{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T13:05:59Z","timestamp":1789477559740,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["World J Pediatr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nocturnal enuresis (NE) is a common condition in childhood that can adversely affect children\u2019s physical and psychological health. Since the publication of the \u201cExpert Consensus on the Management of Monosymptomatic Nocturnal Enuresis in Chinese Children\u201d\u00a0in 2014, substantial clinical experience has been accumulated and international guidelines have been updated, necessitating a revision to standardize and improve clinical management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This consensus was developed by the Chinese Cooperative Group for the Management of Pediatric Nocturnal Enuresis, the Pediatric Nephrology Committee of the Chinese Medical Doctor Association using the Delphi method. A core writing group of nine experts drafted statements based on a synthesis of current evidence. These were subjected to iterative voting by 42 multidisciplinary panelists to achieve consensus, defined as\u2009\u2265\u200990% agreement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The consensus provides 18 key recommendations. It updates the diagnostic criteria for children aged\u2009\u2265\u20095\u00a0years with at least one involuntary void per month for three months. It emphasizes classification into monosymptomatic (MNE) or nonmonosymptomatic (NMNE) NE based on daytime lower urinary tract symptoms. Recommendations cover comprehensive evaluation (history, physical exam, voiding diary), basic management (education, lifestyle), and first-line treatment (desmopressin for nocturnal polyuria, alarm therapy for reduced bladder capacity). Strategies for treatment-resistant cases, management of NMNE (prioritizing daytime symptoms), and the role of primary care and traditional Chinese medicine are outlined.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This expert consensus provides an updated, evidence-based, and practical framework for the diagnosis and management of childhood NE. It aims to harmonize clinical practice, promote individualized care, and improve patient outcomes through standardized recommendations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-026-01051-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T17:47:44Z","timestamp":1783705664000},"page":"709-727","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Expert consensus on the management of nocturnal enuresis in children"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Qian","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7617-0872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"The Cooperative Group 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All authors and consensus group members declare that they have no financial (e.g., honoraria, consultancy, stock ownership) or non-financial (e.g., personal or professional relationships) conflicts of interest related specifically to pharmaceuticals (e.g., desmopressin) or devices (e.g., enuresis alarms) mentioned in this consensus. The development of this consensus was conducted independently without sponsorship from any commercial entity. Authors Xu Hong and Mao Jian-Hua are members of the Editorial Board for\n                      World Journal of Pediatrics\n                      . They were not involved in the peer-review process or the decision to accept this manuscript for publication. The paper was handled by other Editors and has undergone a rigorous peer-review process.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}