conlon CA, Beck KL, Mugridge O, Kruger MC, Stonehouse W, et al. A randomised-controlled trial of vitamin D and omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in the treatment of core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder in children. J Autism Dev Disord. 2019;49:1778\u201394.","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"924_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.12979","volume":"123","author":"Z Mehrazad-Saber","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mehrazad-Saber Z, Kheirouri S, Noorazar SG. Effects of l-carnosine supplementation on sleep disorders and disease severity in autistic children: a randomized, controlled clinical trial. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2018;123:72\u20137.","journal-title":"Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"924_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.790250","volume":"9","author":"MJ de la Torre-Aguilar","year":"2022","unstructured":"de la Torre-Aguilar MJ, Gomez-Fernandez A, Flores-Rojas K, Martin-Borreguero P, Mesa MD, Perez-Navero JL, et al. Docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic intervention modifies plasma and erythrocyte omega-3 fatty acid profiles but not the clinical course of children with autism spectrum disorder: a randomized control trial. Front Nutr. 2022;9:790250.","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"924_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.669089","volume":"12","author":"AM Castejon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Castejon AM, Spaw JA, Rozenfeld I, Sheinberg N, Kabot S, Shaw A, et al. Improving antioxidant capacity in children with autism: a randomized, double-blind controlled study with cysteine-rich whey protein. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:669089.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"924_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2017-312783","volume":"102","author":"CP Kerley","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kerley CP, Power C, Gallagher L, Coghlan D. Lack of effect of vitamin D3 supplementation in autism: a 20-week, placebo-controlled RCT. Arch Dis Child. 2017;102:1030\u20136.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"924_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-021-00447-5","volume":"12","author":"AW Zimmerman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zimmerman AW, Singh K, Connors SL, Liu H, Panjwani AA, Lee LC, et al. Randomized controlled trial of sulforaphane and metabolite discovery in children with autism spectrum disorder. Mol Autism. 2021;12:38.","journal-title":"Mol Autism"},{"key":"924_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15030718","volume":"15","author":"M Magner","year":"2023","unstructured":"Magner M, Thorov\u00e1 K, \u017dupov\u00e1 V, Hou\u0161ka M, \u0160vandov\u00e1 I, Novotn\u00e1 P, et al. Sulforaphane treatment in children with autism: a prospective randomized double-blind study. Nutrients. 2023;15:718.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"924_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.5114\/pedm.2020.101806","volume":"27","author":"S Doaei","year":"2021","unstructured":"Doaei S, Bourbour F, Teymoori Z, Jafari F, Kalantari N, Abbas Torki S, et al. The effect of omega-3 fatty acids supplementation on social and behavioral disorders of children with autism: a randomized clinical trial. Pediatr Endocrinol Diabetes Metab. 2021;27:12\u20138.","journal-title":"Pediatr Endocrinol Diabetes Metab"},{"key":"924_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-020-06133-5","volume":"65","author":"V Saurman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Saurman V, Margolis KG, Luna RA. Autism spectrum disorder as a brain-gut-microbiome axis disorder. Dig Dis Sci. 2020;65:818\u201328.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"924_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105840","volume":"172","author":"K Soca\u0142a","year":"2021","unstructured":"Soca\u0142a K, Doboszewska U, Szopa A, Serefko A, W\u0142odarczyk M, Zieli\u0144ska A, et al. The role of microbiota-gut-brain axis in neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders. Pharmacol Res. 2021;172:105840.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"924_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jspn.12391","volume":"27","author":"D Turnage","year":"2022","unstructured":"Turnage D, Conner N. Quality of life of parents of children with autism spectrum disorder: an integrative literature review. J Spec Pediatr Nurs. 2022;27:e12391.","journal-title":"J Spec Pediatr Nurs"},{"key":"924_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2022.104211","volume":"124","author":"L Losada-Puente","year":"2022","unstructured":"Losada-Puente L, Ba\u00f1a M, Asorey MJF. Family quality of life and autism spectrum disorder: comparative diagnosis of needs and impact on family life. Res Dev Disabil. 2022;124:104211.","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"key":"924_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2022.103030","volume":"70","author":"AD Patel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Patel AD, Arya A, Agarwal V, Gupta PK, Agarwal M. Burden of care and quality of life in caregivers of children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Asian J Psychiatr. 2022;70:103030.","journal-title":"Asian J Psychiatr"},{"key":"924_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2023.102168","volume":"104","author":"A Backman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Backman A, Zander E, Roll-Pettersson L, Vigerland S, Hirvikoski T. Functioning and quality of life in transition-aged youth on the autism spectrum\u2013associations with autism symptom severity and mental health problems. Res Autism Spectr Disord. 2023;104:102168.","journal-title":"Res Autism Spectr Disord"},{"key":"924_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123462","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1123462","volume":"14","author":"P Feng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Feng P, Zhao S, Zhang Y, Li E. A review of probiotics in the treatment of autism spectrum disorders: perspectives from the gut-brain axis. Front Microbiol. 2023;14:1123462.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"924_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.31083\/j.jin2301020","volume":"23","author":"S Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang S, Han F, Wang Q, Fan F. Probiotics and prebiotics in the treatment of autism spectrum disorder: a narrative review. J Integr Neurosci. 2024;23:20.","journal-title":"J Integr Neurosci"},{"key":"924_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14030462","volume":"14","author":"M Prosperi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Prosperi M, Santocchi E, Guiducci L, Frinzi J, Morales MA, Tancredi R, et al. Interventions on microbiota: where do we stand on a gut-brain link in autism? A systematic review. Nutrients. 