{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T19:47:51Z","timestamp":1782244071787,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":28,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["World J Pediatr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Approximately one-quarter of infants worldwide are born either preterm, with a low birth weight, or both. Maternal anemia significantly increases the risk of adverse birth outcomes. We aimed to investigate the association between hemoglobin levels\u2014alone and in conjunction with chorioamnionitis\u2014and birth outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective cohort study included 54,300 pregnant women who delivered between January 2018 and December 2023 and whose antenatal examination records were available at a university-affiliated hospital in Shanghai, China. The primary outcomes were preterm birth and low birth weight.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In our cohort, 33.9% of mothers were diagnosed with anemia. A low hemoglobin concentration (hemoglobin concentration &lt;\u2009100\u00a0g\/L) during the third trimester was significantly associated with an increased risk of preterm birth [adjusted odds ratio (aOR)\u00a0= 1.87; 95% confidence interval (CI)\u00a0= 1.56\u20132.24] and low birth weight (aOR\u00a0= 1.45; 95% CI\u00a0= 1.20\u20131.76). Notably, the co-occurrence of moderate to severe anemia and chorioamnionitis was associated with higher odds of preterm birth and low birth weight in the third trimester, with aORs (95% CI) of 3.26 (1.92\u20135.52) and 3.02 (1.78\u20135.11), respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Maternal anemia, particularly during the third trimester, is associated with an increased risk of preterm birth and low birth weight. The co-occurrence of anemia and chorioamnionitis further amplifies these risks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-026-01041-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T15:24:54Z","timestamp":1780068294000},"page":"511-521","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association of maternal hemoglobin levels and chorioamnionitis with preterm birth and low birth weight: a cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Wen","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan-Hui","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Si-Yue","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia-Ying","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Si-Wei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan-Ting","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4344-8019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"He-Feng","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"1041_CR1","volume-title":"Haemoglobin concentrations for the diagnosis of anaemia and assessment of severity","author":"WHO","year":"2011","unstructured":"WHO. Haemoglobin concentrations for the diagnosis of anaemia and assessment of severity. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011."},{"key":"1041_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.10.010","volume":"26","author":"M Goonewardene","year":"2012","unstructured":"Goonewardene M, Shehata M, Hamad A. Anaemia in pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2012;26:3\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2011.10.010.","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"1041_CR3","first-page":"2023","volume-title":"World health statistics 2023: monitoring health for the SDGs, sustainable development goals","author":"WHO","year":"2023","unstructured":"WHO. World health statistics 2023: monitoring health for the SDGs, sustainable development goals. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023. p. 2023."},{"key":"1041_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.47046","volume":"5","author":"H Shi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shi H, Chen L, Wang Y, Sun M, Guo Y, Ma S, et al. Severity of anemia during pregnancy and adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5:e2147046. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.47046.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"1041_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-021-00411-6","volume":"17","author":"CF Sun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sun CF, Liu H, Hao YH, Hu HT, Zhou ZY, Zou KX, et al. Association between gestational anemia in different trimesters and neonatal outcomes: a retrospective longitudinal cohort study. World J Pediatr. 2021;17:197\u2013204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12519-021-00411-6.","journal-title":"World J Pediatr"},{"key":"1041_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00573-1","volume":"401","author":"PJ Hunter","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hunter PJ, Awoyemi T, Ayede AI, Chico RM, David AL, Dewey KG, et al. Biological and pathological mechanisms leading to the birth of a small vulnerable newborn. Lancet. 2023;401:1720\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00573-1.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1041_CR7","volume-title":"WHO recommendations on antenatal care for a positive pregnancy experience","author":"WHO","year":"2016","unstructured":"WHO. WHO recommendations on antenatal care for a positive pregnancy experience. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016."},{"key":"1041_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.114887","volume":"317","author":"\u015e Karag\u00fcn","year":"2026","unstructured":"Karag\u00fcn \u015e, Y\u0131ld\u0131z H, Dal Y, Karaca SG, Atay HB, K\u0131ll\u0131 M\u00c7, et al. Ferric carboxymaltose for third-trimester refractory anemia and perinatal outcomes: retrospective cohort analysis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2026;317:114887. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2025.114887.","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"1041_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03574.x","volume":"17","author":"MJ Czikk","year":"2011","unstructured":"Czikk MJ, McCarthy FP, Murphy KE. Chorioamnionitis: from pathogenesis to treatment. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011;17:1304\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03574.x.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"1041_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.09.044","volume":"223","author":"A Conde-Agudelo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Conde-Agudelo A, Romero R, Jung EJ, Garcia S\u00e1nchez \u00c1J. Management of clinical chorioamnionitis: an evidence-based approach. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;223:848\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.09.044.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"1041_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/s10024-003-7070-y","volume":"6","author":"RW Redline","year":"2003","unstructured":"Redline RW, Faye-Petersen O, Heller D, Qureshi F, Savell V, Vogler C. Amniotic infection syndrome: nosology and reproducibility of placental reaction patterns. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2003;6:435\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10024-003-7070-y.","journal-title":"Pediatr Dev Pathol"},{"key":"1041_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2019.06.006","volume":"1","author":"AK Perry","year":"2019","unstructured":"Perry AK, Rossi RM, DeFranco EA. Severe adverse maternal outcomes associated with chorioamnionitis. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM. 2019;1:100027. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2019.06.006.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM"},{"key":"1041_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.15565","volume":"126","author":"KK Venkatesh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Venkatesh KK, Glover AV, Vladutiu CJ, Stamilio DM. Association of chorioamnionitis and its duration with adverse maternal outcomes by mode of delivery: a cohort study. BJOG. 2019;126:719\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1471-0528.15565.","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"1041_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2008.01.030","volume":"121","author":"R Kumar","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kumar R, Yu Y, Story RE, Pongracic JA, Gupta R, Pearson C, et al. Prematurity, chorioamnionitis, and the development of recurrent wheezing: a prospective birth cohort study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;121:878\u201384.e6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaci.2008.01.030.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"1041_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00522-6","volume":"401","author":"JE Lawn","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lawn JE, Ohuma EO, Bradley E, Idueta LS, Hazel E, Okwaraji YB, et al. Small babies, big risks: global estimates of prevalence and mortality for vulnerable newborns to accelerate change and improve counting. Lancet. 2023;401:1707\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00522-6.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1041_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1692","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00354-9","volume":"401","author":"P Ashorn","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ashorn P, Ashorn U, Muthiani Y, Aboubaker S, Askari S, Bahl R, et al. Small vulnerable newborns-big potential for impact. Lancet. 2023;401:1692\u2013706. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00354-9.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1041_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60074-4","volume":"371","author":"RL Goldenberg","year":"2008","unstructured":"Goldenberg RL, Culhane JF, Iams JD, Romero R. Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth. Lancet. 2008;371:75\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60074-4.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1041_CR18","volume-title":"Guideline on haemoglobin cutoffs to define anaemia in individuals and populations","author":"WHO","year":"2024","unstructured":"WHO. Guideline on haemoglobin cutoffs to define anaemia in individuals and populations. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2024."},{"key":"1041_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-022-04636-9","volume":"22","author":"L Wu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wu L, Sun R, Liu Y, Liu Z, Chen H, Shen S, et al. High hemoglobin level is a risk factor for maternal and fetal outcomes of pregnancy in Chinese women: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2022;22:290. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12884-022-04636-9.","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"1041_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.7570\/jomes20130","volume":"30","author":"YH Hong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hong YH, Lee JE. Large for gestational age and obesity-related comorbidities. J Obes Metab Syndr. 2021;30:124\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7570\/jomes20130.","journal-title":"J Obes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"1041_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60993-9","volume":"382","author":"J Katz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Katz J, Lee AC, Kozuki N, Lawn JE, Cousens S, Blencowe H, et al. Mortality risk in preterm and small-for-gestational-age infants in low-income and middle-income countries: a pooled country analysis. Lancet. 2013;382:417\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60993-9.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1041_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e627","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(22)00084-5","volume":"10","author":"GA Stevens","year":"2022","unstructured":"Stevens GA, Paciorek CJ, Flores-Urrutia MC, Borghi E, Namaste S, Wirth JP, et al. National, regional, and global estimates of anaemia by severity in women and children for 2000\u201319: a pooled analysis of population-representative data. Lancet Glob Health. 