{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T04:23:18Z","timestamp":1769746998051,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,20]],"date-time":"2009-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1242777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Reprod Medicine &amp; Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Drugs have been shown to adversely affect male fertility and recently anti\u2010hypertensive drugs were added to the list. The anti\u2010fertility effects of nifedipine and similar calcium channel blockers are well\u2010illustrated in in vitro experiments but not in vivo.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present study was designed to experimentally elucidate the sub\u2010chronic effect of nifedipine, verapamil and diltiazem on sperm functions and reproductive hormone levels in vivo.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Male rats (150\u2013200 g) were divided into four groups of ten rats each. Group 1 (control) received distilled water; Group 2 received nifedipine 0.57 mg\/kg BW; Group 3 were given verapamil 3.40 mg\/kg BW and Group 4 were given diltiazem 2.57 mg\/kg BW. Each drug\u2010treated group had its own recovery group from which treatment was discontinued for 30 days before the animals were sacrificed. Blood samples were collected for hormonal assay of FSH, LH and testosterone. Semen evaluation was done and the testes, seminal vesicle, epididymis and prostate were removed, and weighed immediately.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nifedipine, verapamil and diltiazem significantly decreased (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05) sperm count and motility in drug treated groups. The weight of the epididymis was significantly reduced (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05) in the drug treated rats. Semen parameters and other associated changes were restored after 30 days of drug withdrawal.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Calcium channel blockers appear to have a reversible anti\u2010fertility effect on male rats which does not occur through inhibition of the pituitary\u2010gonadal axis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12522-009-0018-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,19]],"date-time":"2009-05-19T01:45:10Z","timestamp":1242697510000},"page":"97-102","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Antireproductive effect of calcium channel blockers on male rats"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Ayodele O.","family":"Morakinyo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology College of Medicine of the University of Lagos  23401 Surulere Lagos Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bolanle 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