2022;14:462.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"924_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13587","volume":"148","author":"J Korteniemi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Korteniemi J, Karlsson L, Aatsinki A. Systematic review: autism spectrum disorder and the gut microbiota. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2023;148:242\u201354.","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"924_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n160","volume":"372","author":"MJ Page","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, Moher D, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n160.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"924_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","volume":"372","author":"MJ Page","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n71.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"924_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898","volume":"366","author":"JAC Sterne","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sterne JAC, Savovi\u0107 J, Page MJ, Elbers RG, Blencowe NS, Boutron I, et al. RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ. 2019;366:l4898.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"924_CR88","unstructured":"Wells G, Shea B, O\u2019Connell D, Peterson J, Welch V, Losos M, et al. The Newcastle\u2013Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of non-randomized studies in meta-analysis. 2021. https:\/\/www.ohri.ca\/programs\/clinical_epidemiology\/oxford.asp. Accessed 5 Oct 2024."},{"key":"924_CR89","first-page":"458","volume":"12","author":"E Pastor-Ram\u00f3n","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pastor-Ram\u00f3n E, Herrera-Peco I, Agirre O, Garc\u00eda-Puente M, Mor\u00e1n JM. Improving the reliability of literature reviews: detection of retracted articles through academic search engines. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ. 2022;12:458\u201364.","journal-title":"Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ"},{"key":"924_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D29","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac1032","volume":"51","author":"EW Sayers","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sayers EW, Bolton EE, Brister JR, Canese K, Chan J, Comeau DC, et al. Database resources of the national center for biotechnology information in 2023. Nucleic Acids Res. 2023;51:D29\u201238.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"924_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.2309\/JAVA-2023-28-02-04","volume":"28","author":"CB Joseph","year":"2023","unstructured":"Joseph CB, Gilbert GE. How to perform a successful literature search. J Assoc Vasc Access. 2023;28:19\u201322.","journal-title":"J Assoc Vasc Access"},{"key":"924_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1162\/qss_a_00177","volume":"3","author":"M Thelwall","year":"2022","unstructured":"Thelwall M, Sud P. Scopus 1900\u20132020: growth in articles, abstracts, countries, fields, and journals. Quant Sci Stud. 2022;3:37\u201350.","journal-title":"Quant Sci Stud"},{"key":"924_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/01655515231191351","author":"P Singh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Singh P, Singh VK, Piryani R. Scholarly article retrieval from web of science, scopus and dimensions: a comparative analysis of retrieval quality. J Inf Sci. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/01655515231191351.","journal-title":"J Inf Sci"},{"key":"924_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1341404","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1341404","volume":"15","author":"P Feng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Feng P, Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Zhao P, Li E. Combined repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and gut microbiota modulation through the gut-brain axis for prevention and treatment of autism spectrum disorder. Front Immunol. 2024;15:1341404.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"924_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-56375-y","volume":"16","author":"S Reddi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Reddi S, Senyshyn L, Ebadi M, Podlesny D, Minot SS, Gooley T, et al. Fecal microbiota transplantation to prevent acute graft-versus-host disease: pre-planned interim analysis of donor effect. Nat Commun. 2025;16:1034.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"924_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2024.105717","volume":"162","author":"KL Adams","year":"2024","unstructured":"Adams KL, Mandy W, Catmur C, Bird G. Potential mechanisms underlying the association between feeding and eating disorders and autism. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2024;162:105717.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"924_CR97","first-page":"1","volume":"38","author":"C Breda","year":"2024","unstructured":"Breda C, Santero S, Conti MV, Cena H. Programmes to manage food selectivity in individuals with autism spectrum disorder. Nutr Res Rev. 2024;38:1\u201314.","journal-title":"Nutr Res Rev"}],"container-title":["World Journal of Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12519-025-00924-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12519-025-00924-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12519-025-00924-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,15]],"date-time":"2025-06-15T18:02:04Z","timestamp":1750010524000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12519-025-00924-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"references-count":97,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["924"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12519-025-00924-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1708-8569","1867-0687"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1708-8569","type":"print"},{"value":"1867-0687","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 April 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 April 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 June 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"No financial or non-financial benefits have been received or will be received from any party related directly or indirectly to the subject of this article. Author YDK is member of the Editorial Board of World Journal of Pediatrics. The manuscript was handled by other editor, and has undergone rigorous review process. Author YDK was not involved in the review of or decision on this manuscript.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Not required.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}