2022;10:e627\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2214-109X(22)00084-5.","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"1041_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.16221","volume":"188","author":"S Pavord","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pavord S, Daru J, Prasannan N, Robinson S, Stanworth S, Girling J. UK guidelines on the management of iron deficiency in pregnancy. Br J Haematol. 2020;188:819\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjh.16221.","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"1041_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14112","volume":"1450","author":"J Jung","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jung J, Rahman MM, Rahman MS, Swe KT, Islam MR, Rahman MO, et al. Effects of hemoglobin levels during pregnancy on adverse maternal and infant outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2019;1450:69\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nyas.14112.","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"1041_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00396-3","volume":"401","author":"AW Shand","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shand AW, Kidson-Gerber GL. Anaemia in pregnancy: a major global health problem. Lancet. 2023;401:1550\u20131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00396-3.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1041_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2018.0102","volume":"172","author":"D Bierstone","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bierstone D, Wagenaar N, Gano DL, Guo T, Georgio G, Groenendaal F, et al. Association of histologic chorioamnionitis with perinatal brain injury and early childhood neurodevelopmental outcomes among preterm neonates. JAMA Pediatr. 2018;172:534\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2018.0102.","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"1041_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.07.058","volume":"202","author":"BW Kramer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kramer BW, Kallapur SG, Moss TJ, Nitsos I, Polglase GP, Newnham JP, et al. Modulation of fetal inflammatory response on exposure to lipopolysaccharide by chorioamnion, lung, or gut in sheep. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010;202:77.e1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.07.058.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"1041_CR28","first-page":"17","volume":"(2)","author":"TV Atadzhanov","year":"1992","unstructured":"Atadzhanov TV, Gushin IV, Ergina TP. Oxygen transport function of blood in late pregnancy toxemia in women with anemia. Akush Ginekol (Mosk). 1992;2:17\u20139 (in Russian).","journal-title":"Akush Ginekol (Mosk)"},{"key":"1041_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqab215","volume":"162","author":"H Roberts","year":"2021","unstructured":"Roberts H, Woodman AG, Baines KJ, Jeyarajah MJ, Bourque SL, Renaud SJ. Maternal iron deficiency alters trophoblast differentiation and placental development in rat pregnancy. Endocrinology. 2021;162:bqab215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/endocr\/bqab215.","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"1041_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0212817","volume":"14","author":"ACMG Figueiredo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Figueiredo ACMG, Gomes-Filho IS, Batista JET, Orrico GS, Porto ECL, Cruz Pimenta RM, et al. Maternal anemia and birth weight: a prospective cohort study. PLoS One. 2019;14:e0212817. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0212817.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1041_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0599","volume":"85","author":"F Bodeau-Livinec","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bodeau-Livinec F, Briand V, Berger J, Xiong X, Massougbodji A, Day KP, et al. Maternal anemia in Benin: prevalence, risk factors, and association with low birth weight. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2011;85:414\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0599.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"1041_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-023-05489-6","volume":"23","author":"MF Young","year":"2023","unstructured":"Young MF, Oaks BM, Rogers HP, Tandon S, Martorell R, Dewey KG, et al. Maternal low and high hemoglobin concentrations and associations with adverse maternal and infant health outcomes: an updated global systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2023;23:264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12884-023-05489-6.","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"1041_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-018-1739-8","volume":"18","author":"L Lin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lin L, Wei Y, Zhu W, Wang C, Su R, Feng H, et al. Prevalence, risk factors and associated adverse pregnancy outcomes of anemia in Chinese pregnant women: a multicentre retrospective study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2018;18:111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12884-018-1739-8.","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"1041_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.15585","volume":"126","author":"S Parks","year":"2019","unstructured":"Parks S, Hoffman MK, Goudar SS, Patel A, Saleem S, Ali SA, et al. Maternal anaemia and maternal, fetal, and neonatal outcomes in a prospective cohort study in India and Pakistan. BJOG. 2019;126:737\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1471-0528.15585.","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"1041_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c190046","volume":"11","author":"GC Mouradian Jr","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mouradian GC Jr, Lakshminrusimha S, Konduri GG. Perinatal hypoxemia and oxygen sensing. Compr Physiol. 2021;11:1653\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cphy.c190046.","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"key":"1041_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e756","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(23)00170-9","volume":"10","author":"EO Ohuma","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ohuma EO, Jabin N, Young MF, Epie T, Martorell R, Pe\u00f1a-Rosas JP, et al. Association between maternal haemoglobin concentrations and maternal and neonatal outcomes: the prospective, observational, multinational, INTERBIO-21st fetal study. Lancet Haematol. 2023;10:e756\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2352-3026(23)00170-9.","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol"},{"key":"1041_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(86)91269-9","volume":"1","author":"JF Murphy","year":"1986","unstructured":"Murphy JF, O\u2019Riordan J, Newcombe RG, Coles EC, Pearson JF. Relation of haemoglobin levels in first and second trimesters to outcome of pregnancy. Lancet. 1986;1:992\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(86)91269-9.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1041_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14040858","volume":"14","author":"D Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu D, Li S, Zhang B, Kang Y, Cheng Y, Zeng L, et al. Maternal hemoglobin concentrations and birth weight, low birth weight (LBW), and small for gestational age (SGA): findings from a prospective study in northwest China. Nutrients. 2022;14:858. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14040858.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"1041_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1097\/MBP.0000000000000592","volume":"27","author":"D Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu D, Wang C, Zhang Y, Zuo H. Gender differences in the associations of circulating erythrocytes and hemoglobin with hypertension risk. Blood Press Monit. 2022;27:227\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MBP.0000000000000592.","journal-title":"Blood Press Monit"},{"key":"1041_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.02.002","volume":"230","author":"E Jung","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jung E, Romero R, Suksai M, Gotsch F, Chaemsaithong P, Erez O, et al. Clinical chorioamnionitis at term: definition, pathogenesis, microbiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2024;230:S807\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.02.002.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"1041_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16040655","volume":"16","author":"S Xu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xu S, Yu C, Zhou Y, Wu J, Bai T, Zhang J, et al. The prevalence of reproductive tract infections in a Chinese internal migrant population, and its correlation with knowledge, attitude, and practices: a cross-sectional study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16:655. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph16040655.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"1041_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11219","volume":"7","author":"CT Bauch","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bauch CT, McElreath R. Disease dynamics and costly punishment can foster socially imposed monogamy. Nat Commun. 2016;7:11219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ncomms11219.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"1041_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep37932","volume":"6","author":"D Anblagan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Anblagan D, Pataky R, Evans MJ, Telford EJ, Serag A, Sparrow S, et al. Association between preterm brain injury and exposure to chorioamnionitis during fetal life. Sci Rep. 2016;6:37932. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep37932.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1041_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-021-01633-0","volume":"91","author":"VG Jain","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jain VG, Willis KA, Jobe A, Ambalavanan N. Chorioamnionitis and neonatal outcomes. Pediatr Res. 2022;91:289\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41390-021-01633-0.","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"1041_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-956773","volume":"25","author":"R Romero","year":"2007","unstructured":"Romero R, Espinoza J, Gon\u00e7alves LF, Kusanovic JP, Friel L, Hassan S. The role of inflammation and infection in preterm birth. Semin Reprod Med. 2007;25:21\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-2006-956773.","journal-title":"Semin Reprod Med"}],"container-title":["World Journal of Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12519-026-01041-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12519-026-01041-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12519-026-01041-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T19:03:15Z","timestamp":1782241395000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12519-026-01041-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["1041"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12519-026-01041-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1708-8569","1867-0687"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1708-8569","type":"print"},{"value":"1867-0687","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 February 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 April 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 May 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"No financial or non-financial benefits have been received or will be received from any party related directly or indirectly to the subject of this article. He-Feng Huang is an Honorary Chief Editor for\n                      World Journal of Pediatrics\n                      . This paper was handled by another editor and has undergone rigorous peer review. He-Feng Huang was not involved in the review of or decisions related to this manuscript.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University (approval number: 2021-90). The requirement for informed consent was waived due to the retrospective nature of the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}